无氧功率自行车模式训练对田径运动员无氧能力及相关指标的影响
摘要
无氧能力(Anaerobic capacity)是指人体通过无氧代谢途径提供能量进行运动的能力,通常以最大无氧代谢状态下的身体工作能力表示,它是运动速度和速度耐力的关键。一切短时间、高功率运动如冲刺、短跑、投掷、跳跃和足球射门等活动的能力均取决运动员的无氧代谢能力。优秀运动员自身所具有的无氧能力强弱、高低,直接决定他的运动水平,并影响其运动成绩。有关无氧能力的研究在体育领域内一直居于重要位置。传统无氧能力训练多停留在经验层面上,较少采用针对性强、可控性强的无氧训练手段。通常,教练员根据自己以往几年或者几十年的训练经验来安排运动员的训练强度、时间、运动量、间歇时间等,缺乏准确性、科学性、可控性,对运动能力不同的运动员缺乏个体针对性。如何通过科学有效的训练方法来提高人体无氧工作能力对于探讨无氧工作能力的发展及其对训练的适应规律等理论和应用问题具有重要意义。
评定无氧能力的方法有Margaria台阶实验法、最大积累氧亏、临界功率和WINGATE实验法等,其中WINGATE实验法与功率自行车相结合,它被广泛认为是一种科学的、准确的无氧能力评定方法。但目前国内外有关无氧功率的研究中多数是运用功率自行车对运动员进行无氧功率测定及评定,利用功率自行车进行长期无氧能力训练的研究很少见。
目前,在医学领域中已有研究者利用功率自行车来作为锻炼器材,针对一些特殊病人进行医疗康复,并取得一定疗效;许多运动研究机构里,也常把功率自行车作为一种精确,可设计模式的专门训练器材,来进行一些特殊训练研究,如高原实验、低氧实验等。本研究是将功率自行车作为一种有效的训练器材与无氧能力训练方法相结合,对运动员进行周期性无氧能力训练,最终观察运动员无氧能力的发展情况。随机选取重庆大学体育学院的田径运动员9名为研究对象,利用POWERMAX-VII无氧功率自行车特定模式训练进行5周无氧能力训练。训练前、训练后各进行一次最大无氧能力测试,并在测验结束后即刻、3分钟、5分钟和7分钟时进行血样采集,检测分析训练前后CK、LDH、PK、肌酐和4个时相的血乳酸值。研究表明5周训练后,CK活性训练后比训练前有明显上升,具有显著性变化;LDH、血乳酸值训练后比训练前有明显下降,具有显著性变化;PK和肌酐训练后比训练前有所升高,但不具有显著性变化;另外,训练前后4个时相的血乳酸值,峰值均出现在3-5min的阶段。本研究结果表明,采用POWERMAX-VII无氧功率自行车特定训练模式对田径运动员无氧能力产生了良好影响。
通过本次实验结果分析,对利用功率自行车进行无氧能力训练研究情况提出以下建议:
1.本实验是直接根据POWERMAX-VII无氧功率自行车特定训练模式对运动进行训练,在已设定好运动时间、强度,间歇时间下进行训练。这种训练方法与其他研究中所采用有所不同,具有较强的个体针对性。在以后的研究里,还可以根据最新、无氧能力测试结果来重新进行训练模式的设定。
2.本次实验研究的生理生化指标除了丙酮酸激酶,其他是比较常见的几种研究无氧能力的相关生化指标。在以后的研究中,建议可以加入己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶等相关研究指标。
3.本实验的受试者是达二级运动员以上的田径运动员,在此研究中其可能无氧能力变化的增幅要不甚明显,这可能与运动员训练水平和实验周期较短有关。在以后研究里,可以延长实验周期。
4.功率自行车主要针对下肢运动能力训练,有一定的局限性,可以考虑针对不同类型项目研制其他具有针对性的训练仪器来进行研究。
Anaerobic capacity (Anaerobic exercise capacity) is the anaerobic metabolic pathways in the human body to provide energy for exercise capacity, anaerobic metabolism is usually the largest of the physical ability to work under that, it is speed and speed endurance in the key.All short-term, high-power sports such as sprint, sprint, throwing, jumping and shooting activities such as football are determined by the ability of anaerobic capacity of athletes.Elite athletes possess their own strength of anaerobic capacity, height, and directly determines the level of his movement, and affect their athletic performance.Research on anaerobic capacity in the field of sports has been living in an important position.Traditional anaerobic capacity training stays in the experience level, less specific, controllable means of anaerobic training.Usually, coaches based on their previous years or decades of training experience to arrange athlete training intensity, time, physical activity, intermittent time, the lack of accuracy, scientific, controllability, on the lack of movement of individual athletes of different abilities targeted.How scientific and effective training methods to improve the human capacity for anaerobic work capacity of anaerobic training in the development and adaptation of the theory and application of law is important.
