中国律师辩护词的体裁分析
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摘要
本文运用相关语言学理论与法学知识对中国律师的辩护词进行了研究。作者在体裁分析的基础上，运用样本集合的分析方法，试图分析得出律师在辩护词中选用的体裁结构和语言策略，以及律师做出该选择的原因。
本文结合体裁分析和系统功能的相关理论，建立了自己的理论框架。首先依据Swales的“体裁”定义和Sant的“劝说理论”认定辩护词作为一种劝说性的独立体裁存在。然后，结合了Hasan的GSP理论和Swales的步骤模式得出辩护词的体裁结构。最后，对律师在辩护词中某些特定步骤下使用的词法及句法策略进行了分析。另外，在得出了辩护词在体裁结构和语言运用方面的某些特点后，本文还采用了体裁分析的交际目的标准和系统理论中语境层面的“field”，“tenor”，及“mode”概念对GSP理论进行补充，试图对律师在辩护词中体裁结构和语言策略的选择做出合理的解释。本文尝试从体裁结构的宏观层面到语言策略的微观层面对辩护词进行较为全面的分析。
作者认为体裁理论及其分析方法是提高辩护词写作教学与学习的有效途径。同时，作者也希望本文从某种程度上对法律实践中的中文语料的分析有所借鉴。
The present study undertakes an examination of the counsel's statements of defence in Chinese criminal trial with the help of linguistic theories and legal knowledge. This thesis takes up a corpus analysis based on the genre approach. It aims to work out the generic structure and the lexical-grammatical strategies employed by the counsel in the statements of defence and then to account for their choices of the moves and strategies.
Within the theoretical framework of genre analysis and systemic functional theory, the present study first investigates the statements of defence as a specific persuasive genre in accordance with the definition of genre given by Swales and Sant's "persuasive 4-mula". To produce the move structure of the statements of defence, we then adopt an integrated theory, which comes mostly from Hasan's GSP theory and Swales' move-step model. Next the present study tries to identify the lexical and syntactical strategies employed by the counsel in certain particular moves of the statements of defence. Further on, the study attempts to account for the generic structure and the strategy choices made by the counsel. Attempting to give possible explanations for the choices, we apply the privileged criterion of communicative purpose in genre and the concepts of field, tenor, and mode from three contextual dimensions in systemic functional theory to the supplement of the GSP theory. Tentative as it is, the study proves to be a full exploration of the genre of statements of defence from its macrostructure to its microstructure.
Within the implications from genre theory in this study, we propose a genre-based approach both to teaching and learning of statement defence writing. It is also hoped that, at least to some extent, the study may shed some light on the analysis of Chinese data in legal practice.
本文结合体裁分析和系统功能的相关理论，建立了自己的理论框架。首先依据Swales的“体裁”定义和Sant的“劝说理论”认定辩护词作为一种劝说性的独立体裁存在。然后，结合了Hasan的GSP理论和Swales的步骤模式得出辩护词的体裁结构。最后，对律师在辩护词中某些特定步骤下使用的词法及句法策略进行了分析。另外，在得出了辩护词在体裁结构和语言运用方面的某些特点后，本文还采用了体裁分析的交际目的标准和系统理论中语境层面的“field”，“tenor”，及“mode”概念对GSP理论进行补充，试图对律师在辩护词中体裁结构和语言策略的选择做出合理的解释。本文尝试从体裁结构的宏观层面到语言策略的微观层面对辩护词进行较为全面的分析。
作者认为体裁理论及其分析方法是提高辩护词写作教学与学习的有效途径。同时，作者也希望本文从某种程度上对法律实践中的中文语料的分析有所借鉴。
The present study undertakes an examination of the counsel's statements of defence in Chinese criminal trial with the help of linguistic theories and legal knowledge. This thesis takes up a corpus analysis based on the genre approach. It aims to work out the generic structure and the lexical-grammatical strategies employed by the counsel in the statements of defence and then to account for their choices of the moves and strategies.
Within the theoretical framework of genre analysis and systemic functional theory, the present study first investigates the statements of defence as a specific persuasive genre in accordance with the definition of genre given by Swales and Sant's "persuasive 4-mula". To produce the move structure of the statements of defence, we then adopt an integrated theory, which comes mostly from Hasan's GSP theory and Swales' move-step model. Next the present study tries to identify the lexical and syntactical strategies employed by the counsel in certain particular moves of the statements of defence. Further on, the study attempts to account for the generic structure and the strategy choices made by the counsel. Attempting to give possible explanations for the choices, we apply the privileged criterion of communicative purpose in genre and the concepts of field, tenor, and mode from three contextual dimensions in systemic functional theory to the supplement of the GSP theory. Tentative as it is, the study proves to be a full exploration of the genre of statements of defence from its macrostructure to its microstructure.
