安氏隐孢子虫T7噬菌体展示文库的构建及免疫相关蛋白基因研究
|
摘要
隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium.spp)是寄生于人类及脊椎动物的呼吸道或消化道上皮细胞的一种重要原虫,由它引起的在临床上表现为严重水样腹泻症状的疾病称为隐孢子虫病。1907年,Tyzzer首次报道了隐孢子虫感染小鼠的病例,直到1982年,美国疾病控制中心报道了来自美国六个城市的21名AIDS男性患者由于隐孢子虫病引起了严重的腹泻,才引起全世界研究隐孢子虫的热潮,隐孢子虫病已经被列为美国六大腹泻病之一。2003年我国科技部把隐孢子虫病列入“新发传染病等防治和应用”重大科技攻关项目中,而且是仅有的两种寄生虫病之一。隐孢子虫到目前为止已发现20种以上,但大多数科学家认为其中只有19种是有效种,安氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium andersoni)为其中之一。2000年安氏隐孢子虫被正式命名,其主要感染育成牛和成年牛,奶牛感染后可以引起产奶量下降,体重减轻,是影响奶牛业发展的重要致病因素之一。近年来,Leoni和Morse分别在人体内鉴定出安氏隐孢子虫的存在。虽然国内外对隐孢子虫病已研究多年,但尚无有效的预防办法及防治药物,已筛选了200多种药物,包括所有的抗生素、抗球虫药和磺胺类药物用于该病的治疗,但没有任何药物对隐孢子虫有杀灭作用,因此免疫预防成为控制该病的主要途径,而其关键在于筛选到有效的抗隐孢子虫疫苗的候选抗原。
安氏隐孢子虫是一种寄生性原虫,人也有感染的报道。目前,国内外对其研究主要集中在流行病学调查方面,疫苗候选基因的筛选和交叉保护性的研究未见报道。隐孢子虫病与宿主的免疫系统关系密切。对该病的治疗和预防,抗体和疫苗将起重要作用,获得安氏隐孢子虫疫苗的候选基因及交叉保护性研究将为隐孢子虫病的防治提供新的研究方向。筛选免疫相关基因的方法很多,通过文库筛选免疫蛋白相关基因是一个比较普遍的技术方法,噬菌体展示技术是一种可用于筛选新抗原基因的生物技术,此项技术已经被广泛地应用在生命科学研究的各项领域中。通过T7噬菌体展示文库筛选免疫相关基因在安氏隐孢子虫上的应用未见报道。2003年,Andre等通过实验证明安氏隐孢子虫可以成功体外感染人和牛的上皮细胞,这为体外筛选安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因提供了理论依据。
为筛选安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因和新的疫苗候选抗原基因,本研究构建了安氏隐孢子虫T7噬菌体展示文库,用犊牛小肠上皮细胞对文库进行筛选,获得了部分安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因,将获得的基因分别在原核系统和真核系统中表达后,免疫小鼠进行体液免疫和细胞免疫水平的检测,然后对小鼠进行微小隐孢子虫攻虫实验,从而验证重组抗原亚单位疫苗及核酸疫苗的交叉保护性。
结果显示成功构建了安氏隐孢子虫T7噬菌体展示文库,文库容量为1.2×108 pfu/mL,重组率为90%,扩增后文库滴度为2.4×1010 pfu/mL。经过3次每次5轮的筛选,获得了17个新的安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因,将其中的两个基因命名为C.andersoni 2(CA2)和C.andersoni 42 (CA42),通过NCBI比对分析显示,CA2为安氏隐孢子虫未知功能蛋白,CA42为安氏隐孢子虫肌动蛋白。
将CA2与CA42扩增后,构建了pET-28a-CA2和pET-28a-CA42重组原核表达质粒;将重组原核表达质粒分别转化到感受态大肠埃希菌DE3内,通过IPTG进行诱导表达,Western Blotting显示重组蛋白大小约为15ku和19ku,均能被安氏隐孢子虫免疫小鼠的多克隆抗体识别。将重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠后,体液免疫水平ELISA检测结果显示,试验组血清中抗体滴度随免疫次数增加而逐渐升高,第三次免疫后抗体滴度与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。细胞免疫水平检测显示,与对照组相比,CD4+ T淋巴细胞数差异均显著,CD8+ T淋巴细胞数与佐剂对照组和空白对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05),CD4+/CD8+ T淋巴细胞数的值与佐剂对照组和空白对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。免疫后,对小鼠分别接种1×106个微小隐孢子虫卵囊,通过克粪便卵囊数的检查,结果显示,从第三天起各实验组克粪便卵囊数有所下降。CA2组减虫率为37.5%,而CA42组减虫率为32.2%,与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。结果表明重组蛋白具有一定的免疫原性和交叉保护性。
将CA2与CA42基因分别定向亚克隆到真核表达质粒pVAX1中,构建pVAX1-CA2和pVAX1-CA42重组真核表达质粒。将重组质粒成功转染HeLa细胞后,提取细胞蛋白,通过Western Blotting显示重组蛋白大小与预期相符且均能被安氏隐孢子虫免疫小鼠的多克隆抗体识别。将重组质粒免疫BALB/c小鼠,同对照组相比,体液免疫水平差异均显著(P<0.05),从免疫后第2周开始pVAX1-CA2免疫组抗体水平高于pVAX1-CA42免疫组。CD4+ T细胞亚类数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+ T细胞亚类数量显著高于pVAX1对照组(P<0.05)。交叉保护性实验结果显示, CA2组减虫率为34.6%,而CA42组减虫率为25.8%,与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。结果表明重组核酸疫苗对微小隐孢子虫具有一定的交叉保护性。本研究为隐孢子虫病的防治提供了一定的理论基础和全新的研究方向。
Cryptosporidium is an important parasite which parasite on the respiratory and digestive tract epithelial cells of human and spinal animals. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by it in the clinical manifestations of severe watery diarrhea disease. In 1907, Tyzzer first reported the case that mice infected with Cryptosporidium. Until 1982, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control reported that the 21 male AIDS patients in six U.S. cities caused the severe diarrhea with cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium was researched over the world from then on. Cryptosporidiosis has been listed as one of the United States six diarrheal disease. In 2003, Cryptosporidiosis was included in the " prevention and application of emerging infectious diseases" that was major scientific and technological projects by China's Ministry of Science, and was one of two parasitic diseases. Cryptosporidium species have been discovered more than 20 strains so far, but most scientists believe that only 19 species are valid species. Cryptosporidium andersoni is one of them. In 2000, it was named as Cryptosporidium andersoni. The adult cattle was mainly infected with Cryptosporidium andersoni. The cattle infected with C. andersoni can cause milk production decreased, weight loss, and it is affected the development of dairy industry. In recent years, C. andersoni was identified by Leoni and Morse in the human body. Although cryptosporidiosis has been studied for many years at home and abroad, but there is no effective preventive measures and drugs. More than 200 kinds of drugs were selected, including all of the antibiotics, sulfa drugs and anticoccidial drugs for the disease, but no drug has effect for Cryptosporidium. So immunization is the main way to control the disease, and the key is to screen effective anti-Cryptosporidium vaccine candidate antigens.
Cryptosporidium andersoni is a parasitic protozoa. There was report that it infected human. At present, the reports of C. andersoni has focused on epidemiological surveys. There are no report about Cryptosporidium andersoni vaccine candidated gene screening and cross-protection studies. Cryptosporidiosis is related with the host immune system. So antibodies and vaccines will play an important role for treatment and prevention of the disease. Received Cryptosporidium andersoni vaccine candidate genes and cross-protection study will provide a new research directions of the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis. C. andersoni vaccine candidate genes is important problems to be solved. The method of screening immune-related genes through immune protein gene library is a common technical methods. The phage display technology is an new biotechnology of antigen gene screened. This technique has been widely used in the field of life science research. There is no reported that T7 phage display library screening is used for screening immune-related genes in C. andersoni. In 2003, Andre successfully proved that Human and bovine epithelial cells were infected by Cryptosporidium andersoni in vitro. It provides a theoretical basis for screening of Cryptosporidium andersoni immune-related protein gene in vitro.
To screen of C. andersoni immune protein gene and the new vaccine candidate antigen genes, T7 phage display library of Cryptosporidium andersoni has been constructed in this study. Immune-related protein gene was screened from the library using calf intestinal epithelial cells. two genes from the library were used in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression system. Then the mice were immuned by the recombinant proteins. The level of humoral and cellular immune was detected and then the mice attacked Cryptosporidium parvum to verify the recombinant subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine cross-protection.
The results showed that Cryptosporidium andersoni T7 phage display library was successful constructed. The titer of the amplified library was 1.2×108 pfu / mL. The library capacity was 2.4×1010 recons. PCR identification on 50 randomly selected plaques was conducted, the library recombination rate was 90%. The 80% insert segments were greater than 0.3kb. The amplified library was screened and at the fifth round of screening. 17 new immune-related protein gene of Cryptosporidium andersoni were identified. two of these genes named C.andersoni 2 (CA2) and 42 (CA42). They were analysised in NCBI. CA2 was Cryptosporidium andersoni unknown proteins, CA42 was Cryptosporidium andersoni actin.
After the amplification of CA2 and CA42, recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a-CA2 and pET28a-CA42 were constructed. The recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli DE3. The expression was induced by IPTG. Western Blotting show that the size of the recombinant protein are about 15ku and 19ku and the protein can be identified by polyclonal antibody from immunized mice of C. andersoni. Then the BALB/c mice were immunized by recombinant protein. ELISA test showed the immune serum antibody titer of experimental group was gradually increased. After the third immunization, antibody titers show significantly increase compared with the control group (P<0.05) . Detection of cellular immunity showed that CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly increase compared with the control group (P<0.05) and CD8+ T lymphocytes were not significantly increase (P>0.05). CD4+/ CD8+ T lymphocytes were significantly increase compared with the control group (P<0.05). After immunization, mice were inoculated with 1×106 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The results show that the oocysts number of grams in the experimental group fecal were decreased from the third day of inoculation. Compared with the control group. CA2 group reduction rate was 37.5% and CA42 Group 32.2%. There were significantly increased (P<0.05).The results showed that the recombinant protein has immunogenicity and cross-protection.
The CA2 and CA42 genes were subcloned into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1. Recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1-CA2 and pVAX1-CA42 were constructed. The recombinant plasmid was successfully transfected into HeLa cells, then extracted cell protein. Western Blotting show that the recombinant protein was conformed with expectation and was recognized by polyclonal antibody of immunized mice of C.andersoni. Then BALB/c mice were immuned by recombinant plasmid. Compared with the control group, the level of humoral immunity was significantly increas (P<0.05), CD4+ T cells was higher than control group (P<0.05). CD4+/CD8+ T cells were higher than pVAX1 group (P<0.05). Cross-protection experiments prove that CA2 group reduction rate was 34.6%, while CA42 group was 25.8%. Compared with the control group, there were significantly increased (P <0.05). The results show that recombinant DNA vaccine has some cross-protection against Cryptosporidium parvum. This study will be a theoretical basis of the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis andersoni and cross-protective vaccine research.