Margaria anaerobic capacity assessment method step experiment, the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit, the critical power and WINGATE experiment, among which WINGATE experiment combined with the power cycling, it is widely regarded as a scientific, accurate assessment of anaerobic capacity methods.However, anaerobic power at home and abroad about the study is to use the power of the majority of bikes on the anaerobic power athletes and assessment of anaerobic capacity was measured using the cycle ergometer training of long-term anaerobic capacity are rare.
Currently, researchers in the medical field has been used as a cycle ergometer exercise equipment, for some special medical rehabilitation patients, and achieved a certain effect; research institutions in many sports, often the power of bicycles as a precise model can be designedspecialized training equipment to study some special training, such as high altitude experiments, hypoxia experiments.This research is a power bicycle as an effective training equipment and training methods combined anaerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity of athletes training periodically, observe the athlete the ultimate development of anaerobic capacity.Chongqing University Sports Institute randomly selected track and field athletes as study object 9, the use of anaerobic power POWERMAX-VII model bike specific training for five weeks anaerobic training.Before training, after training the anaerobic capacity test once the biggest in the end of the test immediately, 3 minutes, 5 minutes and 7 minutes for blood collection, testing, analysis before and after training CK, LDH, PK, creatinine and blood of 4-phase lactate.The results show that five weeks after training, CK activity after training than before training significantly increased, with significant changes; LDH, blood lactate after training than before training significantly decreased, with significant changes; PK and creatinine training than trainingthe former has increased, but not significant changes; In addition, the training phase before and after the 4 blood lactate values, the peak occurred at 3-5min stage.According to the results, I consider that the use POWERMAX-VII anaerobic power specific training model bike track and field athletes have a good affect anaerobic capacity.
Through this experimental results, the use of anaerobic cycle ergometer training and research capacity to submit the following recommendations:
1. This study is directly based on POWERMAX-VII anaerobic power cycling specific training model for training in sports, has been set up in exercise time, intensity training under intermittent time.The training methods used in other studies with different individuals with a strong targeted.In the later study, also based on the latest and anaerobic training to re-test mode setting.
2. The experimental study of the physiological and biochemical indicators in addition to pyruvate kinase, several other studies are more common biochemical indicators of anaerobic capacity.In future studies, it is recommended to join the hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and other related research indicators.
3. Subjects of this experiment is more than up to two athletes in track and field athletes in this study, the possible increase in anaerobic capacity to less obvious changes, which may be players training level and short experimental cycle related.In the later study, the experimental period can be extended.
4. Ergometer training focused on lower extremity motor ability, has some limitations, can be considered for different types of projects targeted the development of other training equipment for research.
评定无氧能力的方法有Margaria台阶实验法、最大积累氧亏、临界功率和WINGATE实验法等,其中WINGATE实验法与功率自行车相结合,它被广泛认为是一种科学的、准确的无氧能力评定方法。但目前国内外有关无氧功率的研究中多数是运用功率自行车对运动员进行无氧功率测定及评定,利用功率自行车进行长期无氧能力训练的研究很少见。
目前,在医学领域中已有研究者利用功率自行车来作为锻炼器材,针对一些特殊病人进行医疗康复,并取得一定疗效;许多运动研究机构里,也常把功率自行车作为一种精确,可设计模式的专门训练器材,来进行一些特殊训练研究,如高原实验、低氧实验等。本研究是将功率自行车作为一种有效的训练器材与无氧能力训练方法相结合,对运动员进行周期性无氧能力训练,最终观察运动员无氧能力的发展情况。随机选取重庆大学体育学院的田径运动员9名为研究对象,利用POWERMAX-VII无氧功率自行车特定模式训练进行5周无氧能力训练。训练前、训练后各进行一次最大无氧能力测试,并在测验结束后即刻、3分钟、5分钟和7分钟时进行血样采集,检测分析训练前后CK、LDH、PK、肌酐和4个时相的血乳酸值。研究表明5周训练后,CK活性训练后比训练前有明显上升,具有显著性变化;LDH、血乳酸值训练后比训练前有明显下降,具有显著性变化;PK和肌酐训练后比训练前有所升高,但不具有显著性变化;另外,训练前后4个时相的血乳酸值,峰值均出现在3-5min的阶段。本研究结果表明,采用POWERMAX-VII无氧功率自行车特定训练模式对田径运动员无氧能力产生了良好影响。
通过本次实验结果分析,对利用功率自行车进行无氧能力训练研究情况提出以下建议:
1.本实验是直接根据POWERMAX-VII无氧功率自行车特定训练模式对运动进行训练,在已设定好运动时间、强度,间歇时间下进行训练。这种训练方法与其他研究中所采用有所不同,具有较强的个体针对性。在以后的研究里,还可以根据最新、无氧能力测试结果来重新进行训练模式的设定。
2.本次实验研究的生理生化指标除了丙酮酸激酶,其他是比较常见的几种研究无氧能力的相关生化指标。在以后的研究中,建议可以加入己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶等相关研究指标。
3.本实验的受试者是达二级运动员以上的田径运动员,在此研究中其可能无氧能力变化的增幅要不甚明显,这可能与运动员训练水平和实验周期较短有关。在以后研究里,可以延长实验周期。
4.功率自行车主要针对下肢运动能力训练,有一定的局限性,可以考虑针对不同类型项目研制其他具有针对性的训练仪器来进行研究。