Within the implications from genre theory in this study, we propose a genre-based approach both to teaching and learning of statement defence writing. It is also hoped that, at least to some extent, the study may shed some light on the analysis of Chinese data in legal practice.
引文
Bettinghans, Erwin E 1980. Persuasive Communication. Michigan State University.
Bhatia, V.K. 1993. Analyzing Genre-Language Use in Professional Settings. London:Lon, gman Group UK Ltd.
Bhatia, V.K. 2002. A Generic View of Academic Discourse. In Flowerdew, J. (ed.)Academic Discourse. pp.19-56. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.
Block, C. 1986, Effective Legal Writing. New York: the Foundation Press, Inc.
Brown, G. &Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bryan A. Garner. 2002. The Elements of Legal Style. London: Oxford University Press.
Bunton, D. 2002. Generic Moves in Ph.D. Thesis Introductions. In Flowerdew, J. (ed.) Academic Discourse. pp. 57-75. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.
Conley, J. M. & O'Barr, W. M.1998. Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. The University of Chicago Press.
Eggins, S. & Martin, J.R. 2002. Genres and Registers of Discourse. In Toolan. M. (ed.)Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Ⅲ). pp.274-297.London: Routledge.
Eschholz, E & Rosa, A. (eds.) 1990. Subject and Strategy: A Rhetoric Reader. St. Martin's Press, Inc.
Gibbons, J (ed.) 1994. Language and the Law. London: Longman Group UK Ltd.
Herbert, W.S. 1976. Persuasion: Understanding, Practice and Analysis. New York:Pandom House.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. (2nd, ed.) London:Edward Arnold
Lawrence M. S. 1993. The Language of Judges. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Levi, J. N. & Walker, A.G. (eds.) 1990. Language in the Judicial Process. New York:Plenum Press.
Martin, J.R. 1984. Language, Register and Genre. Victoria: Deakin University Press.
Paltridge, B. 2000. Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Australia: Antipodean Educational Enterprises.
Phillips, A. 2003. Lawyer's Language: How and Why Legal Language is Different London: Routledge.
Ray, Mary B. & Ramsfield, Jill J. 1987. Legal Writing: Getting it Right and Getting it Written. ST. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co.
Renkema, J. 1992. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Rottenberg, A.T. 1991. Elements of Argument: a Text and Reader Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
Simons, Herbert W. 1976. Persuasion: Understanding, Practice, and Analysis. New York: Random House.
Squires, L. B. & Rombauer, M. D. 1982. Legal Writing in a Nutshell. ST. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co.
Steury, Ellan H. & Frank, N. 2002. Criminal Court Process. Beijing: The People's University of China Press.
Stygall, G. 1994. Trial Language: Differential Discourse Processing and Discursive Formation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Swales, J. M. & Feak, C. B. 2002. English in Today's Research World: a Writing Guide. The University of Michigan Press.
Swales, J.M. 1990. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. London: Cambridge University Press
Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar Great Britain
Toolan, M. (ed.) 2002. Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Ⅱ). London and New York: Routledge.
Walter, B. 1988, The Jury Summation as Speech Genre: An Ethnographic Study of What it Means to Those Who Use it. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wood, J. 1988. Speaking Effectively. Random House, Inc.
Yuhui. 2000. A Systemic-Functional Approach to Research Paper Abstracts. China:
he PLA Foreign Language University.
(Bu)布朗(英)等(著)、罗选民(导读)，2000，《话语分析》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社．
(Chcng)程爱学、李更生、王春剑等总主编，2000，《法律文书写作》，珠海：珠海出版社。
(Cui)崔卓兰主编，2001，《律师制度》，吉林：吉林大学出版社。
(Fan)樊崇义主编，2002，《刑事诉讼法学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社。
(He)何自然，1997， 《语用学与英语学习》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
(Hu)胡中安编著，1997，《辩护技巧及方略》，北京：中央民族大学出版社。
(Liu)刘红缨，2003，《法律语言学》，北京：北京大学出版社。
(Ning)宁致远，1999，《司法文书学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社。
(Pan)潘庆云，1997，《跨世纪的中国法律语言》，上海：华东理工大学出版社。
(Qin)秦甫，2000．《律师论辩的策略与技巧》，北京：法律出版社。
(sun)孙懿华，周广然编著，1997．《法律语言学》北京：中国政法大学出版社。
(wang)王楠编，2002，《法律文书写作》，云南：云南大学出版社。
(wang)王勇飞主编，1992．《中国当代律师辩护词、代理词精选》，警官教育出版社。
(wci)韦锋编著，2002，《法律文书规范写作》，重庆：重庆出版社。
(Xu)徐惠娟，2003，咨询公司终结报告建议部分的情态研究，广州：广东外语外贸大学。
(Xu)徐永俊主编．1998，《刑事诉讼法学》，中国人事出版社。
(Zhu)朱永平，2001，《法庭论辩实录：朱律师辩护词代理词精选》，广州：广东人民出版社。
(Zhu)朱永生，严世清，2001，《系统功能语言学多维思考》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
Bhatia, V.K. 1993. Analyzing Genre-Language Use in Professional Settings. London:Lon, gman Group UK Ltd.
