流域治理修复型水生态补偿研究
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摘要
随着我国经济社会的飞速发展和对水资源的过度开发利用,大多数流域的生态环境状况不容乐观,在一定程度上限制了水生态服务价值的发挥。为促进经济社会、生态环境的全面协调可持续发展,从经济补偿、综合管理层面出发,对因缺水或水污染造成水生态破坏的流域进行治理,最大程度的恢复或补救受损流域的水生态功能,已成为当前迫切需要解决的现实问题。本论文依托国家自然科学基金项目“流域生态补偿理论、方法与实现机制研究”,对流域治理修复型水生态补偿研究的理论体系、定量测算标准和完善实施机制等问题开展了系统研究。以永定河官厅水库以上流域为案例,进行了水生态补偿标准及实施策略的实例研究。
首先,从水资源开发利用综合影响评价的层面入手,结合流域发展的总体目标要求,分析了流域水生态类型与特征；通过对治理修复型流域水生态补偿的概念特征进行阐述,构建了相应的流域尺度的水生态补偿理论体系。
基于价值转移、社会公平和合作博弈等理论,进行流域水生态保护损益价值、水量水质控制、水处理成本等的分析研究,归纳提炼了治理修复型水生态补偿分类标准的计算方法。
(1)合理界定了自然、人为因素对流域水资源开发利用影响程度,提出基于断面水量用途、水质控制目标的流域水生态补偿标准测算框架；
(2)以社会公平机制、合作博弈为基础,利用参数区间最优、博弈理论对用水联盟最优水量的分配进行约束,构建流域整体用水部门的效益最大化水量分配模型,测算流域均衡用水补偿标准；
(3)为促进流域整体治污效果最优,以水功能区典型断面的水质控制目标为基准,结合上下游之间的经济发展状况,在充分利用水体自净能力的前提下,综合确定总治理成本-模糊风险-安全系数间的均衡曲线,给出基于治污投入的优化补偿标准。
(4)针对流域农业可持续发展程度较低的状况,基于能值与价值之间的可转化性,提出了农业面源污染物产生量及上下游生态补偿标准测算方法。
为全面反映流域多元化的水生态服务价值,从价值转移的层面入手核算流域损益补偿标准：借鉴流域生境及物种多样性、不同水域相关功能属性的差异性,从河流生态系统、森林生态系统、湿地生态系统层面考虑,借助投入产出对应关系确定受益补偿标准；以限制发展机会成本、水源涵养损失机会成本为依据,提出了流域生态受损补偿标准计算方法。
在综合考虑自然资源、生态环境和经济社会等要素的基础上,运用植被的去势(降势)典范对应分析和环境矩阵的CANOCO法进行流域物种组成和环境因素间的变量分析,提出了流域水生态恢复优先序判定的评价方法。以生态物理和经济社会构成要素和发展规律为基础,构建了ERP和PES的科学和实践平台,从系统合作的层面处理补偿管理中的相关复杂问题。从流域治理修复型水生态补偿实施机制的主要影响要素着手,针对补偿资金的使用、政策实施、农业面源污染监管3个方面,结合BMPs联合管理、整体优化思想给出反馈机制实施框架。
选择永定河官厅水库以上流域为典型区,以2007年流域山西省、河北省出境断面的下泄水量为控制基准,通过确定污染物的入河量、流域水生态保护损益成本、区域均衡用水分配量,进行流域水生态补偿标准的测算。结合最优管理模式和系统优化理论,从研究区水生态环境最大程度改善层面出发,给出了基于社会机制、生态要素、管理体制的永定河流域水生态补偿实施及完善策略。
At present, the ecological environment situation of most watersheds in China is bad, as the result of the economic and social rapid development and over-use of water resources. The state limits the expression of water ecosystem service function. To promote the sustainable development of the socioeconomic and ecological environment, and to achieve the harmony between human beings and nature, we should apply ecological restoration methods to hold back the destruction of water related ecosystems from the level of watershed governance and economic compensation. The thesis relies on the National Natural Science Foundation project "Ecological Compensation Theory, Method and Realization Mechanism Study", and gives the systematic research on theoretical system, compensation standard and implementation mechanism of watershed water related eco-compensation of restoration. The thesis gives eco-compensation standard calculation method and implementation key point taking the Yongding River basin as the study area.
