光性能监测技术研究
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摘要
随着光网络向着高速、透明和动态的方向发展,未来光网络对网络的可靠性提出了更高的要求,同时也增加了网络管理的复杂度。传统的在电域内进行网络性能监测和管理已无法适应未来动态可重构光网络的需求,基于光层的性能监测技术可以实现监测损伤、为补偿和重路由提供进一步信息等功能,将成为实现动态光网络性能保障与网络管理的关键技术之一
本文致力于光性能监测技术的研究,主要创新工作如下：
1.本论文提出了一种新型的利用非线性光纤环镜(NOLM)双端功率之比监测光信噪比(OSNR)的技术,能够实现更大范围和更准确的OSNR监测。首先建立了理论模型,研究了最佳工作点的选取,NOLM环中高非线性光纤的非线性度、长度、衰减系数等参数对工作点的影响,仿真验证了利用NOLM环对40Gb/s的NRZ/RZ66/RZ50/RZ33-OOK和DPSK信号的监测效果。实验方面,验证了对于80Gb/s RZ-DQPSK信号,可以获得12.16dB的输出动态范围和13-39.8dB的OSNR监测范围。在新工作点下,新技术能够比单端监测提高4.97dB；在相同的设定灵敏度条件下,它可以在输出动态范围上提高7.05dB,可测的OSNR上增加13.8dB。另外,验证了微量的GVD将会影响监测的范围和灵敏度。1.7ps/nm的GVD将会使监测输出动态范围恶化至2.4dB。实验结果均与理论预测的趋势相吻合。这种技术具有成本低、响应速度快等优点,并且对不同格式信号均能够提供非常精确的监测。
2.射频分析技术一般通过提取损伤在频谱上呈现的特征来进行监测,因此具有性能稳定的优势,并且有利于监测相位调制信号。本论文提出并研究了用射频功率法来分别和同时监测OSNR,色散(CD)和偏振模色散(PMD)等参数。具体研究工作包括以下两个方面：(1)详细研究了用低频拍噪声法来监测OSNR。建立了这种技术的理论模型,并用实验验证对80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK信号,能够在100MHz RF频率上监测8-33.5dB范围的OSNR,功率动态范围为25.4dB,研究了滤波器带宽,接收功率,接收频率,CD, PMD对监测效果的影响。(2)提出了一种利用RF功率之比来实现PMD不灵敏的CD监测技术,验证了该技术对80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK信号的监测效果,发现带阻滤波器偏移位置在10GHz处时,能够以22.3dB的输出动态范围监测246.7ps/nm的CD并且以42.7dB的输出动态范围监测50ps的DGD；研究了DGD、带阻滤波器不同偏移位置、不同的RF监测频率、BSF的带宽和电带通滤波器的带宽对CD监测效果的影响。这种监测技术能同时监测CD和PMD,实现简单,探测带宽低,不需要修改发射机,具有非常好的应用前景。
3.具有可重构和多功能特性的逻辑门是全光信号处理技术的发展趋势。鉴于非线性光纤(HNLF)在响应时间等方面的优势,本论文首先提出了利用HNLF中四波混频效应来实现的可重构的逻辑门,通过调节两种信号间的相对偏振态,第一种方案能够对PolSK信号同时实现半减器、XOR、A减B和B减A,或者XNOR、AND和NOR门。关于波长特性的分析表明随波长分离度的增加,灵敏度恶化。实验结果验证了对于10Gb/s的NRZ-PolSK信号,该方案实现的所有逻辑功能功率损耗都小于3dB。另外,基于四波混频效应,提出了一种针对PolSK信号的新型双向HNLF结构,它除了可以同时实现上述提到的所有逻辑功能外,还可以实现复杂功能如半加器、半减器、比较器、解码器等。仿真验证了它可以工作于40Gb/s RZ33-PolSK信号上,有着清晰的眼图和高的Q因子,研究发现工作波长的间距为-7-6nm以内的时候能够保证背靠背传输时具有零误码的特性。
Nowadays, the optical network has evolved to be high speed, reconfigurable and transparent, which has posed challenge to performance ensurrance and also introduced greater complexity of management. The conventional monitoring technique operated in the electrical layer havenot been able to offer solutions for the future reconfigurable optical network. To cope with this, optical performance monitoring technique is investigated to monitor the physical impairments and supply the imformation for futher compensation and rerouting. Optical performance monitoring will be one of the most important techniques to ensure the signal quality and management of the reconfigurable optical network.The following original contributions to the field of optical performance monitoring are made in the course of this reseach:
1. We propose a novel OSNR monitoring technique using nonlinear effects with wider OSNR monitoring range and higher sensitivity. The ratio between the transmission and reflection output power of NOLM is used. The theoretical model is built up and the selection of the optimum operation point is shown. The impacts of nonlinear coefficient, length, attenuator factor to the operation point, dispersion and peak power deviation to the monitoring performances are also investigated. We demonstrate the nice performances for NRZ/RZ66/RZ50/RZ33-OOKand-DPSK signals at40Gb/s by simulation and present experimentally that for80Gb/s RZ-DQPSK signal,12.16dB maximum output power variation and13-39.8dB OSNR monitoring range can be achieved. It is shown that this novel technique significantly improves the dynamic range of the output power by7.05dB and monitoring range by13.8dB through comparison experiments between with and without the reflection port. Dispersion less than1.7ps/nm can be tolerated to ensure nice performance. Higher dispersion will deteriorate the performance. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical forecast. This technique is cost-effective. Furthermore, given the femto-second response time of the highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), the scheme is promising in ultra-speed systems.