安氏隐孢子虫是一种寄生性原虫,人也有感染的报道。目前,国内外对其研究主要集中在流行病学调查方面,疫苗候选基因的筛选和交叉保护性的研究未见报道。隐孢子虫病与宿主的免疫系统关系密切。对该病的治疗和预防,抗体和疫苗将起重要作用,获得安氏隐孢子虫疫苗的候选基因及交叉保护性研究将为隐孢子虫病的防治提供新的研究方向。筛选免疫相关基因的方法很多,通过文库筛选免疫蛋白相关基因是一个比较普遍的技术方法,噬菌体展示技术是一种可用于筛选新抗原基因的生物技术,此项技术已经被广泛地应用在生命科学研究的各项领域中。通过T7噬菌体展示文库筛选免疫相关基因在安氏隐孢子虫上的应用未见报道。2003年,Andre等通过实验证明安氏隐孢子虫可以成功体外感染人和牛的上皮细胞,这为体外筛选安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因提供了理论依据。
为筛选安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因和新的疫苗候选抗原基因,本研究构建了安氏隐孢子虫T7噬菌体展示文库,用犊牛小肠上皮细胞对文库进行筛选,获得了部分安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因,将获得的基因分别在原核系统和真核系统中表达后,免疫小鼠进行体液免疫和细胞免疫水平的检测,然后对小鼠进行微小隐孢子虫攻虫实验,从而验证重组抗原亚单位疫苗及核酸疫苗的交叉保护性。
结果显示成功构建了安氏隐孢子虫T7噬菌体展示文库,文库容量为1.2×108 pfu/mL,重组率为90%,扩增后文库滴度为2.4×1010 pfu/mL。经过3次每次5轮的筛选,获得了17个新的安氏隐孢子虫免疫相关蛋白基因,将其中的两个基因命名为C.andersoni 2(CA2)和C.andersoni 42 (CA42),通过NCBI比对分析显示,CA2为安氏隐孢子虫未知功能蛋白,CA42为安氏隐孢子虫肌动蛋白。
将CA2与CA42扩增后,构建了pET-28a-CA2和pET-28a-CA42重组原核表达质粒;将重组原核表达质粒分别转化到感受态大肠埃希菌DE3内,通过IPTG进行诱导表达,Western Blotting显示重组蛋白大小约为15ku和19ku,均能被安氏隐孢子虫免疫小鼠的多克隆抗体识别。将重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠后,体液免疫水平ELISA检测结果显示,试验组血清中抗体滴度随免疫次数增加而逐渐升高,第三次免疫后抗体滴度与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。细胞免疫水平检测显示,与对照组相比,CD4+ T淋巴细胞数差异均显著,CD8+ T淋巴细胞数与佐剂对照组和空白对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05),CD4+/CD8+ T淋巴细胞数的值与佐剂对照组和空白对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。免疫后,对小鼠分别接种1×106个微小隐孢子虫卵囊,通过克粪便卵囊数的检查,结果显示,从第三天起各实验组克粪便卵囊数有所下降。CA2组减虫率为37.5%,而CA42组减虫率为32.2%,与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。结果表明重组蛋白具有一定的免疫原性和交叉保护性。
将CA2与CA42基因分别定向亚克隆到真核表达质粒pVAX1中,构建pVAX1-CA2和pVAX1-CA42重组真核表达质粒。将重组质粒成功转染HeLa细胞后,提取细胞蛋白,通过Western Blotting显示重组蛋白大小与预期相符且均能被安氏隐孢子虫免疫小鼠的多克隆抗体识别。将重组质粒免疫BALB/c小鼠,同对照组相比,体液免疫水平差异均显著(P<0.05),从免疫后第2周开始pVAX1-CA2免疫组抗体水平高于pVAX1-CA42免疫组。CD4+ T细胞亚类数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+ T细胞亚类数量显著高于pVAX1对照组(P<0.05)。交叉保护性实验结果显示, CA2组减虫率为34.6%,而CA42组减虫率为25.8%,与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05)。结果表明重组核酸疫苗对微小隐孢子虫具有一定的交叉保护性。本研究为隐孢子虫病的防治提供了一定的理论基础和全新的研究方向。
Cryptosporidium is an important parasite which parasite on the respiratory and digestive tract epithelial cells of human and spinal animals. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by it in the clinical manifestations of severe watery diarrhea disease. In 1907, Tyzzer first reported the case that mice infected with Cryptosporidium. Until 1982, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control reported that the 21 male AIDS patients in six U.S. cities caused the severe diarrhea with cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium was researched over the world from then on. Cryptosporidiosis has been listed as one of the United States six diarrheal disease. In 2003, Cryptosporidiosis was included in the " prevention and application of emerging infectious diseases" that was major scientific and technological projects by China's Ministry of Science, and was one of two parasitic diseases. Cryptosporidium species have been discovered more than 20 strains so far, but most scientists believe that only 19 species are valid species. Cryptosporidium andersoni is one of them. In 2000, it was named as Cryptosporidium andersoni. The adult cattle was mainly infected with Cryptosporidium andersoni. The cattle infected with C. andersoni can cause milk production decreased, weight loss, and it is affected the development of dairy industry. In recent years, C. andersoni was identified by Leoni and Morse in the human body. Although cryptosporidiosis has been studied for many years at home and abroad, but there is no effective preventive measures and drugs. More than 200 kinds of drugs were selected, including all of the antibiotics, sulfa drugs and anticoccidial drugs for the disease, but no drug has effect for Cryptosporidium. So immunization is the main way to control the disease, and the key is to screen effective anti-Cryptosporidium vaccine candidate antigens.
Cryptosporidium andersoni is a parasitic protozoa. There was report that it infected human. At present, the reports of C. andersoni has focused on epidemiological surveys. There are no report about Cryptosporidium andersoni vaccine candidated gene screening and cross-protection studies. Cryptosporidiosis is related with the host immune system. So antibodies and vaccines will play an important role for treatment and prevention of the disease. Received Cryptosporidium andersoni vaccine candidate genes and cross-protection study will provide a new research directions of the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis. C. andersoni vaccine candidate genes is important problems to be solved. The method of screening immune-related genes through immune protein gene library is a common technical methods. The phage display technology is an new biotechnology of antigen gene screened. This technique has been widely used in the field of life science research. There is no reported that T7 phage display library screening is used for screening immune-related genes in C. andersoni. In 2003, Andre successfully proved that Human and bovine epithelial cells were infected by Cryptosporidium andersoni in vitro. It provides a theoretical basis for screening of Cryptosporidium andersoni immune-related protein gene in vitro.
To screen of C. andersoni immune protein gene and the new vaccine candidate antigen genes, T7 phage display library of Cryptosporidium andersoni has been constructed in this study. Immune-related protein gene was screened from the library using calf intestinal epithelial cells. two genes from the library were used in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression system. Then the mice were immuned by the recombinant proteins. The level of humoral and cellular immune was detected and then the mice attacked Cryptosporidium parvum to verify the recombinant subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine cross-protection.
The results showed that Cryptosporidium andersoni T7 phage display library was successful constructed. The titer of the amplified library was 1.2×108 pfu / mL. The library capacity was 2.4×1010 recons. PCR identification on 50 randomly selected plaques was conducted, the library recombination rate was 90%. The 80% insert segments were greater than 0.3kb. The amplified library was screened and at the fifth round of screening. 17 new immune-related protein gene of Cryptosporidium andersoni were identified. two of these genes named C.andersoni 2 (CA2) and 42 (CA42). They were analysised in NCBI. CA2 was Cryptosporidium andersoni unknown proteins, CA42 was Cryptosporidium andersoni actin.
After the amplification of CA2 and CA42, recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a-CA2 and pET28a-CA42 were constructed. The recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli DE3. The expression was induced by IPTG. Western Blotting show that the size of the recombinant protein are about 15ku and 19ku and the protein can be identified by polyclonal antibody from immunized mice of C. andersoni. Then the BALB/c mice were immunized by recombinant protein. ELISA test showed the immune serum antibody titer of experimental group was gradually increased. After the third immunization, antibody titers show significantly increase compared with the control group (P<0.05) . Detection of cellular immunity showed that CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly increase compared with the control group (P<0.05) and CD8+ T lymphocytes were not significantly increase (P>0.05). CD4+/ CD8+ T lymphocytes were significantly increase compared with the control group (P<0.05). After immunization, mice were inoculated with 1×106 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The results show that the oocysts number of grams in the experimental group fecal were decreased from the third day of inoculation. Compared with the control group. CA2 group reduction rate was 37.5% and CA42 Group 32.2%. There were significantly increased (P<0.05).The results showed that the recombinant protein has immunogenicity and cross-protection.
The CA2 and CA42 genes were subcloned into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1. Recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1-CA2 and pVAX1-CA42 were constructed. The recombinant plasmid was successfully transfected into HeLa cells, then extracted cell protein. Western Blotting show that the recombinant protein was conformed with expectation and was recognized by polyclonal antibody of immunized mice of C.andersoni. Then BALB/c mice were immuned by recombinant plasmid. Compared with the control group, the level of humoral immunity was significantly increas (P<0.05), CD4+ T cells was higher than control group (P<0.05). CD4+/CD8+ T cells were higher than pVAX1 group (P<0.05). Cross-protection experiments prove that CA2 group reduction rate was 34.6%, while CA42 group was 25.8%. Compared with the control group, there were significantly increased (P <0.05). The results show that recombinant DNA vaccine has some cross-protection against Cryptosporidium parvum. This study will be a theoretical basis of the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis andersoni and cross-protective vaccine research.
引文
[1]张西臣.隐孢子虫病[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,2004.06.
[2] Tyzzer EE.A sporozoan found in the peptide glands of the common mouse[J].Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1907,5:12-13.
[3] H.L. Enemark, P. Ahrens, C.J. Lowery,et.al. Cryptosporidium andersoni from a Danish cattle herd: identification and preliminary characterization[J].Veterinary Parasitology,2002,107:37–49
[4]梁楠,菅复春,李嘉诚等.奶牛隐孢子虫PCR-RFLP及种群发育分析[C].全国人兽共患病学术研讨会论文集
[5]Andre G. Buret,Alex C. Chin,Kevin G.E. Scott. Infection of human and bovine epithelial cells with Cryptosporidium andersoni induces apoptosis and disrupts tight junctional ZO-1: effects of epidermal growth factor[J].International Journal for Parasitology.2003.33:1363–1371
[6] Slavin D.Cryptosporidium meleagridis sp [J]. Nov J Pathol Ther,1955,65: 262-266
[7] Panciera RJ,Thomassen RW,Garner FM.Cryptosporidiosis in a calf[J].Vet Pathol, 1971,8:479-484.
[8]Current WL,Reese NC,Ernst JV,et al.Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission[J].N Engl J Med 1983,308:1252-1257.
[9] MacKenzie WR,Schell WL,Blair KA,et al.Massive outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission [J].Clin Infect Dis,1995,21:57-62.
[10].Current WL,Garcia LS.Cryptosporidiosis[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev ,1991,4:25-358.
[11]. Mosier DA,Oberst RD. Cryptosporidiosis. A global challenge[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2000,916:102-111.
[12]. CDC.Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States, 1998[M]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,1999,47:1-92.
[13]. Pereira SJ,Ramirez NE,Xiao L,et al. Pathogenesis of human and bovine Cryptosporidium parvum in gnotobiotic pigs[J]. J Infect Dis, 2002,186:715-718.
[14] USFDA. US Food and Drug Administration. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook[M], Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,College Park Maryland,1992.
[15] Hojlyng N,Holten-Andersen W,Jepsen S.Cryptosporidiosis:a case of airborne transmission [J].Lancet ,1987,2:271-272.
[16] Koch KL,Phillips DJ,Aber RC, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital personnel. Evidence for person-to-person transmission[J].Ann Intern Med ,1985,102:593-596.
[17] Anderson BC,Donndelinger T,Wilkins RM,et al. Cryptosporidiosis in a veterinary student[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982,180:408-409.
[18]. Meisel JL,Perera DR,Meligro C,et al.Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient[J].Gastroenterology ,1976,70:1156-1160.
[19] Reese NC,Current WL, Ernst JV,et al.Cryptosporidiosis of man and calf: a case report and results of experimental infections in mice and rats[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1982,31:226-229.
[20] Quiroz ES,Bern C,MacArthur JR,et al.An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to a foodhandler[J].J Infect Dis,2000,181:695-700.
[21] Millard PS,Gensheimer KF,Addiss DG,et al.An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider[J].Jama,1994,272:1592-1596.
[22] CDC.Foodborne outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis--Spokane, Washington, 1997[M].JAMA ,1998,280:595-596.
[23] Hooda PS,Edwards AC,Anderson HA,et al.A review of water quality concerns in livestock farming areas[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,250:143-167.
[24] Campbell I,Tzipori AS, Hutchison G, et al.Effect of disinfectants on survival of cryptosporidium oocysts[J]. Vet Rec,1982,111:414-415.
[25] LeChavallier MW,Norton WD,Lee RG.Occurence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies[J].Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991,57:2610-2616.
[26] LeChavallier MW, Norton WD,Lee RG.Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. In filtered water supplies[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1991,57:2617-2621.
[27] LeChevallier MW,Di Giovanni GD,Clancy JL,et al.Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in source waters[J].Appl EnvironMicrobiol,2003,69:971-979.
[28] Kramer MH, Sorhage FE, Goldstein ST,et al. First reported outbreak in the United States of cryptosporidiosis associated with a recreational lake[J].Clin Infect Dis,1998,26:27-33.
[29] CDC.Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain—Minnesota,1997[M].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,1998,47:856-860.
[30] CDC.Protracted outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming pool use-Ohio and Nebraska, 2000[J].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2001,50:406-410.
[31] el-Ahraf A,Tacal JV, Jr., Sobih M, et al.Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and human beings in San Bernardino County, California[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1991,198:631-634.
[32] Mtambo MM, Nash AS,Blewett DA,et al. Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area[J].Vet Rec,1991,129:502-504.
[33] Simpson VR.Wild animlas as reservoirs of infectious diseases[J]. Vet J ,2002,163:128-146.
[34] Sturdee AP,Chalmers RM,Bull SA.Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wild mammals of mainland Britain[J].Vet Parasitol,1999,80:273-280.
[35] O’Donoghue PJ.Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals[J]. Int J Parasitol,1995,25:139-195.
[36] de Graaf DC,Vanopdenbosch E,Ortega-Mora LM,et al.A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals[J].Int J Parasitol, 1999,29:1269-1287.
[37] Sulaiman IM,Xiao L. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Emerg Infect Dis, 1998,4:681-685.
[38] Morgan-Ryan UM,Fall A,Ward LA,et al.Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol, 2002,49:433-440.
[39]. Xiao L,Morgan UM,Limor J,et al.Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species[J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,1999,65:3386-3391.
[40] Morgan UM,Sargent KD,Deplazes P,et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from various hosts[J].Parasitology ,1998,117 ( Pt 1):31-37.
[41] Nime FA,Burek JD,Page DL,et al.Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium[J].Gastroenterology,1976,70:592-598.
[42] Kennedy GA,Kreitner GL,Strafuss AC.Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs[J]. J Am Vet MedAssoc ,1977,170:348-350.
[43].Barker IK,Carbonell PL.Cryptosporidium agni sp.n. from lambs, and cryptosporidium bovis sp.n. from a calf, with observations on the oocyst[J]. Z Parasitenkd,1974,44:289-298.
[44] Tzipori S,Smith M,Makin T,et al.Enterocolitis in piglets caused by Cryptosporidium sp. purified from calf faeces[J].Vet Parasitol,1982,11:121-126.
[45] Snyder SP,England JJ,McChesney AE.Cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient Arabian foals[J].Vet Pathol,1978,15:12-17.
[46].Tyzzer EE.An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et sp.nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse[J].J Med Res, 1910,18.