The thesis elaborates the type and characteristics of watershed water ecological destruction from the level of water resources development and utilization evaluation. Combining the existing theoretical results and successful experience, the thesis analyzes the theoretical system of ecological compensation in-depth to form the perfect theoretical system of watershed water related eco-compensation of restoration.
The thesis gives the water eco-compensation classification standards and calculation method based on the theory of value transfer, social equity and cooperative game.
(1) On the basis of distinguishing the impact degree to watershed water resources development and utilization between nature and human factors, the thesis present the watershed compensation standard calculation framework according to the indiscerptible attribute of water quantity and quality.
(2) Taking social equity restrain mechanism for the optimal water quantity distribution process of water user alliance as the foundation, an optimal decision process of water quantity equitable distribution based on parameter interval optimal and game theory inside watershed is provided.
(3) Establishing cost standard should be considered as the ultimate goal or target value indicating a negligible risk of adverse effects on use of the water and on the ecological functions of waters. The thesis supplied the pollutant discharge-treatment trade-off curve to establish the total treatment cost by containing pollutant discharge permits trading and water quality requirements for uses of the relevant water environment.
(4) The thesis gives the study method of agro-ecological compensation standard based on the conversion between emergy and value.
Next, the thesis supplies Yongding River Basin benefit compensation standard by considering ecosystem species and habitats diversity, water body function differentiation from river, forest and wetland system.
The thesis present evaluation method of watershed water ecological restoration priority, by considering the natural resources, eco-environment, and socioeconomic factors, also elaborates the implementation mechanism of watershed water related eco-compensation. The thesis gives the theoretical framework and quantitative evaluating method to judge the priority of water ecological restoration from the level of system theory. Connecting the different situations of ecological governance, the program of determining watershed ecological restoration priority is given. The thesis generated ERP and PES platform from the view of science and practice, to solve the complex problems from the level of cooperation. To improve people's WTP to protect ecology, the thesis chose typical areas, studying people's WTP and the payment amount under3different circumstances. Considering from the major impact factors of watershed governance, the thesis generates feedback mechanism implementation framework based on compensation funds use, policy implementation, and supervision of agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
The thesis gives eco-compensation standard calculation method and implementation key point taking the Yongding River basin as the study area. The thesis elaborates the theoretical basis and analysis method of watershed water related eco-compensation, as well as determines the output amount of contaminants, watershed water ecological services value and protection/restoration cost. To realize the equilibrium development of different regions in the watershed, combining integrated BMP strategies and system optimization theory, the thesis develops a general system to assess the mechanism of Yongding River basin water related eco-compensation implementation and feedback.
首先,从水资源开发利用综合影响评价的层面入手,结合流域发展的总体目标要求,分析了流域水生态类型与特征；通过对治理修复型流域水生态补偿的概念特征进行阐述,构建了相应的流域尺度的水生态补偿理论体系。
基于价值转移、社会公平和合作博弈等理论,进行流域水生态保护损益价值、水量水质控制、水处理成本等的分析研究,归纳提炼了治理修复型水生态补偿分类标准的计算方法。
(1)合理界定了自然、人为因素对流域水资源开发利用影响程度,提出基于断面水量用途、水质控制目标的流域水生态补偿标准测算框架；
(2)以社会公平机制、合作博弈为基础,利用参数区间最优、博弈理论对用水联盟最优水量的分配进行约束,构建流域整体用水部门的效益最大化水量分配模型,测算流域均衡用水补偿标准；
(3)为促进流域整体治污效果最优,以水功能区典型断面的水质控制目标为基准,结合上下游之间的经济发展状况,在充分利用水体自净能力的前提下,综合确定总治理成本-模糊风险-安全系数间的均衡曲线,给出基于治污投入的优化补偿标准。
(4)针对流域农业可持续发展程度较低的状况,基于能值与价值之间的可转化性,提出了农业面源污染物产生量及上下游生态补偿标准测算方法。
为全面反映流域多元化的水生态服务价值,从价值转移的层面入手核算流域损益补偿标准：借鉴流域生境及物种多样性、不同水域相关功能属性的差异性,从河流生态系统、森林生态系统、湿地生态系统层面考虑,借助投入产出对应关系确定受益补偿标准；以限制发展机会成本、水源涵养损失机会成本为依据,提出了流域生态受损补偿标准计算方法。
在综合考虑自然资源、生态环境和经济社会等要素的基础上,运用植被的去势(降势)典范对应分析和环境矩阵的CANOCO法进行流域物种组成和环境因素间的变量分析,提出了流域水生态恢复优先序判定的评价方法。以生态物理和经济社会构成要素和发展规律为基础,构建了ERP和PES的科学和实践平台,从系统合作的层面处理补偿管理中的相关复杂问题。从流域治理修复型水生态补偿实施机制的主要影响要素着手,针对补偿资金的使用、政策实施、农业面源污染监管3个方面,结合BMPs联合管理、整体优化思想给出反馈机制实施框架。
选择永定河官厅水库以上流域为典型区,以2007年流域山西省、河北省出境断面的下泄水量为控制基准,通过确定污染物的入河量、流域水生态保护损益成本、区域均衡用水分配量,进行流域水生态补偿标准的测算。结合最优管理模式和系统优化理论,从研究区水生态环境最大程度改善层面出发,给出了基于社会机制、生态要素、管理体制的永定河流域水生态补偿实施及完善策略。