2. RF spectrum analyzing techniques which use the characteristics induced by impairments on spectrum have many advantages such as steady performances, without transmitter modification and feasibility for phase modulated signals, and so on. We propose two schemes and investigate the performances of monitoring OSNR, CD and PMD independently and simultaneously.
First, we investigate the OSNR monitoring using beat noise at the low RF frequency band. It only uses a narrow band filter located at the carrier wavelength and low frequency detector. The theoretical model is given and the performance for80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK signal is investigated. The impacts of filter bandwidth, power at the receiver, monitoring frequency, CD and PMD are also investigated. The8-33.5dB OSNR monitoring range with25.4dB dynamic output power variation can be achieved at100MHz RF frequency.
Second, based on the technique of CD-insensitive PMD monitoring, we propose a novel scheme of PMD-insensitive CD monitoring based on the RF power ratio. The monitoring performance for80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK signal is demonstrated. With the offset position of the band-stop filter set at10GHz, DGD monitoring with50ps range and42.7dB output dynamic range, and CD monitoring with246.7ps/nm range and22.3dB dynamic range can be achived. The impacts of DGD, position and bandwidth of the band-stop filter, RF frequency and bandwidth of electrical band-pass filter for the CD monitoring are also investigated. The simple scheme has the ability of monitor PMD and CD simultaneously. It can use low frequency detector and doesn't have to modificate the transmitter.
3. All-optical logic gates are crucial elements in future to perform ultra-fast optical signal processing functions. Reconfigurable and multi-functional logic gates are highly preferred as they can provide a more flexible set of network functions.
It is the first time that a reconfigurable logic gate for NRZ-PolSK signals based on FWM in a HNLF are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By adjusting the PCs at the input and output, half-subtracter, XOR, AB, AB or XNOR, AND and NOR gates can be realized simultaneously. The measured Q factors for eye-diagrams are all above8dB. Among them, Q factors of AB, AB, AND and NOR gates are higher than those of XOR and XNOR gates. The input power for the HNLF is optimized to be as low as about15.2dBm, which can help to alleviate the impact of ASE noise brought by EDFAs. Error-free operation is achieved for10Gb/s27-1pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) data. Power penalties for the reconfigurable logic gate are less than3dB. Simulation analysis of wavelength characteristic for all logic gates predicts that the reconfigurable logic gate can realize error-free operation when the wavelength separation is less than5nm. The setup is simple and flexible.
Based on the above experimental demonstration, we exploit a new bidirectional structure to realize the simultaneous implementation for RZ-PolSK signals at40Gb/s using bidirectional FWM in HNLF. The structure not only decreases the cost because only one spool of HNLF is used, but also implement all the logic functions simultaneously, including simple functions such as XOR, XNOR, AB, AB, AND, NOR and the complex functions such as half adder, half subtracter, decoder and comparator. To ensure error-free operation, wavelength separation should be kept less than7nm. Given the femtosecond response time of Kerr-effect in HNLF, the module is promising in ultra-speed systems.