[47] Tyzzer EE.Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse[J]. Archiv für Protistenkunde,1912,26:394-412.
[48]. Hoover DM,Hoerr FJ,Carlton WW,et al. Enteric cryptosporidiosis in a naso tang, Naso lituratus Bloch and Snider[J].J Fish Dis,1981,4:425-428.
[49] Current WL,Upton SJ.The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens[J].J Protozool, 1986,33:289-296.
[50] Levine ND.Some corrections of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature[J]. J Parasitol,1980,66:830-834.
[51] Vetterling JM, Jervis HR, Merrill TG,et al. Cryptosporidium wrairi sp. n. from the guinea pig Cavia porcellus, with an emendation of the genus[J].J Protozool ,1971,18:243-247.
[52].Iseki M.Cryptosporidium felis sp.n. (Protozoa: Eimeriorina) from the domestic cat[J]。Japanese J Parasitol,1979,28:285-307.
[53] Wilson RB,Holscher MA,Lyle SJ.Cryptosporidiosis in a pup[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1983,183:1005-1006, 1965.
[54] Fayer R,Trout JM, Xiao L,et al.Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs[J]. J Parasitol ,2001,87:1415-1422.
[55] Lindsay DS,Upton SJ, Owens DS,et al.Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos Taurus[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol ,2000,47:91-95.
[56]Koudela B, Modry D.New species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) from lizards[J]. Folia Parasitol ,1998,45:93-100.
[57] Pavlasek I, Lavickova M, Horak P,et al.Cryptosporidium varanii n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Emerald monitor (Varanus prasinus Schlegel, 1893) in captivity atPrague zoo[J].Gazella,1995,22:99-108.
[58].Pavlasek I.Findings of Cryptosporidia in the stomach of chickens and of exotic and wild birds[J].Veterinarstvi,2001,51:103-108.
[59].Ryan UM, Xiao L, Read C, et al.A redescription of Cryptosporidium galli Pavlasek, 1999 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from birds[J].J Parasitol ,2003,89:809-813.
[60]. Katsumata T, Hosea D, Ranuh IG, et al. Short report possible Cryptosporidium muris infection in humans[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2000,62:70-72.
[61].Pieniazek NJ, Bornay-Llinares FJ, Slemenda SB, et al.New cryptosporidium genotypes in HIVinfected persons[J]. Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5:444-449.
[62].Xiao L, Ryan UM, Graczyk TK, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2004,70:891-899.
[63].Morgan U, Weber R, Xiao L, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals living in Switzerland, Kenya, and the United States[J]. J Clin Microbiol ,2000,38:1180-1183.
[64].Morgan UM, Xiao L, Monis P, Fall A, et al.Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic dogs: the "dog" genotype[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2000,66:2220-2223.
[65].Ryan UM,Monis P, Enemark HL, et al.Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa)[J].J Parasitol, 2004,90:769-773.
[66].Alvarez-Pellitero P, Sitja-Bobadilla A.Cryptosporidium molnari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting two marine fish species, Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L[J],Int J Parasitol,2002,32:1007-1021.
[67] Ronald Fayer.Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium[J]. Experimental Parasitology,2010,124:90–97
[68]. Xiao L,Escalante L,Yang C, et al.Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the smallsubunit rRNA gene locus[J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,1999,65:1578-1583.
[69].Xiao L, Ryan UM. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology[J]. Curr Opin Infect Dis,2004,17:483-490.
[70].Sulaiman IM, Morgan UM, Thompson RC, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene [J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,2000,66:2385-2391.
[71].Spano F, Putignani L, Crisanti A, et al. Multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from different hosts and geographical origins[J].J Clin Microbiol,1998,36:3255-3259.
[72].Mallon ME, MacLeod A, Wastling JM, et al. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium parvum Type 2: population genetics and sub-structuring[J].Infect Genet Evol,2003,3:207-218.
[73].Hijjawi NS, Meloni BP, Ryan UM, et al. Successful in vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium andersoni: evidence for the existence of novel extracellular stages in the life cycle and implications for the classification of Cryptosporidium[J].Int J Parasitol,2002,32:1719-1726.
[74].Deng M, Rutherford MS, Abrahamsen MS . Host intestinal epithelial response to Cryptosporidium parvum[J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev,2004,56:869-884.
[75].Clark DP, Sears CL.The pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis[J] Parasitol Today, 1996,12:221-225.
[76].Argenzio RA, Lecce J, Powell DW.Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis[J]. Gastroenterology ,1993,104:440-447.
[77].Marshall AT, LaMont JT.Cryptosporidiosis and public health[J]. Hosp Pract (Off Ed), 1997,32(11):15-16, 23.
[78].Molbak K, Andersen M, Aaby P, et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, west Africa[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,1997,65:149-152.
[79].Farthing MJ.Clinical aspects of human cryptosporidiosis[J]. Contrib Microbiol ,2000,6:50-74.
[80] McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Diaz S, et al. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals[J].J Clin Microbiol,2000,38:3984-3990.
[81]. Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, et al.Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru[J].J Infect Dis,2001,183:492-497.
[82].Xiao L, Bern C, Arrowood M, et al. Identification of the cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient[J].J Infect Dis,2002,185:1846-1848.
[83].Ong CS, Eisler DL, Alikhani A, et al.Novel cryptosporidium genotypes in sporadic cryptosporidiosis cases: first report of human infections with a cervine genotype[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8:263-268.
[84] Pedraza-Diaz S, Amar CF, McLauchlin J, et al.Cryptosporidium meleagridis from humans: molecular analysis and description of affected patients[J].J Infect, 2001,42:243-250.
[85].Pedraza-Diaz S, Amar C, Iversen AM, et al.Unusual cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium’dog type’from patients in England[J]. J Med Microbiol ,2001,50:293-296.
[86].Gatei W, Greensill J, Ashford RW, et al.Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus infections living in Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam[J].J Clin Microbiol,2003,41:1458-1462.
[87].Palmer CJ, Xiao L, Terashima A, et al. Cryptosporidium muris, a rodent pathogen, recovered from a human in Peru[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2003,9:1174-1176.
[88].Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, et al. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles[J].Emerg Infect Dis,1997,3:567-573.
[89].Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Syed Q, et al. Foot and Mouth Disease and Cryptosporidiosis: Possible Interaction between Two Emerging Infectious Diseases[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2003,9:109-112.
[90].Smerdon WJ, Nichols T, Chalmers RM, et al. Foot and mouth disease in livestock and reduced cryptosporidiosis in humans, England and wales[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2003,9:22-28.
[91].Xiao L, Morgan UM, Fayer R, et al. Cryptosporidium systematics and implications for public health[J].Parasitol Today,2000,16:287-292.
[92].Xiao L, Herd RP.Infection pattern of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in calves[J]. Vet Parasitol,1994,55:257-262.
[93].Garber LP, Salman MD, Hurd HS, et al.Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves[J]. J Am Vet Med Assoc,1994,205:86-91.
[94].Atwill ER, Johnson E, Klingborg DJ, et al. Age, geographic, and temporal distribution of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cow-calf herds[J].Am J Vet Res,1999,60:420-425.
[95].Ortega-Mora LM,Wright SE.Age-related resistance in ovine cryptosporidiosis: patterns of infection and humoral immune response[J].Infect Immun, 1994,62:5003-5009.
[96].Miron D, Kenes J, Dagan R.Calves as a source of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among young children in an agricultural closed community[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J,1991,10:438-441.
[97].Lengerich EJ, Addiss DG,Marx JJ, et al.Increased exposure to cryptosporidia among dairy farmers in Wisconsin[J]. J Infect Dis,1993,167:1252-1255.
[98].Sischo WM, Atwill ER, Lanyon LE, et al. Cryptosporidia on dairy farms and the role these farms may have in contaminating surface water supplies in the northeastern United States[J].Prev Vet Med,2000,43:253-267.
[99].Harper CM, Cowell NA, Adams BC, et al. Outbreak of Cryptosporidium linked to drinking unpasteurised milk[J]. Commun Dis Intell,2002,26:449-450.
[100].Gelletlie R, Stuart J, Soltanpoor N, et al.Cryptosporidiosis associated with school milk[J].Lancet,1997,350:1005-1006.
[101].Hoar BR, Atwill ER, Elmi C, et al. An examination of risk factors associated with beef cattle shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern[J].Epidemiol Infect, 2001,127:147-155.
[102] Atwill ER, Johnson EM, Pereira MG.Association of herd composition, stocking rate, and duration of calving season with fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1999,215:1833-1838.
[103].Heitman TL, Frederick LM, Viste JR, ea al.Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from wildlife, human, and agricultural sources in the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada[J],Can J Microbiol,2002,48:530-541.
[104].Chalmers RM,Sturdee AP,Bull SA,et al. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in Mus domesticus, Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionomys glareolus in an agricultural system[J].Parasitol Res, 1997,83:478-482.
[105].Rickard LG,Siefker C, Boyle CR,et al. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in fecal samples from free-ranging whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the southeastern United States[J].J Vet Diagn Invest ,1999,11:65-72.
[106].Perz JF,Le Blancq SM.Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes inwildlife from lower New York State[J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,2001,67:1154-1162.
[107].Atwill ER,Sweitzer RA,Pereira MG,et al.Prevalence of and associated risk factors for shedding Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia cysts within feral pig populations in California[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol,1997,63:3946-3949.
[108].Ryan MJ, Sundberg JP, Sauerschell RJ,et al.Cryptosporidium in a wild cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus)[J].J Wildl Dis,1986,22:267.
[109].Sundberg JP,Hill D,Ryan MJ.Cryptosporidiosis in a gray squirrel[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1982,181:1420-1422.
[110].Xiao L, Alderisio K, Limor J , et al . Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA based diagnostic and genotyping tool[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2000,66:5492-5498.
[111].Anderson BC.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium muris-like oocysts among cattle populations of the United States: preliminary report[J].J Protozool ,1991,38:14S-15S.
[112].Anderson BC.Cryptosporidiosis in bovine and human health[J].J Dairy Sci,1998,81:3036-3041.
[113].Sreter T, Varga I.Cryptosporidiosis in birds--a review[J].Vet Parasitol ,2000,87:261-279.
[114].Lindsay DS,Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, et al. Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection[J].Am J Vet Res,1988,49:1412-1414.
[115].Brownstein DG, Strandberg JD, Montali RJ, et al.Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis[J].Vet Pathol,1977,14:606-617.
[116].Upton SJ, McAllister CT, Freed PS, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in wild and captive reptiles[J].J Wildl Dis,1989,25:20-30.
[117].Fayer R, Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR.Multiple heterogenous isolates of Cryptosporidium serpentis from captive snakes are not transmissible to neonatal BALB/c mice (Mus musculus)[J].J Parasitol,1995,81:482-484.
[118].Landsberg JH, Paperna I. Ultrastructural-study of the coccidian Cryptosporidium sp from stomachs of juvenile cichlid fish[J]. Dis Aquat Organ, 1986,2:13-20.
[119] Muench TR, White MR.Cryptosporidiosis in a tropical freshwater catfish (Plecostomus spp.)[J].J Vet Diagn Invest, 1997,9:87-90.
[120].Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, et al.Cryptosporidium parvum in oysters from commercialharvesting sites in the Chesapeake Bay[J].Emerg Infect Dis, 1999,5:706-710.
[121].Graczyk TK,Fayer R,Cranfield MR,et al.Recovery of waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by freshwater benthic clams (Corbicula fluminea)[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol,1998,64:427-430.
[122].Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, et al. Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay[J].Parasitol Res ,1999,85:518-521.
[123].Fayer R, Farley AA, Earl EJ, et al. Potential role of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Applied Environ Microbiol,1997,63:2086-2088.
[124].USFDA.US Food and Drug Administration Web site. FDA Talk Paper[S]. FDA approves new treatment for parasitic infections in pediatric patients.
[125].Rossignol JF, Hidalgo H, Feregrino M, et al. A double-’blind’placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients in Mexico[J],Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg,1998,92:663-666.
[126].Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS.Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum:a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study of Nitazoxanide [J].J Infect Dis,2001,184:103-106.
[127].Amadi B, Mwiya M, Musuku J, et al.Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial[J],Lancet,2002,360:1375-1380.
[128].Gilles HM,Hoffman PS.Treatment of intestinal parasitic infections: a review of nitazoxanide[J].Trends Parasitol,2002,18:95-97.
[129].Bicart-See A, Massip P, Linas MD, Datry A.Successful treatment with nitazoxanide of Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in a patient with AIDS[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2000,44:167-168.
[130].Blagburn BL, Drain KL, Land TM, et al.Comparative efficacy evaluation of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide, and paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum infections in a neonatal mouse model[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,1998,42:2877-2882.
[131].Theodos CM, Griffiths JK, D’Onfro J, et al . Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models[J]. Antimicrob AgentsChemother,1998,42:1959-1965.
[132].Fayer R, Ellis W. Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves[J].J Parasitol,1993,79:771-774.
[133].Sreter T, Szell Z, Varga I. Anticryptosporidial prophylactic efficacy of enrofloxacin and paromomycin in chickens[J].J Parasitol,2002,88:209-211.
[134].Armson A, Menon K, O’Hara A, et al.Efficacy of oryzalin and associated histological changes in Cryptosporidium-infected neonatal rats[J],Parasitology, 2002,125:113-117.
[135].Gobel E.Diagnosis and treatment of acute cryptosporidiosis in the calf[J].Tierarztl Umschau,1987,42:863-864.