At present, the ecological environment situation of most watersheds in China is bad, as the result of the economic and social rapid development and over-use of water resources. The state limits the expression of water ecosystem service function. To promote the sustainable development of the socioeconomic and ecological environment, and to achieve the harmony between human beings and nature, we should apply ecological restoration methods to hold back the destruction of water related ecosystems from the level of watershed governance and economic compensation. The thesis relies on the National Natural Science Foundation project "Ecological Compensation Theory, Method and Realization Mechanism Study", and gives the systematic research on theoretical system, compensation standard and implementation mechanism of watershed water related eco-compensation of restoration. The thesis gives eco-compensation standard calculation method and implementation key point taking the Yongding River basin as the study area.
The thesis elaborates the type and characteristics of watershed water ecological destruction from the level of water resources development and utilization evaluation. Combining the existing theoretical results and successful experience, the thesis analyzes the theoretical system of ecological compensation in-depth to form the perfect theoretical system of watershed water related eco-compensation of restoration.
The thesis gives the water eco-compensation classification standards and calculation method based on the theory of value transfer, social equity and cooperative game.
(1) On the basis of distinguishing the impact degree to watershed water resources development and utilization between nature and human factors, the thesis present the watershed compensation standard calculation framework according to the indiscerptible attribute of water quantity and quality.
(2) Taking social equity restrain mechanism for the optimal water quantity distribution process of water user alliance as the foundation, an optimal decision process of water quantity equitable distribution based on parameter interval optimal and game theory inside watershed is provided.
(3) Establishing cost standard should be considered as the ultimate goal or target value indicating a negligible risk of adverse effects on use of the water and on the ecological functions of waters. The thesis supplied the pollutant discharge-treatment trade-off curve to establish the total treatment cost by containing pollutant discharge permits trading and water quality requirements for uses of the relevant water environment.
(4) The thesis gives the study method of agro-ecological compensation standard based on the conversion between emergy and value.
Next, the thesis supplies Yongding River Basin benefit compensation standard by considering ecosystem species and habitats diversity, water body function differentiation from river, forest and wetland system.
The thesis present evaluation method of watershed water ecological restoration priority, by considering the natural resources, eco-environment, and socioeconomic factors, also elaborates the implementation mechanism of watershed water related eco-compensation. The thesis gives the theoretical framework and quantitative evaluating method to judge the priority of water ecological restoration from the level of system theory. Connecting the different situations of ecological governance, the program of determining watershed ecological restoration priority is given. The thesis generated ERP and PES platform from the view of science and practice, to solve the complex problems from the level of cooperation. To improve people's WTP to protect ecology, the thesis chose typical areas, studying people's WTP and the payment amount under3different circumstances. Considering from the major impact factors of watershed governance, the thesis generates feedback mechanism implementation framework based on compensation funds use, policy implementation, and supervision of agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
The thesis gives eco-compensation standard calculation method and implementation key point taking the Yongding River basin as the study area. The thesis elaborates the theoretical basis and analysis method of watershed water related eco-compensation, as well as determines the output amount of contaminants, watershed water ecological services value and protection/restoration cost. To realize the equilibrium development of different regions in the watershed, combining integrated BMP strategies and system optimization theory, the thesis develops a general system to assess the mechanism of Yongding River basin water related eco-compensation implementation and feedback.
引文
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