开关磁阻电机的损耗及热分析研究
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摘要
开关磁阻电机(简称SR电机)具有双凸极结构,工作原理不同于传统的交流电机。SR电机铁心的磁通波形不仅与电机的相数有关,还与定、转子齿极数、定子绕组连接方式等密切相关,从而使得SR电机磁场分析很复杂,复杂的磁通密度波形导致电机损耗特别是铁损的计算非常困难。电机的损耗又会引起电机的温升,因此高性能的SR电机的热分析也成为目前的研究热点。然而目前国内外对SR电机的损耗和发热问题的研究还不很系统和完善,常见的铁损计算方法仍是基于传统经验公式;国内对SR电机的温升分析特别是暂态热分析开展的工作还很少。因此,本文以开关磁阻电机的损耗及热分析为研究对象,进行了一系列的理论研究和实验验证。
本文首先对SR电机的磁场进行了有限元分析,得到了电机铁心各点的磁通密度波形及变化规律。在磁场计算所得数据的基础上,本文提出了采用双频法分离出SR电机铁损中的涡流损耗与磁滞损耗,并分别采用不同的方法计算出这两种损耗。本文的最后将损耗计算结果耦合到电机的三维热分析模型中,得到了电机的瞬态温升曲线,并重点讨论了对流换热系数对温度变化的影响。
另外,本文还建立了双极型SR电机系统模型,采用了H桥式功率主电路,详细分析了其工作原理,并在磁场、损耗等方面与采用不对称半桥变换器的传统单极型SR电机系统进行了对比。
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) has a double salient construction and its working principle is different from traditional AC electrical machines. Analysis for magnetic field of SRM is very complicated since the flux waveforms in different parts of the motor vary with motor phase, stator pole and rotor number, also with the winding connections, etc, which results in the SRM losses, especially iron loss calculation difficult.The temperature analysis due to the losses has become a study hot spot. However, research on iron loss and heat analysis for SRM is not in-depth.The conventional iron loss calculation is based on empirical formula and the work about temperature analysis especially transient heat analysis is not enough domestic. So this paper aims at academic research and practice of SRM losses and temperature rise.
Firstly, SRM magnetic field analysis is performed to get the flux density waveforms in motor core. Based on the magnetic field data, this paper presents a double-frequency method to separate eddy current lossand hysteresis loss from iron loss, then different methods are used to calculate the two losses separately. Finally, after calculating iron loss and copper loss with the magnetic field analysis, use it as a heat source, and conduct a non-stationary analysis independently with the three dimensional thermal analysis which concentrates on the effect of the heat transfer coefficient on the temperature rise.
In this paper, a bipolar switched reluctance machine system model is also established with an H bridge converter as its power circuit topology.
本文首先对SR电机的磁场进行了有限元分析,得到了电机铁心各点的磁通密度波形及变化规律。在磁场计算所得数据的基础上,本文提出了采用双频法分离出SR电机铁损中的涡流损耗与磁滞损耗,并分别采用不同的方法计算出这两种损耗。本文的最后将损耗计算结果耦合到电机的三维热分析模型中,得到了电机的瞬态温升曲线,并重点讨论了对流换热系数对温度变化的影响。
另外,本文还建立了双极型SR电机系统模型,采用了H桥式功率主电路,详细分析了其工作原理,并在磁场、损耗等方面与采用不对称半桥变换器的传统单极型SR电机系统进行了对比。
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) has a double salient construction and its working principle is different from traditional AC electrical machines. Analysis for magnetic field of SRM is very complicated since the flux waveforms in different parts of the motor vary with motor phase, stator pole and rotor number, also with the winding connections, etc, which results in the SRM losses, especially iron loss calculation difficult.The temperature analysis due to the losses has become a study hot spot. However, research on iron loss and heat analysis for SRM is not in-depth.The conventional iron loss calculation is based on empirical formula and the work about temperature analysis especially transient heat analysis is not enough domestic. So this paper aims at academic research and practice of SRM losses and temperature rise.
Firstly, SRM magnetic field analysis is performed to get the flux density waveforms in motor core. Based on the magnetic field data, this paper presents a double-frequency method to separate eddy current lossand hysteresis loss from iron loss, then different methods are used to calculate the two losses separately. Finally, after calculating iron loss and copper loss with the magnetic field analysis, use it as a heat source, and conduct a non-stationary analysis independently with the three dimensional thermal analysis which concentrates on the effect of the heat transfer coefficient on the temperature rise.