[136].Gobel E.Possibilities of therapy of cryptosporidiosis in calves in problematic farms[J],Zbl Bakt-Int J Med M,1987,265:490.
[137].Gobel E, Loscher T.Possibilities of treating cryptosporidiosis in man and animals[J].Trop Med Parasitol,1987,38:253-254.
[138].Moon HW, Woode GN, Ahrens FA.Attempted chemoprophylaxis of cryptosporidosis in calves[J],Veterinary Record,1982,110:181.
[139].Riggs MW, Schaefer DA, Kapil SJ, et al.Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against defined antigens for passive immunotherapy of chronic gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis[J]。Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2002,46:275-282.
[140].Hunt E,Fu Q,Armstrong MU,et al.Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves[J].Pediatr Res,2002,51:370-376.
[141].Arrowood MJ,Mead JR,Mahrt JL,et al. Effects of immune colostrum and orally administered antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies on the outcome of Cryptosporidium parvum infections in neonatal mice[J]. Infect Immun,1989,57:2283-2288.
[142].Doyle PS, Crabb J, Petersen C.Anti-Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies inhibit infectivity in vitro and in vivo[J].Infect Immun,1993,61:4079-4084.
[143].Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb J, et al . Prophylactic effect of bovine anti- Cryptosporidium hyperimmune colostrum immunoglobulin in healthy volunteers challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Clin Infect Dis,1998,26:1324-1329.
[144].Alak JI,Wolf BW,Mdurvwa EG, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome[J].J Infect Dis.1997.175:218-221.
[145].Alak JI,Wolf BW,Mdurvwa EG,et al.Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or L. acidophilus reduced intestinal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunodeficient C57BL/6 mice[J].Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand),1999,45:855-863.
[146].Foster JC, Glass MD, Courtney PD, et al.Effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability[J].Food Microbiol, 2003,20:351-357.
[147].de Graaf DC,Spano F,Petry F,et al. Speculation on whether a vaccine against crypto- sporidiosis is a reality or fantasy[J].Int J Parasitol, 1999,29:1289-1306.
[148].Jenkins MC.Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance[J].Vet Parasitol,2001,101:291-310.
[149].Harp JA, Woodmansee DB, Moon HW.Effects of colostral antibody on susceptibility of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Am J Vet Res, 1989,50:2117-2119.
[150].Fayer R, Andrews C, Ungar BL, et al. Efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves[J].J Parasitol, 1989,75:393-397.
[151].Hafner CL, Brittingham MC . Evaluation of a Stream-Bank Fencing Program in Pennsylvania[J].Wildlife Society Bulletin,1993,21:307-315.
[152].Sheffield RE,Mostaghimi S,Vaughan DH,et al. Off-stream water sources for grazing cattle as a stream bank stabilization and water quality BMP[J]. Transactions of the Asae,1997,40:595-604.
[153].Tate KW,Nader GA,Lewis DJ,et al. Evaluation of buffers to improve the quality of runoff from irrigated pastures[J].J soil Water Conserv,2000,55:473-478.
[154].Entry JA,Hubbard RK,Thies JE,et al. The influence of vegetation in riparian filterstrips on coliform bacteria: I. Movement and survival in water[J].J Envron Qual,2000,29:1206-1214. 47
[155].Lim TT,Edwards DR,Workman SR,et al. Vegetatited filter strip removal of cattle manure constituents in runoff[J].Trans Asae,1998,41:1375- 1381.
[156].Coyne MS, Gilfillen RA, Villalba A,et al. Fecal bacteria trapping by grass filter strips during simulated rain[J].J Soil Water Conserv,1998,53:140-145.
[157].Atwill ER, Hou L, Karle BM, et al.Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through vegetated buffer strips and estimated filtration efficiency[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2002,68:5517-5527.
[158].Betancourt WQ , Rose JB . Drinking water treatment processes for removal ofCryptosporidium and Giardia[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,126:219-234.
[159].Edzwald JK, Tobiason JE, Parento LM, et al.Giardia and Cryptosporidium removals by clarifiaction and filtration under challenge conditions[J].J Am Water Works Ass,2000,92:70-84.
[160].Craik SA,Weldon D,Finch GR,et al.Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation[J].Water Res, 2001,35:1387-1398.
[161].Corona-Vaszuez B,Samuelson A,Rennecker JL,et al.Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine[J].Water Res,2002,36:4053-4063.
[162].Jacangelo JG,Adham SS,Laine JM. Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF[J].J Am Water Works Ass, 1995,87:107- 121.
[163].Jacangelo JG,Adham SS,Laine JM. Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF[J]. J Am Water Works Ass,1995,87:107- 121.
[164].Horman A,Rimhanen-Finne R, Maunula L,et al.Evaluation of the purification capacity of nine portable, smallscale water purification devices[J]. Water Sci Technol,2004,50:179-183.
[165].Gerba CP, Naranjo JE, Hansan MN.Evaluation of a combined portable reverse osmosis and iodine resin drinking water treatment system for control of enteric waterborne pathogens[J].J Envron Sci Health A-Envir,1997,32:2337-2354.
[166].CDC.Cryptosporidium and water: A public health handbook[S]. Atlanta, GA, Center for Diseses Control and prevention, 1997,48
[167].Juranek DD.Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention[J].Clin Infect Dis,1995,21 Suppl 1:S57-61.
[168] Fayer R.Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite [J].Vet Parasitol,2004, 126:37-56
[169]张珍.微小隐孢子虫免疫保护性基因的研究进展[J].滨州医学院学报,2009,32(2):123-124
[170] Watts AM,Kennedy RC.DNA vaccination strategies against infectious diseases[J].Int J Parasitol,1999,29(8):1149-1163
[171]菅复春,张龙现,宁长申,等.隐孢子虫病免疫学研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2005,26(6):9-12.
[172] Cevallos AM,Zhang X,Waldor MK,et al.Molecular cloning and ecpression of a geneencoding Cryptosporidium parvum glycoproteins gp 40 and gp15[J].Infect Immun,2000,68:4108-4116
[173] Strong WB,Gut J.Nelson RG.Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene edcoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kiloDalton sporozoite surface antigen products[J].Infect Immun,2000,68:4117-4134
[174]李小红,曹建平,刘述先.微小隐孢子虫抗原的研究进展[J].国外医学寄生虫病分册,2005,32(2):61-65
[175] Tilley M,Upton SJ,Fayer R,et al. Identification of a 15-kilodalton surface glycopotein on sporozoites of Crptosporidium parvam[J].Infect Immun,1991,59(3):1002-1007
[176] Priest JW,Xie L T,Arrowood MJ,et al.The immunodominant 17-kDa antigen from Cryptosporidium parvum is lycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,2001,113:117-126
[177] Perryman LE,Jasmer DP,Riggs MW,et al.Acloned gene of Cryptosporidium parvum endodes neutralization-sensitive epitopes[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1996,80(2):137-147
[178] Perryman L E,Jasmer DP,Riggs MW,et al. A cloned gene of Cryptosporidium parvum encodes neutralization-sensitive epitopes[J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol,1996,80:137-147.
[179] Schaefer DA,Auerbach-Dixon BA,Riggs MW. Characterization and formulation of multiple epitope-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against cryptosporidiosis[J]. Infect Immun,2000,68:2608-2616.
[180] Smith LM,Priest JW,Lammie PJ,et al. Human T and B cell immunoreactivity to a recombinant 23-kDa Cryptosporidium parvum antigen[J]. J Parastol,2001,87(3):704-707.
[181] Perryman LE,Kapil SJ,Jones ML,et al.Protection of calves against Cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein[J].Vaccine,1999,(17):2142-2149.
[182]姚龙泉.微小隐孢子虫粘附相关蛋白基因的筛选、表达及免疫保护性研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2006
[183] Tilley M,Upton SJ.Electrophoretic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum(KSU-1 isolate)(Apicomplexa:Crptosporidiidae)[J].Can J Zool,1990,68:1513-1519
[184] Riggs MW,McNeil MR,Perryman LE,et al. Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite pellicle antigen recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody is a beta-mannosylatedglycolipid[J].Infect Immun,1999,67:1317-1322
[185].Langer RC, Riggs.MW. Cryptosporidium parvum apical complex glycoprotein CSL contains a sporozoite ligand for intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Infect Immun.,1999,67:5282-5291.
[186] Riggs MW,Stone AL,Yount PA,et al. Protective monoclonal antibody defines a circumsporozoite-like glycoprotein exoantigen of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and merozoites[J]. J Immunol,1997,158:1787-1795.
[187] Langer RC,Schaefer DA,Riggs MW. Characterization of an intestinal epithelial cell receptor recognized by the Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite ligand CSL[J]. Infect Immun.,2001,69:1661-1670.
[188]Petersen C,Gut J,Doyle PS,et al.Charaterization of a>900000 Mr Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite glycoprotein recongnizaed by protective hyperimmune bovine colostral immunoglobulin[J].Infect Immun,1992,60(12):5132-5138
[189] Barnes DA,Bonnin A,Huang JX,et al.A novel multidomain mucirrlike glycoptotein of Ctyptosporidium parvum mediates invasion[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,96:93-110
[190] Joe A,Verdon R,Tzipori S,et al.Attachment of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites to human intestinal epithelial cells[J].Infect Immun,1998,66:3429-3432.
[191] Barnes DA,Bonnin A,Huang JX,et al.A novel multi-domain mucin-like glycoprotein of Cryptosporidium parvum mediates invasion[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1998,96:93-110.
[192] Cevallos AM,Bhat N,Verdon R,et al, Mediation of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro by mucin-like glycoproteins defined by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody[J]. Infect Immun,2000,68:5167-5175.
[193] Chen XM,LaRusso NF.Mechanisms of attachment and internalization of Cryptosporidium parvum to biliary and intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Gastroenterology,2000,118:368-379.
[194] Petry F,Shirly MW,Miles MA,et al.Characterisation of a Cryptosporidium parvum specific cDNA clone and dectection of parasite DNA in mucosal scrapings of infected mice[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,95:21-31.
[195]韩红玉,林娇娇,黄兵.鸡球虫入侵相关分子的研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2007,28(9):60-64
[196] Tomley F M,Billington KJ,Bumstead M,et al. EtMIC4:a microneme protein from Eimeria tenella that contains tandem arrays of epidermal growth factor-like repeats andthrombospondin type-Ⅰrepeats[J].Int J Parasitol,2001,31:1303-1310
[197] Menard R.The journev of the malaria sporozite through its Hosts:two parasite proteins lead the way[J].Mircobes Infect,2000,2:633-642
[198] Sultan A A,Thathy V,Frevert U,et al. TRAP is necessary for gliding motility and infectivity of Plasmodium sporozoites[J].Cell,1997,90:511-522
[199] Matuschewski K,Nunes A C,Nussenzweig V,et al.Plasmodium sporozoite invasion into insect and mammalian cells is directed by the same dual binding system[J].EMBO J,2002,21:1597-1606
[200] Spano F,Putignani L,Naitza S,et al.Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a new member of the thrombospondin family[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,98:147-162.
[201] Gerwig G J,van Kuik J A,Leeflang B R,et al.The Giardia intestinalis filamentous cyst wall contains a novelβ(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactonsamine polymer:a structural and conformational study[J].Glycobiology,2002,12(8):499-505
[202] Edward L J,Keriman S.Potential drug targets in cystwall biosynthesis by intestinal protozoa[J].Drug Resistance Updates,2003(6):239-246
[203] Miachel T,Steve J upton,Byron L,et al.Identification of Outer Oocyst Wall Proteins of Three Cyrptosporidium(Apicomplexa:cryptosporidiidae) Species by 125I Surface Labeing[J].Infection and Immunity,1990,58:252-253
[204] Templeton TJ,Lancto CA,Vigdorovich V,et al.The Cryptosporidium oocyst wall proteins is a membet of a multigene family and has a homology in Toxoplasma[J].Infect Immun,2004,72(2):980-987
[205] Lally NC,Baird GD,McQuary SJ,et al. A 2359-base pair DNA fragment from Cryptosporidium parvum encoding a repetitive oocyst protein[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1992,56:69-78
[206].Ranucci L,Muller HM,Rosa GL,et al.Characterization and immunolocalization of a Cryptosporidium protein containing repeated amino acid motifs[J].Infect Immun,1993,61(6):2347-2356
[207] Spano F,Puri G,Ranucci L,et al.Cloning of the entire COWP gene of Cryptosporidium parvum and ultrastructural localization of the protein during sexual parasite development[J]. Parasitology,1997,114(Pt 5):427-437
[208].张西臣,赵权.动物寄生虫病学[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2005:343-344
[209].Qu LY,Sun XQ,Xiang JH,et al.Advances in study on heat shock protein[J].Advances in Marine Science,2004,22:385-391
[210].刘海鹏,曹建平,李小红等.安氏隐孢子虫热休克蛋白编码基因的克隆、表达和分析[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2007,25(3):163-170
[211].Kumar N,Nagasawa H,Sacci JB Jr,et al.Exptession of members of the heat-shock protein 70 family in the exoerythrocyticstages of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum[J].Parasitol Res,1993,79:109-113
[212].Davis-Hayman SR,Shah PH,Finley RW,et al.Antigenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis heat-shock proteins in human infections[J].Parasitol Res,2000,86:115-120
[213].Kopacz J,Kumar N.Murine gamma delta T lymphocytes elicited during Plasmodium yielii infection respond to Plasmodiu heat shock proteins[J].Infect Immun,1999,67:57-63
[214].Ardeshir F,Flint JE,Richman SJ,et al.A 75 KD merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum which is related to the 70 KD heat-shock proteins[J].EMBO J,1987,6:493-499
[215].Ungar BL,Soave R,Fayer R,et al. Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons[J].J Infect Dis,1986,153:570-575
[216].Mead J R,Arrowood M J,Sterling C R,et al.Antigens of cryptosporidium sporozoites recognized by immue sera of infected animals and humans[J].J parssitol,1990,74:135-137.