本文致力于光性能监测技术的研究,主要创新工作如下：
1.本论文提出了一种新型的利用非线性光纤环镜(NOLM)双端功率之比监测光信噪比(OSNR)的技术,能够实现更大范围和更准确的OSNR监测。首先建立了理论模型,研究了最佳工作点的选取,NOLM环中高非线性光纤的非线性度、长度、衰减系数等参数对工作点的影响,仿真验证了利用NOLM环对40Gb/s的NRZ/RZ66/RZ50/RZ33-OOK和DPSK信号的监测效果。实验方面,验证了对于80Gb/s RZ-DQPSK信号,可以获得12.16dB的输出动态范围和13-39.8dB的OSNR监测范围。在新工作点下,新技术能够比单端监测提高4.97dB；在相同的设定灵敏度条件下,它可以在输出动态范围上提高7.05dB,可测的OSNR上增加13.8dB。另外,验证了微量的GVD将会影响监测的范围和灵敏度。1.7ps/nm的GVD将会使监测输出动态范围恶化至2.4dB。实验结果均与理论预测的趋势相吻合。这种技术具有成本低、响应速度快等优点,并且对不同格式信号均能够提供非常精确的监测。
2.射频分析技术一般通过提取损伤在频谱上呈现的特征来进行监测,因此具有性能稳定的优势,并且有利于监测相位调制信号。本论文提出并研究了用射频功率法来分别和同时监测OSNR,色散(CD)和偏振模色散(PMD)等参数。具体研究工作包括以下两个方面：(1)详细研究了用低频拍噪声法来监测OSNR。建立了这种技术的理论模型,并用实验验证对80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK信号,能够在100MHz RF频率上监测8-33.5dB范围的OSNR,功率动态范围为25.4dB,研究了滤波器带宽,接收功率,接收频率,CD, PMD对监测效果的影响。(2)提出了一种利用RF功率之比来实现PMD不灵敏的CD监测技术,验证了该技术对80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK信号的监测效果,发现带阻滤波器偏移位置在10GHz处时,能够以22.3dB的输出动态范围监测246.7ps/nm的CD并且以42.7dB的输出动态范围监测50ps的DGD；研究了DGD、带阻滤波器不同偏移位置、不同的RF监测频率、BSF的带宽和电带通滤波器的带宽对CD监测效果的影响。这种监测技术能同时监测CD和PMD,实现简单,探测带宽低,不需要修改发射机,具有非常好的应用前景。
3.具有可重构和多功能特性的逻辑门是全光信号处理技术的发展趋势。鉴于非线性光纤(HNLF)在响应时间等方面的优势,本论文首先提出了利用HNLF中四波混频效应来实现的可重构的逻辑门,通过调节两种信号间的相对偏振态,第一种方案能够对PolSK信号同时实现半减器、XOR、A减B和B减A,或者XNOR、AND和NOR门。关于波长特性的分析表明随波长分离度的增加,灵敏度恶化。实验结果验证了对于10Gb/s的NRZ-PolSK信号,该方案实现的所有逻辑功能功率损耗都小于3dB。另外,基于四波混频效应,提出了一种针对PolSK信号的新型双向HNLF结构,它除了可以同时实现上述提到的所有逻辑功能外,还可以实现复杂功能如半加器、半减器、比较器、解码器等。仿真验证了它可以工作于40Gb/s RZ33-PolSK信号上,有着清晰的眼图和高的Q因子,研究发现工作波长的间距为-7-6nm以内的时候能够保证背靠背传输时具有零误码的特性。
Nowadays, the optical network has evolved to be high speed, reconfigurable and transparent, which has posed challenge to performance ensurrance and also introduced greater complexity of management. The conventional monitoring technique operated in the electrical layer havenot been able to offer solutions for the future reconfigurable optical network. To cope with this, optical performance monitoring technique is investigated to monitor the physical impairments and supply the imformation for futher compensation and rerouting. Optical performance monitoring will be one of the most important techniques to ensure the signal quality and management of the reconfigurable optical network.The following original contributions to the field of optical performance monitoring are made in the course of this reseach:
1. We propose a novel OSNR monitoring technique using nonlinear effects with wider OSNR monitoring range and higher sensitivity. The ratio between the transmission and reflection output power of NOLM is used. The theoretical model is built up and the selection of the optimum operation point is shown. The impacts of nonlinear coefficient, length, attenuator factor to the operation point, dispersion and peak power deviation to the monitoring performances are also investigated. We demonstrate the nice performances for NRZ/RZ66/RZ50/RZ33-OOKand-DPSK signals at40Gb/s by simulation and present experimentally that for80Gb/s RZ-DQPSK signal,12.16dB maximum output power variation and13-39.8dB OSNR monitoring range can be achieved. It is shown that this novel technique significantly improves the dynamic range of the output power by7.05dB and monitoring range by13.8dB through comparison experiments between with and without the reflection port. Dispersion less than1.7ps/nm can be tolerated to ensure nice performance. Higher dispersion will deteriorate the performance. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical forecast. This technique is cost-effective. Furthermore, given the femto-second response time of the highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), the scheme is promising in ultra-speed systems.