Bhatia, V.K. 2002. A Generic View of Academic Discourse. In Flowerdew, J. (ed.)Academic Discourse. pp.19-56. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.
Block, C. 1986, Effective Legal Writing. New York: the Foundation Press, Inc.
Brown, G. &Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bryan A. Garner. 2002. The Elements of Legal Style. London: Oxford University Press.
Bunton, D. 2002. Generic Moves in Ph.D. Thesis Introductions. In Flowerdew, J. (ed.) Academic Discourse. pp. 57-75. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.
Conley, J. M. & O'Barr, W. M.1998. Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. The University of Chicago Press.
Eggins, S. & Martin, J.R. 2002. Genres and Registers of Discourse. In Toolan. M. (ed.)Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Ⅲ). pp.274-297.London: Routledge.
Eschholz, E & Rosa, A. (eds.) 1990. Subject and Strategy: A Rhetoric Reader. St. Martin's Press, Inc.
Gibbons, J (ed.) 1994. Language and the Law. London: Longman Group UK Ltd.
Herbert, W.S. 1976. Persuasion: Understanding, Practice and Analysis. New York:Pandom House.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. (2nd, ed.) London:Edward Arnold
Lawrence M. S. 1993. The Language of Judges. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Levi, J. N. & Walker, A.G. (eds.) 1990. Language in the Judicial Process. New York:Plenum Press.
Martin, J.R. 1984. Language, Register and Genre. Victoria: Deakin University Press.
Paltridge, B. 2000. Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Australia: Antipodean Educational Enterprises.
Phillips, A. 2003. Lawyer's Language: How and Why Legal Language is Different London: Routledge.
Ray, Mary B. & Ramsfield, Jill J. 1987. Legal Writing: Getting it Right and Getting it Written. ST. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co.
Renkema, J. 1992. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Rottenberg, A.T. 1991. Elements of Argument: a Text and Reader Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
Simons, Herbert W. 1976. Persuasion: Understanding, Practice, and Analysis. New York: Random House.
Squires, L. B. & Rombauer, M. D. 1982. Legal Writing in a Nutshell. ST. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co.
Steury, Ellan H. & Frank, N. 2002. Criminal Court Process. Beijing: The People's University of China Press.
Stygall, G. 1994. Trial Language: Differential Discourse Processing and Discursive Formation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Swales, J. M. & Feak, C. B. 2002. English in Today's Research World: a Writing Guide. The University of Michigan Press.
Swales, J.M. 1990. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. London: Cambridge University Press
Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar Great Britain
Toolan, M. (ed.) 2002. Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Ⅱ). London and New York: Routledge.
Walter, B. 1988, The Jury Summation as Speech Genre: An Ethnographic Study of What it Means to Those Who Use it. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wood, J. 1988. Speaking Effectively. Random House, Inc.
Yuhui. 2000. A Systemic-Functional Approach to Research Paper Abstracts. China:
he PLA Foreign Language University.
(Bu)布朗(英)等(著)、罗选民(导读)，2000，《话语分析》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社．
(Chcng)程爱学、李更生、王春剑等总主编，2000，《法律文书写作》，珠海：珠海出版社。
(Cui)崔卓兰主编，2001，《律师制度》，吉林：吉林大学出版社。
(Fan)樊崇义主编，2002，《刑事诉讼法学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社。
(He)何自然，1997， 《语用学与英语学习》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
(Hu)胡中安编著，1997，《辩护技巧及方略》，北京：中央民族大学出版社。
(Liu)刘红缨，2003，《法律语言学》，北京：北京大学出版社。
(Ning)宁致远，1999，《司法文书学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社。
(Pan)潘庆云，1997，《跨世纪的中国法律语言》，上海：华东理工大学出版社。
(Qin)秦甫，2000．《律师论辩的策略与技巧》，北京：法律出版社。
(sun)孙懿华，周广然编著，1997．《法律语言学》北京：中国政法大学出版社。
(wang)王楠编，2002，《法律文书写作》，云南：云南大学出版社。
(wang)王勇飞主编，1992．《中国当代律师辩护词、代理词精选》，警官教育出版社。
(wci)韦锋编著，2002，《法律文书规范写作》，重庆：重庆出版社。
(Xu)徐惠娟，2003，咨询公司终结报告建议部分的情态研究，广州：广东外语外贸大学。
(Xu)徐永俊主编．1998，《刑事诉讼法学》，中国人事出版社。
(Zhu)朱永平，2001，《法庭论辩实录：朱律师辩护词代理词精选》，广州：广东人民出版社。
(Zhu)朱永生，严世清，2001，《系统功能语言学多维思考》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。