[217] ungar B L,Burris J A,Quinn C A,et al.cryptosporidium infection in an adult mouse model.Indepedent roles for IFN-γCD4+ T lymphocytes in propective immunity[J].J Immunol,1991,147:1014-1020
[218].Flanigan T.Hunan immunodeficiency virus infection and cryptosporidiosis:prospective immune response[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1994,50:29-32
[219].Cozon G,Biron F,Jeannin M,et al.Secretory IgA antibody response to Cryptosporidium parvum is AIDS patients with chromic cryptosporidisis[J].J Infect Dis,1994,169:696-699
[220].Whitmire WM,Harp JA.Characterization of bovine cellular and serum antibody responses during infection by Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infect Immun,1991,59(3):990-995.
[221].Laxer MA,Alcantara AK,Javato-Laxer M,et al.Immune response to Cryptosporidiosis in Philippine children[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,1990,42(2):131-139.
[222].何宏轩,张西臣,尹继刚等.微小隐孢子虫CP15/60-DNA滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的粘膜与系统免疫反应[J].中国农业大学学报,2002,7(5):112-116.
[223].Williams RO,Burden DJ.Measurement of class specific antibody against Cryptosporidium in serum and faeces from experimentally infected calves[J].Res Vet Sci,1987,43(2):264-265.
[224].Taghi-Kilani R,Sekla L,Hayglass KT.The role of humoral immunity in Cryptosporidium spp. Infection.Studies with B cell-depleted mice[J].J Immunol,1990,145(5):1571-1576.
[225].Allam AF,Abou-Shousha SA,Abou Shamaa LA.Antibody profile,interferon-gamma and nutritional status in cryptosporidial infection among school children[J].Egypt Soc Parasitol,2002,32(3):755-766.
[226] Vergara-Castiblanco CA,Qulez-Cinca J,Freire-Santos F,et al. Serological response to Cryptosporidium parvum in adult cattle from the Andean region of Colombia[J].Parasitology Research,2001,87(6):500-504.
[227].陈兆国,史天卫,汪明.哺乳动物隐孢子虫感染的细胞免疫体液免疫研究进展[J].中国人兽共患病杂志,1998,14(6):53-57
[228].王秋霞,庞玉芳,鲁琨等.隐孢子虫细胞免疫作用研究进展[J].中国病原生物学杂志,2008,3(7):546-548
[229].许礼发,王克霞,王建等.隐孢子虫病患者与机体细胞免疫功能相关性的研究[J].免疫学杂志,2003,19(3):215-217
[230].陈慰峰.医学免疫学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2001:92-96
[231].Abrahamsen MS.Bovine T cell responses to Cryptosporidium parvum infection [J]. International Journal for Parasitology,1998,28(7):1083-1088
[232].陈淑兰,边进才,曹志然等.隐孢子虫感染与细胞免疫功能及细胞因子[J].中国人兽共患病杂志,2002,18(1):122-123
[233].WR Waters,JA Harp.Cryptosporidium parvum infection in T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha- and TCR-delta-deficient mice[J].Infect Immun,1996,64(5):1854-1857
[234]Riggs MW.Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis:the immune response[J].Microbesand Infection,2002,4:1067-1080
[235].S-X Zu,G-D Fang,R. Fayer,et al.Cryptosporidiosis: Pathogenesis and immunology [J].Parasitology Today,1992,8(1):24-27
[236].C S Tripp,S F Wolf ,E R Unanue,et al.Interleukin 12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha are costimulators of interferon gamma production by natural killer cells in severe combinedimmunodeficiency mice with listeriosis, and interleukin-10 is a physiologic antagonist [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci.USA,1993,90:3725-3729
[237].Ehigiator HN,Romagnoli P,Borgelt K,et al.Mocosal cytokine and antigen-specific responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in IL-12 p40 KO mice[J].Parssite Immunology,2005,27:17-28
[238].Singh I,Theodos C,Li WJ,et al. Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum spetcfic cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of C.parvum infection[J].Parasitolory Research,2005,97(4):309-317
[239].刘冬妍,吕昌龙.肠上皮内淋巴细胞及其与肠道疾病[J].国外医学免疫学分册,2001,23(3):137-140
[240].Wyatt CR,Brackett EJ,Perryman LE,et al.Activation of intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes in calves infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infect Immun,1997,65(1):185-190
[241].Adjei AA,Shrestha AK,Castro M,et al.Adoptive transfer of immunity with intraepithelial lymphocytes in Cryptosporidium parvum infected severe combined immunodeficient mice[J].The American Journal of the Medical Sciences,2000,320(5):304-309
[242].Guk S,Yong TS,Chai JY.Role of murine inetsrinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].The Journal of Parasitology,2003,89(2):270-275
[243].黄复深,易新元.寄生虫的黏膜免疫研究进展[J].国外医学寄生虫病分册,2004,31(3):105-08
[244].Lacroix S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum specific mucosal immune response in C57BL/6 neonatal and gamma interferon-deficient mice:role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in protection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69(3):1635-1642
[245].Nathan C,Shiloh MU.Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammmalian hosts and microbial pathogens[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97:8841-8848
[246] Gookin J L,Duckett L L,Armstrong M U,et al.Nitric oxide synthase stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and barrier function in C.parvum-infected porcine ileum [J]. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2004,287:G571-G581
[247].Leitch GJ , HE Q . Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species ameliorate experimental crypotsporidiosis in the neonatal BALB/c mouse model[J].Infection and Immunity,1999,67: 5885-5891
[248].Gookin J L,Chiang S,Allen J,et al.NF-kappaB-mediated expression of iNOS promotes epithelial defense against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal piglets [J].American Journal of Physiology- Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2006,290:G164-G174
[249] Leitch GJ,HE Q.Arginine-derived nitric oxide reduces fecal oocyst shedding in nude mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infection and Immunity,1994,62:5173-5176
[250].Huang K,Yang S.Inhibitory effect of selenium on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in vivo[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2002,90:261-272
[251].Yassien N A,Khalifa E A, el-Nouby K A. Role of anti-oxidant preparation(oxi-guard) on Cryptosporidium parvum infection inalbino mice[J].Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology,2001,31:95-106
[252] Takeuchi D,Jones V C,Kobayashi M,et al. Cooperative role of macrophages and neutrophils in host antiprotozoan resistance in mice acutely infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infection and Immunity,2008,76:3657-3663
[253] Hayward AR,Cosyns M,Jones M,et al.Marrow-Derived CD40-positive Cell are required for mice to clear Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69:1630-1634
[254].Auray G,Lacroix-Lamande S,Mancassola R,et al.Involvement of intestinal epithelial cells in dendritic cell recruitment during C.parvum infection[J].Microbes and Infection,2007,9:574-582
[255].Barakat F M,McDonald V,Foster G R,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum infection rapidly induces a protective innate immune response involving type I interferon[J].Journal of Infectious Diseases,2009b,200:1548-1555
[256].Hill BD,Blewett DA,Dawson AM,et al.Analysis of the kinetics,isotype and specificity of serum and coproantibody in lambs infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Research in Veterinary Science,1990,48:76-81
[257] Peeter JE,Villacorta I,Vanopdenbosch E,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum in calves:kinetics and immunoblot analysis of specific serum and local antibody responses(immunoglibulin A[IgA],IgG,and IgM)after natural and ecperimental infections[J].Infection and Immunity,1992,60:2309-2316
[258].Ungar BL,Soave R,Fayer R,et al.Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies to Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons[J].Journal of Infectious Diseases,1986,153:570-578
[259].Williams RO,Burden DJ.Measurement of class specific antibody against cryptosporidium in serum and faeces from experimentally infected calves[J].Research in Veterinary Science,1987,43:264-265
[260].Franz Petry,Vera Jakobi,Tesfaye S,et al.Host immume response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Experimental Parasitology,2010,126:304-309
[261] Jakobi V,Petry F.Humoral immune response in interleukin-12 and interferon-γdeficient mice after infection with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Parasite Immunology,2008,30:151-161
[262] Cozon C,Biron F,Jeannin M,et al.Secretory IgA antibodies to cryptosporidium parvum in AIDS patients with chronic cryptosporidiosis[J].Journal of Infectious Diseases,1994,169:696-699
[263] Reperant JM,Naciri M,Iochmann S,et al.Major antigens of Cryptosporidium parvum recognised by serum antibodies fron different infected animal species and man[J].Veterinary Parasitology,1994,55:1-13
[264].Chen W,Harp JA,Harmsen AG.Cryptosporidium parvum infection in genetargeted B cell-deficient mice[J].Journal of Parasitology,2003,89:391-393
[265].陆惠民.细胞因子和寄生虫感染[J].苏州医学院院报,2000,20(10):875-878
[266] Kapel N,Benhamou Y,Buraud M,et al.kinetics of mucosal ilealγ-interferon response during cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent neonatal mice[J].Parasitology Research,1996,82:664-667
[267].Wyatt CR,Brackett EJ,SavidgeJ.Evidence for the emergence of a type-1-like immune response in inesstinal mucosa of calves recovering from Cryptosporidiosis[J].The Journal of Parasitology,2001,87(1):90-95
[268] White Jr A C,Cron S G,Chappell C L. Paryomonycin in cryptosporidiosis[J] Clinical Infectious Diseases,2001,32:1516-1517
[269].You X,Mead JR.Characterization of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection inIFN-gamma knockout mice[J].parasitology,1998,117(6):525-531
[270].Mcdonald V.Host cell-mediated responses to infection with Cryptosporidium[J].Parasite Immunology,2000,22(12):597-604
[271].苑文英,赵清,张平等.白细胞介素家族在弓形虫感染中的作用[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2010,22(1):96-99
[272].Ehigiator HN,McNair N,Mead JR. Cryptosporidium parvum:The contribution of Th1-inducing pathways to the resolution of infection in mice[J].Experimental Parasitology,2007,115:107-113
[273].Urban Jr.JF , Fayer R , Chen S J , et al . IL-12 protects immunocompetent and immunodeficient neonatal mice against infection with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Journal of Immunology,1996,156:263-268
[274].Tessema TS,Schwamb B,Lochner M,et al.Dynamics of gut mucosal and systemic Th1/Th2 Cytokine responses in interferon-γand interleukin-12 p40 knock out mice during primary and challenge Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Immunobiology,2009,214:454-466
[275].Pasquali P,Fayer R,Zarlenga D,et al.Recombinant bovine interleukin-12 stimulates a gut immune response but does not provide resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal calves[J].Veterinary Parasitology,2006,135:259-268
[276].Smith LM,Bonafonte MT,Canpbell LD,et al.Exogenous interleukin-12(IL-12)exacerbates Cryptosporidium parvum infection in gamma-iterferon knockout mice [J]. Experimental Parasitology,2001,98(3):123-133
[277] Nakanishi K,Yoshimoto T,Tsutsui H,et al. Interleukin-18 regulates both Th1 and Th2 responses[J].Annual Review of Immunology,2001,19:423-474
[278] Singh I,Theodos C,Li W,et al.Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum-specific cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of C.parvum infection[J].Parasitology Research,2005,97:309-317
[279].Smith LM,Bonafonte M T,Mead JR. Cytokine expression and specific lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of Cryptosporidium parvum-infected gamma-interferon knockout mice[J].Journal of Parasitology,2000,86:300-307
[280].McDonald V. Host cell-mediated responses to infection with Cryptosporidium[J].Parasite Immunology,2000,22:597-604
[281] Sonia Lacroix-Lamande S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al.Role of gamma interferon in chemokine expression in the ileum of mice and in a murine intestinal epithelial cell line after Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Infection and Immunity,2002,70(4):2090-2099.
[282].Buret AG,Chin AC,Scott K GE,et al.Infection of human and bovine epithelial cells with Cryptosporidium andersoni induces apoptosis and disrupts tight junctional ZO-1:effects of epidermal growth factor[J]. International Journal for Parasitology,2003,3(12):1363-1371.
[283].Lean IS,McDonald V,Pollok RC.The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium infection[J].Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases,2002,15(3):229-234
[284].Wyatt.C R,W J Barrett,et al.Phenotypic comparison of ileal intraepithelial lymphocyte populations of suckling and weaned calves[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1999,67:213–222.
[285].Lacroix S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al. Cryptosporidium parvum specific moucosal immune response in C57BL/6 neonatal and gamma interferon-deficient mice:role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in protection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69(3):1635-1642
[286] Chen W,Harp JA,Harmsen AG,et al.Requirements for CD4+ cells and gamma interferon in resolution of established Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice[J].Infetcion and Immunity,1993a,61:3928-3932
[287].McDonald V,Bancroft GJ.Mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in SCID mice[J].Parasite Immunology,1994,16:315-320
[288].Lacroix S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al. Cryptosporidium parvum specific mucosal immune response in C57BL/6 neonatal and gamma interferon deficient mice.role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in protection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69:1635-1642
[289].Maillot C,Gargala G,Delaunay A,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum infection stimulates the secretion of TGF-β,IL-8 and RANTEs bay Caco-2 cell line[J].Paraditology Research,2000,86:947-949
[290].Robinson P,Okhuysen PC,Chappell CL,et al. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1βin jejuna of volunteers after experimental challenge with Cryptosporidium parvum correlates with exposure but not with symptoms[J].Infetcion and Immunity,2001,69:1172-1174
[291].Lean IS,Lacroic-Lamande S,Laurent F,et al.Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in development of immunity against Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Infection andImmunity,2006,74:4379-4382
[292].Dulbecco R.US Patent No.4593002[P],1986.