In this paper, a bipolar switched reluctance machine system model is also established with an H bridge converter as its power circuit topology.
引文
[1] 刘迪吉等,开关磁阻调速电动机,北京,机械工业出版社,1994, pp.1.
[2] Virginie Raulin, Art Radun, Iqbal Husain, Modeling of Losses in Switched Reluctance Machines, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.40,No.6, November/December 2004, pp.1560-1569.
[3] P.Materu and R.Krishnan, Estimation of switched reluctance motor losses, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu.Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, 1988, pp.79-90.
[4] Y.Hayashi and T.J.E.Miller, A new approach to calculating core losses in the SRM, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu.Meeting, Denver, CO, 1994, pp.322-328.
[5] N.Bianchi, S.Bolognani, and M.Zigliotto, Prediction of iron losses in switched reluctance motors, in Proc.7th Int. PEMC Conf., Budapest, Hungary, Sept.1996.
[6] T.J.E.Miller, Switched Reluctance Motors and Their Control, 1st ed. Hillsboro, OH: Magna Physics/Oxford Univ. Press, 1993.
[7] 吴建华,开关磁阻电机的损耗计算,微特电机,1996, 2, pp.20-22.
[8] 吴建华,开关磁阻电机设计与应用,北京,机械工业出版社,2000.6, pp.171-179.
[9] 林鹤云,周鹗,黄建中等,开关磁阻电机磁场有限元分析与铁耗计算,电工技术学报,1996, 11(1), pp.124-29.
[10] 丁文,周会军,鱼振民,基于 ANSYS 的开关磁阻电机温度场分析,微电机,2005,38(5), pp.13-15.
[11] G.F.Luck, The cooling of electric machines, AIEE Trans., vol.45, 1923, pp.1278-1288.
[12] R.L.Kotnik, An equivalent thermal circuit for nonventilated induction motors, AIEE Trans.,1955, pp.1600
[13] N.R.Namburi and T.H.Barton, Thermal modeling of an induction motor, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol. 102, No.8, Aug.1983, pp.2636.
[14] S.E.Zocholl, Thermal protection of induction motors enhanced by interactive electrical and thermal models, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol.PAS-103, No.7, 1984, pp.1949.
[15] P.R.Mellor, D.Roberts, and D.R.Turner, Lumped parameter thermal model for electricmachines of TEFC design, Inst.Elect.Eng.Proc.B, Vol.138, No.5, 1991, pp.205.
[16] J.Faiz and A.Dadgari, Heat distribution in switched reluctance drives, J.IEEE-Australia, Vol.12, No.4, pp.349-361.
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[22] Shingo Inamura, Tomokazu Sakai, and Koichiro Sawa, A Temperature Rise Analysis of Switched Reluctance Motor due to the Core and Copper Loss by FEM, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No.3, May 2003, pp.1554-1557.
[23] Wei Wu, John B.Dunlop, Stephen J.Collocott, etc. Design Optimization of a Switched Reluctance Motor by Electromagnetic and Thermal Finite-Element Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No.5,September 2003,pp.3334-3336.
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[25] K.N.Srinivas, R.Arumugam, Analysis and Characterization of Switched Reluctance Motors: Part Ⅱ—Flow, Thermal, and Vibration Analyses, EEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.41, No.4, April 2005, pp.1321-1332.
[26] M.Faizul Momen, Iqbal Husain, Design and Performance Analysis of a Switched Reluctance Motor for Low Duty Cycle Operation, IEEE, IAS 2004, pp.431-436.
[27] 王述成,詹琼华,叶华峰,采用热路图法计算开关磁阻电机温升,微电机,2004,37(4), pp.16-18.
[28] 刘涛,杨凤鹏 主编,精通 ANSYS,清华大学出版社,2002,pp.2.
[29] Hyuk Nam, Kyung-Ho Ha, Jeong-Jong, etc.A Study on Iron Loss Analysis Method Considering the Harmonics of the Flux Density Waveform Using Iron Loss Curves Tested on Epstein Samples, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No.3, May 2003, pp.1472-1475.
[30] 詹琼华,开关磁阻电机绕组连接方式的研究,电机与控制学报,2002.6, 37(4), pp.93-95.