2. RF spectrum analyzing techniques which use the characteristics induced by impairments on spectrum have many advantages such as steady performances, without transmitter modification and feasibility for phase modulated signals, and so on. We propose two schemes and investigate the performances of monitoring OSNR, CD and PMD independently and simultaneously.
First, we investigate the OSNR monitoring using beat noise at the low RF frequency band. It only uses a narrow band filter located at the carrier wavelength and low frequency detector. The theoretical model is given and the performance for80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK signal is investigated. The impacts of filter bandwidth, power at the receiver, monitoring frequency, CD and PMD are also investigated. The8-33.5dB OSNR monitoring range with25.4dB dynamic output power variation can be achieved at100MHz RF frequency.
Second, based on the technique of CD-insensitive PMD monitoring, we propose a novel scheme of PMD-insensitive CD monitoring based on the RF power ratio. The monitoring performance for80Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK signal is demonstrated. With the offset position of the band-stop filter set at10GHz, DGD monitoring with50ps range and42.7dB output dynamic range, and CD monitoring with246.7ps/nm range and22.3dB dynamic range can be achived. The impacts of DGD, position and bandwidth of the band-stop filter, RF frequency and bandwidth of electrical band-pass filter for the CD monitoring are also investigated. The simple scheme has the ability of monitor PMD and CD simultaneously. It can use low frequency detector and doesn't have to modificate the transmitter.
3. All-optical logic gates are crucial elements in future to perform ultra-fast optical signal processing functions. Reconfigurable and multi-functional logic gates are highly preferred as they can provide a more flexible set of network functions.
It is the first time that a reconfigurable logic gate for NRZ-PolSK signals based on FWM in a HNLF are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By adjusting the PCs at the input and output, half-subtracter, XOR, AB, AB or XNOR, AND and NOR gates can be realized simultaneously. The measured Q factors for eye-diagrams are all above8dB. Among them, Q factors of AB, AB, AND and NOR gates are higher than those of XOR and XNOR gates. The input power for the HNLF is optimized to be as low as about15.2dBm, which can help to alleviate the impact of ASE noise brought by EDFAs. Error-free operation is achieved for10Gb/s27-1pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) data. Power penalties for the reconfigurable logic gate are less than3dB. Simulation analysis of wavelength characteristic for all logic gates predicts that the reconfigurable logic gate can realize error-free operation when the wavelength separation is less than5nm. The setup is simple and flexible.
Based on the above experimental demonstration, we exploit a new bidirectional structure to realize the simultaneous implementation for RZ-PolSK signals at40Gb/s using bidirectional FWM in HNLF. The structure not only decreases the cost because only one spool of HNLF is used, but also implement all the logic functions simultaneously, including simple functions such as XOR, XNOR, AB, AB, AND, NOR and the complex functions such as half adder, half subtracter, decoder and comparator. To ensure error-free operation, wavelength separation should be kept less than7nm. Given the femtosecond response time of Kerr-effect in HNLF, the module is promising in ultra-speed systems.
引文
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