[293].Smith G P.Filamentous Fusion phage:novel expression vector that displaycloned antigens on the viron surface[J].Science,1985,228:1315-1317.
[294].Scott J,Smith G.Searching for peptide ligands with an epitope library[J].Science,1990,240:386-390.
[295].Cheng J,Zhong Y W,Liu Y,et al.Screening and identification of a humanized single chain variable region antibody for hepatitis C virus non-structural 3 protein[J].Chin J Immunol,2000,16(4):246.
[296].戴和平,高宏,赵新颜.噬菌体展示技术的原理和方法[J].水生生物学报,2002,26(4):400-409.
[297].Beck E,Sommer R,Auerswald E A,et al.Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage fd DNA[J].Nucleic Acids Res,1978,5:4495-4504.
[298]van Wezenbeek P M G F,Hulsebos T J M,Schoenmakers J G G.Nucleotide sequence of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 DNA genome:comparison with phage fd[J].Gene,1980,11:129-148.
[299].Beck E , Zink B . Nucleotide sequence and genome organisation of filamentous bacteriophages f1 and fd[J].Gene,1981,16:35-58.
[300].甄永苏,邵荣光.抗体工程药物[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2002:43-44.
[301]Crissman J W,Smith G P.Gene-Ⅲprotein of filamentous phages:Evidence for a carboxyl-terminal domain with a role in morphogenesis[J].Virology,1984, 132:445-455.136
[302].贾球锋,李丽芳,张映.噬菌体展示技术[J].动物医学进展,2006,27:101-103.
[303]贾盘兴.噬菌体分子生物学[M].北京:科学出版社.2001.
[304].Rosenberg A,Griffin K,Sludier F W,et al.T7 select phage display system:A powerful new protein display system based on bacteriophage T7[J].Invations, 1996,6:1-6.
[305].Azzazy HM,Highsmit h WE J r.Phage display technology:clinical applications and recent innovations[J].Clin Biochem,2002,35(6):425-445.
[306].McCafferty.Phage antibodies:filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains[J]. Nature,1990,348(6301):552-554.
[307].Pini A,Ricci C,Bracci L.Phage display of antibody fragments[J].Curr Protein Pept Sci,2000,1(2):155-169.
[308].Tordsson J M,Ohlsson L G,Abrahmsen L B,et al.Phageselected primate antibodies fused to superantigen for immunotherapy of malignant melanoma[J] . Cancer lmmunol lmmunother,2000,48(12):691-702.
[309].Tesar M,Beckmann C,Rottgen P,et al.Monoclonal antibody against pⅢof filamentous phage:an immunological tool to study pⅢfusion protein expression in phage display systems[J].Immunotechnology,1995,1(1):53- 64.
[310].Zhong YW,Cheng J,Wang G,et al.Epitope mapping of hepatitis C virus non2st ructure protein f rom a 7 peptide phage library by using immobilized specific monoclonal antibody[J].Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi,2002,10(4):266-268.
[311].Loktev AV,Kuvshinov VN,Melamed NV,et al.Localization of tickborne encephali tis virus protein E antigenic determinant recognized by antihemagglutinating monoclonal antibodies using a phage-display peptide library[J].Vopr Virusol,2002,47(2):31-34.
[312].Junjian X,Zhenyu Z,Ning D,et al.Scrccning of the antigen epitopes of basic fibroblast growth factor by phage display[J].J.Biochem.Mol.Biol,2005, 38(3):290-293.
[313].Beenhouner DO,May RJ,Valadon P,et al.High affinity mimotope of the polysaccharide capsule of Cry ptococcus neof ormans identified f rom an evolutionary phage peptide library[J].J Immunol,2002,169(12):6992-6999.
[314].Falke D,Juliano R L.Selective gene regulation with designed transcription actors: implications for therapy[J].Cnrr.Opin.Mol.Ther,2003,5(2):161-166.
[315].Deocharan B,Qing X,Beger E,et al.Antigenic:triggers and molecular targets for anti-double stranded DNA antibody[J].Lupus,2002,11(12):865-871.
[316].Machold KP,Smolen J S.Adalimumab-a new TNF-alpha antibody for t139 reatment of inflammatory joint disease[J].Expert Opin Biol Ther,2003,3 (2):351-360.
[317].Weetman AP.Autoimmunet hyroid disease:propagation and progression[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2003,148(1):1-9.
[318].Pasqualini R,Arap W,Donald DM.Probing the structural and molecular diversity of tumor vasculature[J].Trends Mol Med,2002,8(12):563-571.
[319].Forrer P,J ung S,Plückt hun A.Beyond binding:using phage display to select for structure,folding and enzymatic activity in proteins[J].Curr Opin St ruct Biol,1999,9(4):514-520.
[320].Bai YaWen,Feng HanQiao.Selection of stably folded proteins by phage- display withproteolysis[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,2004,271 (9):1609-1614.
[321].Dowd CS,Zhang W,Li C.From receptor ecognition mechanisms to bioinspired mimetic antagonists in HIV-1/cell docking[J].J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl,2001,753(2):327-335.
[322].Agell N,Aligue R,Alemany V,et al.New nuclear functions for calmodulin[J].Cell Calcium,1998,23(223):115-121.
[323].Bergogne-berezin E.Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia[J].Chest,1995,108(2):26-34.
[324].Smith GP.Filamentous fusion phage:novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface[J].Science,1985,228:1315-1317.
[325].Zucconi A,Dente L,Santonico E,et al.Selection of ligands by panning of domain libraries displayed on phage lambda reveals new potential partners of synaptojanin 1[J].Mol Biol,2001,307:1329-1339.
[326].钟彦伟,成军,张忠东等.应用噬菌体展示技术筛选丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS4A结合蛋白[J].解放军医学杂志,2004,29(1):20-22.
[327].Bukanov NO,Meek AL,Klinger KW,et al.A modified two-step phage display selection for isolation of polycystin-1 ligands[J].Funct Integr Genomics,2000,1(3):193-199.
[328].Danner S,Belasco JG.T7 phage display:a novel genetic selection system for cloning RNA-binding proteins from cDNA libraries[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001,98(23):12954-12959.
[329].Fu Y,Shearing LN,Haynes S,et al.Isolation from phage display librayies of single chain variable fragment antibodies that recognize conformational epitopes in the Malaria vaccine candidate,apical membrane antige-1[J].J Biol Chem,1997, 272(41):25678-25684.
[330].Dybwad A,Bogen B,Natvig JB,et al.Peptide phage libraries can be an efficient tool for identifying antibody ligands for polyclonal antisera[J].Clin Exp Immunol,1995,102(2):438-442.
[331].Adda CG,Tilley L,Anders RF,et al.Isolation of peptides that mimic epitopes on a Malaria antigen from random peptide libraries displayed on phage.Infect Immun. , 1999 ,67(9):4679-4688.
[332].Monette M,Opellas SJ,Greenwood J,et al.Structure of a Malaria parasite93 antigenic determinant displayed on filamentous bacteriophage determined by NMRspectroscopy:implications for the structure of continuous peptide epitopes of proteins[J].Protein Sci,2001,10(6):1150-1159.
[333].余传信,朱荫昌,殷旭仁等.用噬菌体肽库筛选SjC-TPI的模拟抗原表位[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2001,19:11-14.
[334].Gazarian KG,Rowley MJ,Gazarian TG,et al.Post-panning computer-aided analysis of phagotope collectios selected with neuro cysticercosis patient polyclonal antibodies:separation of disease-relevant and irrelevant peptide sequences[J].Chem High Throughput Screen,2001,4(3):221-235.
[335].Paget T,Khan N,Temple G,et al.Use of phage antibodies to distinguish closely related species of protozoan[J].Dis Markers,2000,16(1-2):83-90.
[336].Gnanasekar M,Kakaturu VNR,Yixun He,et al.Novel phage display-based subtractive screening to identify vaccine candidates of Brugia malayi[J].Infect Immun,2004,72(8):4707–4715.
[337].Greenwood J,Willi AE,Perham RN.Multiple display of foreign peptides on a filamentous bacteriophang.Peptides from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite protein as antigens[J].J Mol Biol,1991,220(4):821-827.
[338].王景林.核糖体展示与体外分了选择与进化[J].生物技术通讯,2003,14(2):148-150.
[339].Wang Y,Rubt sov A,Heiser R,et al.Using a baculovirus display library to identify MHC class I mimotopes[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2005,102(7): 2476-2481.
[340].Bergogne-berezin E.Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia[J].Chest,1995,108(2):26-34.
[341].Kaushik SL,Parmar VR,Grover N,et al.Neonatal sepsis in hospital born babies[J].The Journal of Communicable Diseases,1998,30(3):147-152.
[342].Yinnon AM,Butnaru A,Raveh D,et al.Klebsiella bacteraemia:community versus nosocomial infection.Monthly[J].Journal of the Association of Physicians,1996,89(12):933-941.
[343] Leoni F,Amar.C,Nichols.G,et al.Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000[J].Journal of Medical Microbiology,2006,55:703–707.
[344] Morse.T.D, Nichols R.A, Grimason A.M,et al.Incidence of cryptosporidiosis species in paediatric patients in Malawi[J].Epidemiology and Infection,2007,135:1307–1315.
[345].Dubremetz J F.Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii[J].Trends Microbiel,1998,6(1):27-30
[346] Carruthers V B,Giddings O K,Sibley L D.Secretion of miconemal proteins is associated with toxoplasma invasion of host cell[J].Cell Microbiol,1999,1:225-235
[347] Menard R.Gliding motility and cell invasion by apicomplexa:insights from the plasmodium sporozoite[J].Cell Microbiol,2001,3:63-73
[348] Jewett T J,Sibley L D.Aldolase forms a bridge between cell surface adhesins and the actin cytoskeleton in apicomplexan parasites[J].Mol Cell,2003,11:885-894
[349] Buscaglia C A,Coppens I,Hol W G,et al.Sites of interaction between aldolase and thrombospondin-related anonymous proteinin plasmodium[J].Mol Biol Cell,2003,14:4947-4957
[350]吕钢.寄生虫分泌/膜蛋白的生物信息学特征及研究策略[J].国际医学寄生虫病杂志,2009,36(3):173-1770
[351]吴观陵.人体寄生虫学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:39-53
[352].刘海鹏,曹建平.细胞骨架与隐孢子虫感染[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2006,22(6):583-587
[353] Wiest PM,Johnson JH,Flanigan TP.Microtubule inhibitors block Cryptosporidium parvum infection of a human enterocyte cell line[J].Infect Immun,1993,61(11):4888-4890
[354] Singh.B.B, Sharma.R,Kumar.H,et al.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Punjab and its association with diarrhoea in neonatal dairy calves [J].Vet. Parasitol,2006,140:162~165.
[355] Satoh.M,Hikosaka. K,Sasaki. T,et al.Characteristics of a novel type of bovine Cryptosporidium andersoni [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol,2003,69:691~692.
[356].Kvac.M , Ondrackova.Z , Kvetonova.D , et al . Infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni to a novel host, southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha) [J].Vet. Parasitol,2007,143:229~233.
[357].何宏轩,张西臣,欧阳红等.微小隐孢子虫CP15抗原基因原核表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌的表达[J].中国寄生虫病防治杂志,2003,16(5):290-292
[358].何宏轩,张西臣,赵权等,微小隐孢子虫核酸疫苗的研究[J].吉林农业大学学部,2002,24(3):75-79
[359].何宏轩,张西臣,欧阳红生等.微小隐孢子虫CP23基因真核表达载体的构建及表达[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2003,10(1):16-20
[360].何宏轩,张西臣,尹继刚等.微小隐孢子虫子孢子表面蛋白CP15/60编码基因核酸疫苗研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(11):1357-1361
[361].于钦磊.隐孢子虫CP12/CP21双价核酸疫苗的研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008
[362].殷驰.微小隐孢子虫粘附相关蛋白基因的筛选及免疫特性研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2010
[2] Tyzzer EE.A sporozoan found in the peptide glands of the common mouse[J].Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1907,5:12-13.
[3] H.L. Enemark, P. Ahrens, C.J. Lowery,et.al. Cryptosporidium andersoni from a Danish cattle herd: identification and preliminary characterization[J].Veterinary Parasitology,2002,107:37–49
[4]梁楠,菅复春,李嘉诚等.奶牛隐孢子虫PCR-RFLP及种群发育分析[C].全国人兽共患病学术研讨会论文集
[5]Andre G. Buret,Alex C. Chin,Kevin G.E. Scott. Infection of human and bovine epithelial cells with Cryptosporidium andersoni induces apoptosis and disrupts tight junctional ZO-1: effects of epidermal growth factor[J].International Journal for Parasitology.2003.33:1363–1371
[6] Slavin D.Cryptosporidium meleagridis sp [J]. Nov J Pathol Ther,1955,65: 262-266
[7] Panciera RJ,Thomassen RW,Garner FM.Cryptosporidiosis in a calf[J].Vet Pathol, 1971,8:479-484.
[8]Current WL,Reese NC,Ernst JV,et al.Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission[J].N Engl J Med 1983,308:1252-1257.