[31] 唐超,12/8 开关磁阻电动机绕组连接方式对电机振动和噪声的影响,微电机技术创新与成果应用技术交流会论文集,2004 年 9 月
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[33] Peter N.Materu, Ramu Krishnan. Esitimation of switched reluctance motor losses[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1992, 28(3), pp.668-679.
[34] ShyShenq P.Liou, Jim Ye. Flux distribution and core losses of switched reluctance motors[C], IEEE, 1996, pp.935-938.
[35] J.Boivie,Iron loss model and measurement of the losses in a switched reluctance motor[C], Electrical Machines and Drives, 1993. Sixth International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 376) 8-10, Sep.1993, pp.219 – 222.
[36] 龚余才 潘双来编. 电路理论基础[M]. 航空工业出版社, 2000, pp.301.
[37] Jawad Faiz, M.B.B.Sharifian, Core Losses Estimation in a Multiple Teeth per Stator Pole Switched Reluctance Motor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. Vol.30, No.2, March 1994, pp.189-195.
[38] T.Nakata et al., Iron losses of Si steel core produced by distorted flux, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol.9, No. 1, Jan. 1970.
[39] P.Rupanagunta et al., Determination of iron core losses under influence of third-harmonic flux component, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol.27, No.2, March 1991, pp.768-777.
[40] B.J.Chalmers, Electric Motor Handbook. London, U.K.: Butterworth, 1988.
[41] R.Ramshaw and R.G.Van Heeswijk, Energy Conversion: Electric Motors and Generators. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1990.
[42] W.H.taylor. Obtaining motive power. U.K Patent 8255, 1839.
[43] 龚晟,杨向宇,孙明,开关磁阻电机功率变换器主电路拓扑的研究,电机电器技术,2003 年第 6 期,pp.17-20.
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[2] Virginie Raulin, Art Radun, Iqbal Husain, Modeling of Losses in Switched Reluctance Machines, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.40,No.6, November/December 2004, pp.1560-1569.
[3] P.Materu and R.Krishnan, Estimation of switched reluctance motor losses, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu.Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, 1988, pp.79-90.
[4] Y.Hayashi and T.J.E.Miller, A new approach to calculating core losses in the SRM, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu.Meeting, Denver, CO, 1994, pp.322-328.
[5] N.Bianchi, S.Bolognani, and M.Zigliotto, Prediction of iron losses in switched reluctance motors, in Proc.7th Int. PEMC Conf., Budapest, Hungary, Sept.1996.
[6] T.J.E.Miller, Switched Reluctance Motors and Their Control, 1st ed. Hillsboro, OH: Magna Physics/Oxford Univ. Press, 1993.
[7] 吴建华,开关磁阻电机的损耗计算,微特电机,1996, 2, pp.20-22.
[8] 吴建华,开关磁阻电机设计与应用,北京,机械工业出版社,2000.6, pp.171-179.
[9] 林鹤云,周鹗,黄建中等,开关磁阻电机磁场有限元分析与铁耗计算,电工技术学报,1996, 11(1), pp.124-29.
[10] 丁文,周会军,鱼振民,基于 ANSYS 的开关磁阻电机温度场分析,微电机,2005,38(5), pp.13-15.
[11] G.F.Luck, The cooling of electric machines, AIEE Trans., vol.45, 1923, pp.1278-1288.
[12] R.L.Kotnik, An equivalent thermal circuit for nonventilated induction motors, AIEE Trans.,1955, pp.1600
[13] N.R.Namburi and T.H.Barton, Thermal modeling of an induction motor, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol. 102, No.8, Aug.1983, pp.2636.
[14] S.E.Zocholl, Thermal protection of induction motors enhanced by interactive electrical and thermal models, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol.PAS-103, No.7, 1984, pp.1949.
[15] P.R.Mellor, D.Roberts, and D.R.Turner, Lumped parameter thermal model for electricmachines of TEFC design, Inst.Elect.Eng.Proc.B, Vol.138, No.5, 1991, pp.205.
[16] J.Faiz and A.Dadgari, Heat distribution in switched reluctance drives, J.IEEE-Australia, Vol.12, No.4, pp.349-361.
[17] F.R.Jawad, I.Iranpur, and P.Pillay, Thermal model for a switched reluctance motor of TEFC design during steady and transient operation, Elect.Mach.Power Syst., Vol.26, No.10, 1998, pp.77-91.