Anaerobic capacity (Anaerobic exercise capacity) is the anaerobic metabolic pathways in the human body to provide energy for exercise capacity, anaerobic metabolism is usually the largest of the physical ability to work under that, it is speed and speed endurance in the key.All short-term, high-power sports such as sprint, sprint, throwing, jumping and shooting activities such as football are determined by the ability of anaerobic capacity of athletes.Elite athletes possess their own strength of anaerobic capacity, height, and directly determines the level of his movement, and affect their athletic performance.Research on anaerobic capacity in the field of sports has been living in an important position.Traditional anaerobic capacity training stays in the experience level, less specific, controllable means of anaerobic training.Usually, coaches based on their previous years or decades of training experience to arrange athlete training intensity, time, physical activity, intermittent time, the lack of accuracy, scientific, controllability, on the lack of movement of individual athletes of different abilities targeted.How scientific and effective training methods to improve the human capacity for anaerobic work capacity of anaerobic training in the development and adaptation of the theory and application of law is important.
Margaria anaerobic capacity assessment method step experiment, the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit, the critical power and WINGATE experiment, among which WINGATE experiment combined with the power cycling, it is widely regarded as a scientific, accurate assessment of anaerobic capacity methods.However, anaerobic power at home and abroad about the study is to use the power of the majority of bikes on the anaerobic power athletes and assessment of anaerobic capacity was measured using the cycle ergometer training of long-term anaerobic capacity are rare.
Currently, researchers in the medical field has been used as a cycle ergometer exercise equipment, for some special medical rehabilitation patients, and achieved a certain effect; research institutions in many sports, often the power of bicycles as a precise model can be designedspecialized training equipment to study some special training, such as high altitude experiments, hypoxia experiments.This research is a power bicycle as an effective training equipment and training methods combined anaerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity of athletes training periodically, observe the athlete the ultimate development of anaerobic capacity.Chongqing University Sports Institute randomly selected track and field athletes as study object 9, the use of anaerobic power POWERMAX-VII model bike specific training for five weeks anaerobic training.Before training, after training the anaerobic capacity test once the biggest in the end of the test immediately, 3 minutes, 5 minutes and 7 minutes for blood collection, testing, analysis before and after training CK, LDH, PK, creatinine and blood of 4-phase lactate.The results show that five weeks after training, CK activity after training than before training significantly increased, with significant changes; LDH, blood lactate after training than before training significantly decreased, with significant changes; PK and creatinine training than trainingthe former has increased, but not significant changes; In addition, the training phase before and after the 4 blood lactate values, the peak occurred at 3-5min stage.According to the results, I consider that the use POWERMAX-VII anaerobic power specific training model bike track and field athletes have a good affect anaerobic capacity.
Through this experimental results, the use of anaerobic cycle ergometer training and research capacity to submit the following recommendations:
1. This study is directly based on POWERMAX-VII anaerobic power cycling specific training model for training in sports, has been set up in exercise time, intensity training under intermittent time.The training methods used in other studies with different individuals with a strong targeted.In the later study, also based on the latest and anaerobic training to re-test mode setting.
2. The experimental study of the physiological and biochemical indicators in addition to pyruvate kinase, several other studies are more common biochemical indicators of anaerobic capacity.In future studies, it is recommended to join the hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and other related research indicators.
3. Subjects of this experiment is more than up to two athletes in track and field athletes in this study, the possible increase in anaerobic capacity to less obvious changes, which may be players training level and short experimental cycle related.In the later study, the experimental period can be extended.
4. Ergometer training focused on lower extremity motor ability, has some limitations, can be considered for different types of projects targeted the development of other training equipment for research.
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