[9] MacKenzie WR,Schell WL,Blair KA,et al.Massive outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission [J].Clin Infect Dis,1995,21:57-62.
[10].Current WL,Garcia LS.Cryptosporidiosis[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev ,1991,4:25-358.
[11]. Mosier DA,Oberst RD. Cryptosporidiosis. A global challenge[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2000,916:102-111.
[12]. CDC.Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States, 1998[M]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,1999,47:1-92.
[13]. Pereira SJ,Ramirez NE,Xiao L,et al. Pathogenesis of human and bovine Cryptosporidium parvum in gnotobiotic pigs[J]. J Infect Dis, 2002,186:715-718.
[14] USFDA. US Food and Drug Administration. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook[M], Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,College Park Maryland,1992.
[15] Hojlyng N,Holten-Andersen W,Jepsen S.Cryptosporidiosis:a case of airborne transmission [J].Lancet ,1987,2:271-272.
[16] Koch KL,Phillips DJ,Aber RC, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital personnel. Evidence for person-to-person transmission[J].Ann Intern Med ,1985,102:593-596.
[17] Anderson BC,Donndelinger T,Wilkins RM,et al. Cryptosporidiosis in a veterinary student[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982,180:408-409.
[18]. Meisel JL,Perera DR,Meligro C,et al.Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient[J].Gastroenterology ,1976,70:1156-1160.
[19] Reese NC,Current WL, Ernst JV,et al.Cryptosporidiosis of man and calf: a case report and results of experimental infections in mice and rats[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1982,31:226-229.
[20] Quiroz ES,Bern C,MacArthur JR,et al.An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to a foodhandler[J].J Infect Dis,2000,181:695-700.
[21] Millard PS,Gensheimer KF,Addiss DG,et al.An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider[J].Jama,1994,272:1592-1596.
[22] CDC.Foodborne outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis--Spokane, Washington, 1997[M].JAMA ,1998,280:595-596.
[23] Hooda PS,Edwards AC,Anderson HA,et al.A review of water quality concerns in livestock farming areas[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,250:143-167.
[24] Campbell I,Tzipori AS, Hutchison G, et al.Effect of disinfectants on survival of cryptosporidium oocysts[J]. Vet Rec,1982,111:414-415.
[25] LeChavallier MW,Norton WD,Lee RG.Occurence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies[J].Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991,57:2610-2616.
[26] LeChavallier MW, Norton WD,Lee RG.Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. In filtered water supplies[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1991,57:2617-2621.
[27] LeChevallier MW,Di Giovanni GD,Clancy JL,et al.Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in source waters[J].Appl EnvironMicrobiol,2003,69:971-979.
[28] Kramer MH, Sorhage FE, Goldstein ST,et al. First reported outbreak in the United States of cryptosporidiosis associated with a recreational lake[J].Clin Infect Dis,1998,26:27-33.
[29] CDC.Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain—Minnesota,1997[M].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,1998,47:856-860.
[30] CDC.Protracted outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming pool use-Ohio and Nebraska, 2000[J].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2001,50:406-410.
[31] el-Ahraf A,Tacal JV, Jr., Sobih M, et al.Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and human beings in San Bernardino County, California[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1991,198:631-634.
[32] Mtambo MM, Nash AS,Blewett DA,et al. Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area[J].Vet Rec,1991,129:502-504.
[33] Simpson VR.Wild animlas as reservoirs of infectious diseases[J]. Vet J ,2002,163:128-146.
[34] Sturdee AP,Chalmers RM,Bull SA.Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wild mammals of mainland Britain[J].Vet Parasitol,1999,80:273-280.
[35] O’Donoghue PJ.Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals[J]. Int J Parasitol,1995,25:139-195.
[36] de Graaf DC,Vanopdenbosch E,Ortega-Mora LM,et al.A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals[J].Int J Parasitol, 1999,29:1269-1287.
[37] Sulaiman IM,Xiao L. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Emerg Infect Dis, 1998,4:681-685.
[38] Morgan-Ryan UM,Fall A,Ward LA,et al.Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol, 2002,49:433-440.
[39]. Xiao L,Morgan UM,Limor J,et al.Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species[J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,1999,65:3386-3391.
[40] Morgan UM,Sargent KD,Deplazes P,et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from various hosts[J].Parasitology ,1998,117 ( Pt 1):31-37.
[41] Nime FA,Burek JD,Page DL,et al.Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium[J].Gastroenterology,1976,70:592-598.
[42] Kennedy GA,Kreitner GL,Strafuss AC.Cryptosporidiosis in three pigs[J]. J Am Vet MedAssoc ,1977,170:348-350.
[43].Barker IK,Carbonell PL.Cryptosporidium agni sp.n. from lambs, and cryptosporidium bovis sp.n. from a calf, with observations on the oocyst[J]. Z Parasitenkd,1974,44:289-298.
[44] Tzipori S,Smith M,Makin T,et al.Enterocolitis in piglets caused by Cryptosporidium sp. purified from calf faeces[J].Vet Parasitol,1982,11:121-126.
[45] Snyder SP,England JJ,McChesney AE.Cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient Arabian foals[J].Vet Pathol,1978,15:12-17.
[46].Tyzzer EE.An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et sp.nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse[J].J Med Res, 1910,18.
[47] Tyzzer EE.Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse[J]. Archiv für Protistenkunde,1912,26:394-412.
[48]. Hoover DM,Hoerr FJ,Carlton WW,et al. Enteric cryptosporidiosis in a naso tang, Naso lituratus Bloch and Snider[J].J Fish Dis,1981,4:425-428.
[49] Current WL,Upton SJ.The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens[J].J Protozool, 1986,33:289-296.
[50] Levine ND.Some corrections of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) nomenclature[J]. J Parasitol,1980,66:830-834.
[51] Vetterling JM, Jervis HR, Merrill TG,et al. Cryptosporidium wrairi sp. n. from the guinea pig Cavia porcellus, with an emendation of the genus[J].J Protozool ,1971,18:243-247.
[52].Iseki M.Cryptosporidium felis sp.n. (Protozoa: Eimeriorina) from the domestic cat[J]。Japanese J Parasitol,1979,28:285-307.
[53] Wilson RB,Holscher MA,Lyle SJ.Cryptosporidiosis in a pup[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1983,183:1005-1006, 1965.
[54] Fayer R,Trout JM, Xiao L,et al.Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs[J]. J Parasitol ,2001,87:1415-1422.
[55] Lindsay DS,Upton SJ, Owens DS,et al.Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos Taurus[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol ,2000,47:91-95.
[56]Koudela B, Modry D.New species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) from lizards[J]. Folia Parasitol ,1998,45:93-100.
[57] Pavlasek I, Lavickova M, Horak P,et al.Cryptosporidium varanii n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Emerald monitor (Varanus prasinus Schlegel, 1893) in captivity atPrague zoo[J].Gazella,1995,22:99-108.
[58].Pavlasek I.Findings of Cryptosporidia in the stomach of chickens and of exotic and wild birds[J].Veterinarstvi,2001,51:103-108.
[59].Ryan UM, Xiao L, Read C, et al.A redescription of Cryptosporidium galli Pavlasek, 1999 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from birds[J].J Parasitol ,2003,89:809-813.
[60]. Katsumata T, Hosea D, Ranuh IG, et al. Short report possible Cryptosporidium muris infection in humans[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2000,62:70-72.
[61].Pieniazek NJ, Bornay-Llinares FJ, Slemenda SB, et al.New cryptosporidium genotypes in HIVinfected persons[J]. Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5:444-449.
[62].Xiao L, Ryan UM, Graczyk TK, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2004,70:891-899.
[63].Morgan U, Weber R, Xiao L, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals living in Switzerland, Kenya, and the United States[J]. J Clin Microbiol ,2000,38:1180-1183.
[64].Morgan UM, Xiao L, Monis P, Fall A, et al.Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic dogs: the "dog" genotype[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2000,66:2220-2223.
[65].Ryan UM,Monis P, Enemark HL, et al.Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa)[J].J Parasitol, 2004,90:769-773.
[66].Alvarez-Pellitero P, Sitja-Bobadilla A.Cryptosporidium molnari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting two marine fish species, Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L[J],Int J Parasitol,2002,32:1007-1021.
[67] Ronald Fayer.Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium[J]. Experimental Parasitology,2010,124:90–97
[68]. Xiao L,Escalante L,Yang C, et al.Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the smallsubunit rRNA gene locus[J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,1999,65:1578-1583.
[69].Xiao L, Ryan UM. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology[J]. Curr Opin Infect Dis,2004,17:483-490.
[70].Sulaiman IM, Morgan UM, Thompson RC, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene [J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,2000,66:2385-2391.
[71].Spano F, Putignani L, Crisanti A, et al. Multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from different hosts and geographical origins[J].J Clin Microbiol,1998,36:3255-3259.
[72].Mallon ME, MacLeod A, Wastling JM, et al. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium parvum Type 2: population genetics and sub-structuring[J].Infect Genet Evol,2003,3:207-218.
[73].Hijjawi NS, Meloni BP, Ryan UM, et al. Successful in vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium andersoni: evidence for the existence of novel extracellular stages in the life cycle and implications for the classification of Cryptosporidium[J].Int J Parasitol,2002,32:1719-1726.
[74].Deng M, Rutherford MS, Abrahamsen MS . Host intestinal epithelial response to Cryptosporidium parvum[J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev,2004,56:869-884.
[75].Clark DP, Sears CL.The pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis[J] Parasitol Today, 1996,12:221-225.
[76].Argenzio RA, Lecce J, Powell DW.Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis[J]. Gastroenterology ,1993,104:440-447.
[77].Marshall AT, LaMont JT.Cryptosporidiosis and public health[J]. Hosp Pract (Off Ed), 1997,32(11):15-16, 23.
[78].Molbak K, Andersen M, Aaby P, et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, west Africa[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,1997,65:149-152.
[79].Farthing MJ.Clinical aspects of human cryptosporidiosis[J]. Contrib Microbiol ,2000,6:50-74.
[80] McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Diaz S, et al. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals[J].J Clin Microbiol,2000,38:3984-3990.
[81]. Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, et al.Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru[J].J Infect Dis,2001,183:492-497.
[82].Xiao L, Bern C, Arrowood M, et al. Identification of the cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient[J].J Infect Dis,2002,185:1846-1848.
[83].Ong CS, Eisler DL, Alikhani A, et al.Novel cryptosporidium genotypes in sporadic cryptosporidiosis cases: first report of human infections with a cervine genotype[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2002,8:263-268.
[84] Pedraza-Diaz S, Amar CF, McLauchlin J, et al.Cryptosporidium meleagridis from humans: molecular analysis and description of affected patients[J].J Infect, 2001,42:243-250.
[85].Pedraza-Diaz S, Amar C, Iversen AM, et al.Unusual cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium’dog type’from patients in England[J]. J Med Microbiol ,2001,50:293-296.
[86].Gatei W, Greensill J, Ashford RW, et al.Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus infections living in Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam[J].J Clin Microbiol,2003,41:1458-1462.
[87].Palmer CJ, Xiao L, Terashima A, et al. Cryptosporidium muris, a rodent pathogen, recovered from a human in Peru[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2003,9:1174-1176.
[88].Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, et al. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles[J].Emerg Infect Dis,1997,3:567-573.
[89].Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Syed Q, et al. Foot and Mouth Disease and Cryptosporidiosis: Possible Interaction between Two Emerging Infectious Diseases[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2003,9:109-112.
[90].Smerdon WJ, Nichols T, Chalmers RM, et al. Foot and mouth disease in livestock and reduced cryptosporidiosis in humans, England and wales[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2003,9:22-28.
[91].Xiao L, Morgan UM, Fayer R, et al. Cryptosporidium systematics and implications for public health[J].Parasitol Today,2000,16:287-292.
[92].Xiao L, Herd RP.Infection pattern of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in calves[J]. Vet Parasitol,1994,55:257-262.
[93].Garber LP, Salman MD, Hurd HS, et al.Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves[J]. J Am Vet Med Assoc,1994,205:86-91.
[94].Atwill ER, Johnson E, Klingborg DJ, et al. Age, geographic, and temporal distribution of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cow-calf herds[J].Am J Vet Res,1999,60:420-425.
[95].Ortega-Mora LM,Wright SE.Age-related resistance in ovine cryptosporidiosis: patterns of infection and humoral immune response[J].Infect Immun, 1994,62:5003-5009.
[96].Miron D, Kenes J, Dagan R.Calves as a source of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among young children in an agricultural closed community[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J,1991,10:438-441.
[97].Lengerich EJ, Addiss DG,Marx JJ, et al.Increased exposure to cryptosporidia among dairy farmers in Wisconsin[J]. J Infect Dis,1993,167:1252-1255.
[98].Sischo WM, Atwill ER, Lanyon LE, et al. Cryptosporidia on dairy farms and the role these farms may have in contaminating surface water supplies in the northeastern United States[J].Prev Vet Med,2000,43:253-267.
[99].Harper CM, Cowell NA, Adams BC, et al. Outbreak of Cryptosporidium linked to drinking unpasteurised milk[J]. Commun Dis Intell,2002,26:449-450.
[100].Gelletlie R, Stuart J, Soltanpoor N, et al.Cryptosporidiosis associated with school milk[J].Lancet,1997,350:1005-1006.
[101].Hoar BR, Atwill ER, Elmi C, et al. An examination of risk factors associated with beef cattle shedding pathogens of potential zoonotic concern[J].Epidemiol Infect, 2001,127:147-155.