[18] Aldo Bogoietti, Andrea Cavagnino, Mario Lazzari, etc. A Simplified Thermal Model for Variable-Speed Self-Cooled Industrial Induction Motor, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.39, No.4, July/August 2003, pp.945-952.
[19] 吴国芳,直流电动机的热模型及其温升预测,中小型电机,1997,24(1), pp.19-22.
[20] J.Xyjpteras 等,考虑铁损和深槽影响的电机热分析,国外大电机,2001,No.2, pp.1-6.
[21] Yifan Tang, Characterization, Numerical Analysis, and Design of Switched Reluctance Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.33, No.6, November/December 1997, pp.1544-1552.
[22] Shingo Inamura, Tomokazu Sakai, and Koichiro Sawa, A Temperature Rise Analysis of Switched Reluctance Motor due to the Core and Copper Loss by FEM, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No.3, May 2003, pp.1554-1557.
[23] Wei Wu, John B.Dunlop, Stephen J.Collocott, etc. Design Optimization of a Switched Reluctance Motor by Electromagnetic and Thermal Finite-Element Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No.5,September 2003,pp.3334-3336.
[24] S.Balamurugan, P.Sumathi, Analysis of Temperature Rise in Switched Reluctance Motor Due to the Core and Copper Loss by Coupled Field Finite Element Analysis, 2004 International Conference on Power System Technology-POWERCON 2004, Singapore, 21-27 November 2004,pp.630-634.
[25] K.N.Srinivas, R.Arumugam, Analysis and Characterization of Switched Reluctance Motors: Part Ⅱ—Flow, Thermal, and Vibration Analyses, EEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.41, No.4, April 2005, pp.1321-1332.
[26] M.Faizul Momen, Iqbal Husain, Design and Performance Analysis of a Switched Reluctance Motor for Low Duty Cycle Operation, IEEE, IAS 2004, pp.431-436.
[27] 王述成,詹琼华,叶华峰,采用热路图法计算开关磁阻电机温升,微电机,2004,37(4), pp.16-18.
[28] 刘涛,杨凤鹏 主编,精通 ANSYS,清华大学出版社,2002,pp.2.
[29] Hyuk Nam, Kyung-Ho Ha, Jeong-Jong, etc.A Study on Iron Loss Analysis Method Considering the Harmonics of the Flux Density Waveform Using Iron Loss Curves Tested on Epstein Samples, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.39, No.3, May 2003, pp.1472-1475.
[30] 詹琼华,开关磁阻电机绕组连接方式的研究,电机与控制学报,2002.6, 37(4), pp.93-95.
[31] 唐超,12/8 开关磁阻电动机绕组连接方式对电机振动和噪声的影响,微电机技术创新与成果应用技术交流会论文集,2004 年 9 月
[32] H.M.B .Metwally, J.Faiz, J.W.Finch , Core loss in switched reluctance motor structures—experimental results[C], Proc.Int.Conf.Elec.Mach.Pisa, Italy, 1988, 2, pp.31-34.
[33] Peter N.Materu, Ramu Krishnan. Esitimation of switched reluctance motor losses[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1992, 28(3), pp.668-679.
[34] ShyShenq P.Liou, Jim Ye. Flux distribution and core losses of switched reluctance motors[C], IEEE, 1996, pp.935-938.
[35] J.Boivie,Iron loss model and measurement of the losses in a switched reluctance motor[C], Electrical Machines and Drives, 1993. Sixth International Conference on (Conf. Publ. No. 376) 8-10, Sep.1993, pp.219 – 222.
[36] 龚余才 潘双来编. 电路理论基础[M]. 航空工业出版社, 2000, pp.301.
[37] Jawad Faiz, M.B.B.Sharifian, Core Losses Estimation in a Multiple Teeth per Stator Pole Switched Reluctance Motor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. Vol.30, No.2, March 1994, pp.189-195.
[38] T.Nakata et al., Iron losses of Si steel core produced by distorted flux, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol.9, No. 1, Jan. 1970.
[39] P.Rupanagunta et al., Determination of iron core losses under influence of third-harmonic flux component, IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol.27, No.2, March 1991, pp.768-777.
[40] B.J.Chalmers, Electric Motor Handbook. London, U.K.: Butterworth, 1988.
[41] R.Ramshaw and R.G.Van Heeswijk, Energy Conversion: Electric Motors and Generators. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1990.
[42] W.H.taylor. Obtaining motive power. U.K Patent 8255, 1839.
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