[102] Atwill ER, Johnson EM, Pereira MG.Association of herd composition, stocking rate, and duration of calving season with fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1999,215:1833-1838.
[103].Heitman TL, Frederick LM, Viste JR, ea al.Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from wildlife, human, and agricultural sources in the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada[J],Can J Microbiol,2002,48:530-541.
[104].Chalmers RM,Sturdee AP,Bull SA,et al. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in Mus domesticus, Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionomys glareolus in an agricultural system[J].Parasitol Res, 1997,83:478-482.
[105].Rickard LG,Siefker C, Boyle CR,et al. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in fecal samples from free-ranging whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the southeastern United States[J].J Vet Diagn Invest ,1999,11:65-72.
[106].Perz JF,Le Blancq SM.Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes inwildlife from lower New York State[J].Appl Environ Microbiol ,2001,67:1154-1162.
[107].Atwill ER,Sweitzer RA,Pereira MG,et al.Prevalence of and associated risk factors for shedding Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia cysts within feral pig populations in California[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol,1997,63:3946-3949.
[108].Ryan MJ, Sundberg JP, Sauerschell RJ,et al.Cryptosporidium in a wild cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus)[J].J Wildl Dis,1986,22:267.
[109].Sundberg JP,Hill D,Ryan MJ.Cryptosporidiosis in a gray squirrel[J].J Am Vet Med Assoc,1982,181:1420-1422.
[110].Xiao L, Alderisio K, Limor J , et al . Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA based diagnostic and genotyping tool[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2000,66:5492-5498.
[111].Anderson BC.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium muris-like oocysts among cattle populations of the United States: preliminary report[J].J Protozool ,1991,38:14S-15S.
[112].Anderson BC.Cryptosporidiosis in bovine and human health[J].J Dairy Sci,1998,81:3036-3041.
[113].Sreter T, Varga I.Cryptosporidiosis in birds--a review[J].Vet Parasitol ,2000,87:261-279.
[114].Lindsay DS,Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, et al. Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection[J].Am J Vet Res,1988,49:1412-1414.
[115].Brownstein DG, Strandberg JD, Montali RJ, et al.Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis[J].Vet Pathol,1977,14:606-617.
[116].Upton SJ, McAllister CT, Freed PS, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in wild and captive reptiles[J].J Wildl Dis,1989,25:20-30.
[117].Fayer R, Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR.Multiple heterogenous isolates of Cryptosporidium serpentis from captive snakes are not transmissible to neonatal BALB/c mice (Mus musculus)[J].J Parasitol,1995,81:482-484.
[118].Landsberg JH, Paperna I. Ultrastructural-study of the coccidian Cryptosporidium sp from stomachs of juvenile cichlid fish[J]. Dis Aquat Organ, 1986,2:13-20.
[119] Muench TR, White MR.Cryptosporidiosis in a tropical freshwater catfish (Plecostomus spp.)[J].J Vet Diagn Invest, 1997,9:87-90.
[120].Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, et al.Cryptosporidium parvum in oysters from commercialharvesting sites in the Chesapeake Bay[J].Emerg Infect Dis, 1999,5:706-710.
[121].Graczyk TK,Fayer R,Cranfield MR,et al.Recovery of waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by freshwater benthic clams (Corbicula fluminea)[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol,1998,64:427-430.
[122].Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, et al. Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay[J].Parasitol Res ,1999,85:518-521.
[123].Fayer R, Farley AA, Earl EJ, et al. Potential role of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Applied Environ Microbiol,1997,63:2086-2088.
[124].USFDA.US Food and Drug Administration Web site. FDA Talk Paper[S]. FDA approves new treatment for parasitic infections in pediatric patients.
[125].Rossignol JF, Hidalgo H, Feregrino M, et al. A double-’blind’placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients in Mexico[J],Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg,1998,92:663-666.
[126].Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS.Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum:a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study of Nitazoxanide [J].J Infect Dis,2001,184:103-106.
[127].Amadi B, Mwiya M, Musuku J, et al.Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial[J],Lancet,2002,360:1375-1380.
[128].Gilles HM,Hoffman PS.Treatment of intestinal parasitic infections: a review of nitazoxanide[J].Trends Parasitol,2002,18:95-97.
[129].Bicart-See A, Massip P, Linas MD, Datry A.Successful treatment with nitazoxanide of Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in a patient with AIDS[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2000,44:167-168.
[130].Blagburn BL, Drain KL, Land TM, et al.Comparative efficacy evaluation of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide, and paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum infections in a neonatal mouse model[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,1998,42:2877-2882.
[131].Theodos CM, Griffiths JK, D’Onfro J, et al . Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models[J]. Antimicrob AgentsChemother,1998,42:1959-1965.
[132].Fayer R, Ellis W. Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves[J].J Parasitol,1993,79:771-774.
[133].Sreter T, Szell Z, Varga I. Anticryptosporidial prophylactic efficacy of enrofloxacin and paromomycin in chickens[J].J Parasitol,2002,88:209-211.
[134].Armson A, Menon K, O’Hara A, et al.Efficacy of oryzalin and associated histological changes in Cryptosporidium-infected neonatal rats[J],Parasitology, 2002,125:113-117.
[135].Gobel E.Diagnosis and treatment of acute cryptosporidiosis in the calf[J].Tierarztl Umschau,1987,42:863-864.
[136].Gobel E.Possibilities of therapy of cryptosporidiosis in calves in problematic farms[J],Zbl Bakt-Int J Med M,1987,265:490.
[137].Gobel E, Loscher T.Possibilities of treating cryptosporidiosis in man and animals[J].Trop Med Parasitol,1987,38:253-254.
[138].Moon HW, Woode GN, Ahrens FA.Attempted chemoprophylaxis of cryptosporidosis in calves[J],Veterinary Record,1982,110:181.
[139].Riggs MW, Schaefer DA, Kapil SJ, et al.Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against defined antigens for passive immunotherapy of chronic gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis[J]。Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2002,46:275-282.
[140].Hunt E,Fu Q,Armstrong MU,et al.Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves[J].Pediatr Res,2002,51:370-376.
[141].Arrowood MJ,Mead JR,Mahrt JL,et al. Effects of immune colostrum and orally administered antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies on the outcome of Cryptosporidium parvum infections in neonatal mice[J]. Infect Immun,1989,57:2283-2288.
[142].Doyle PS, Crabb J, Petersen C.Anti-Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies inhibit infectivity in vitro and in vivo[J].Infect Immun,1993,61:4079-4084.
[143].Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb J, et al . Prophylactic effect of bovine anti- Cryptosporidium hyperimmune colostrum immunoglobulin in healthy volunteers challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Clin Infect Dis,1998,26:1324-1329.
[144].Alak JI,Wolf BW,Mdurvwa EG, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome[J].J Infect Dis.1997.175:218-221.
[145].Alak JI,Wolf BW,Mdurvwa EG,et al.Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or L. acidophilus reduced intestinal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunodeficient C57BL/6 mice[J].Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand),1999,45:855-863.
[146].Foster JC, Glass MD, Courtney PD, et al.Effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability[J].Food Microbiol, 2003,20:351-357.
[147].de Graaf DC,Spano F,Petry F,et al. Speculation on whether a vaccine against crypto- sporidiosis is a reality or fantasy[J].Int J Parasitol, 1999,29:1289-1306.
[148].Jenkins MC.Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance[J].Vet Parasitol,2001,101:291-310.
[149].Harp JA, Woodmansee DB, Moon HW.Effects of colostral antibody on susceptibility of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Am J Vet Res, 1989,50:2117-2119.
[150].Fayer R, Andrews C, Ungar BL, et al. Efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves[J].J Parasitol, 1989,75:393-397.
[151].Hafner CL, Brittingham MC . Evaluation of a Stream-Bank Fencing Program in Pennsylvania[J].Wildlife Society Bulletin,1993,21:307-315.
[152].Sheffield RE,Mostaghimi S,Vaughan DH,et al. Off-stream water sources for grazing cattle as a stream bank stabilization and water quality BMP[J]. Transactions of the Asae,1997,40:595-604.
[153].Tate KW,Nader GA,Lewis DJ,et al. Evaluation of buffers to improve the quality of runoff from irrigated pastures[J].J soil Water Conserv,2000,55:473-478.
[154].Entry JA,Hubbard RK,Thies JE,et al. The influence of vegetation in riparian filterstrips on coliform bacteria: I. Movement and survival in water[J].J Envron Qual,2000,29:1206-1214. 47
[155].Lim TT,Edwards DR,Workman SR,et al. Vegetatited filter strip removal of cattle manure constituents in runoff[J].Trans Asae,1998,41:1375- 1381.
[156].Coyne MS, Gilfillen RA, Villalba A,et al. Fecal bacteria trapping by grass filter strips during simulated rain[J].J Soil Water Conserv,1998,53:140-145.
[157].Atwill ER, Hou L, Karle BM, et al.Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through vegetated buffer strips and estimated filtration efficiency[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2002,68:5517-5527.
[158].Betancourt WQ , Rose JB . Drinking water treatment processes for removal ofCryptosporidium and Giardia[J].Vet Parasitol,2004,126:219-234.
[159].Edzwald JK, Tobiason JE, Parento LM, et al.Giardia and Cryptosporidium removals by clarifiaction and filtration under challenge conditions[J].J Am Water Works Ass,2000,92:70-84.
[160].Craik SA,Weldon D,Finch GR,et al.Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation[J].Water Res, 2001,35:1387-1398.
[161].Corona-Vaszuez B,Samuelson A,Rennecker JL,et al.Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine[J].Water Res,2002,36:4053-4063.
[162].Jacangelo JG,Adham SS,Laine JM. Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF[J].J Am Water Works Ass, 1995,87:107- 121.
[163].Jacangelo JG,Adham SS,Laine JM. Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF[J]. J Am Water Works Ass,1995,87:107- 121.
[164].Horman A,Rimhanen-Finne R, Maunula L,et al.Evaluation of the purification capacity of nine portable, smallscale water purification devices[J]. Water Sci Technol,2004,50:179-183.
[165].Gerba CP, Naranjo JE, Hansan MN.Evaluation of a combined portable reverse osmosis and iodine resin drinking water treatment system for control of enteric waterborne pathogens[J].J Envron Sci Health A-Envir,1997,32:2337-2354.
[166].CDC.Cryptosporidium and water: A public health handbook[S]. Atlanta, GA, Center for Diseses Control and prevention, 1997,48
[167].Juranek DD.Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention[J].Clin Infect Dis,1995,21 Suppl 1:S57-61.
[168] Fayer R.Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite [J].Vet Parasitol,2004, 126:37-56
[169]张珍.微小隐孢子虫免疫保护性基因的研究进展[J].滨州医学院学报,2009,32(2):123-124
[170] Watts AM,Kennedy RC.DNA vaccination strategies against infectious diseases[J].Int J Parasitol,1999,29(8):1149-1163
[171]菅复春,张龙现,宁长申,等.隐孢子虫病免疫学研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2005,26(6):9-12.
[172] Cevallos AM,Zhang X,Waldor MK,et al.Molecular cloning and ecpression of a geneencoding Cryptosporidium parvum glycoproteins gp 40 and gp15[J].Infect Immun,2000,68:4108-4116
[173] Strong WB,Gut J.Nelson RG.Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene edcoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kiloDalton sporozoite surface antigen products[J].Infect Immun,2000,68:4117-4134
[174]李小红,曹建平,刘述先.微小隐孢子虫抗原的研究进展[J].国外医学寄生虫病分册,2005,32(2):61-65
[175] Tilley M,Upton SJ,Fayer R,et al. Identification of a 15-kilodalton surface glycopotein on sporozoites of Crptosporidium parvam[J].Infect Immun,1991,59(3):1002-1007
[176] Priest JW,Xie L T,Arrowood MJ,et al.The immunodominant 17-kDa antigen from Cryptosporidium parvum is lycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,2001,113:117-126
[177] Perryman LE,Jasmer DP,Riggs MW,et al.Acloned gene of Cryptosporidium parvum endodes neutralization-sensitive epitopes[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1996,80(2):137-147
[178] Perryman L E,Jasmer DP,Riggs MW,et al. A cloned gene of Cryptosporidium parvum encodes neutralization-sensitive epitopes[J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol,1996,80:137-147.
[179] Schaefer DA,Auerbach-Dixon BA,Riggs MW. Characterization and formulation of multiple epitope-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against cryptosporidiosis[J]. Infect Immun,2000,68:2608-2616.
[180] Smith LM,Priest JW,Lammie PJ,et al. Human T and B cell immunoreactivity to a recombinant 23-kDa Cryptosporidium parvum antigen[J]. J Parastol,2001,87(3):704-707.
[181] Perryman LE,Kapil SJ,Jones ML,et al.Protection of calves against Cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein[J].Vaccine,1999,(17):2142-2149.
[182]姚龙泉.微小隐孢子虫粘附相关蛋白基因的筛选、表达及免疫保护性研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2006
[183] Tilley M,Upton SJ.Electrophoretic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum(KSU-1 isolate)(Apicomplexa:Crptosporidiidae)[J].Can J Zool,1990,68:1513-1519
[184] Riggs MW,McNeil MR,Perryman LE,et al. Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite pellicle antigen recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody is a beta-mannosylatedglycolipid[J].Infect Immun,1999,67:1317-1322
[185].Langer RC, Riggs.MW. Cryptosporidium parvum apical complex glycoprotein CSL contains a sporozoite ligand for intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Infect Immun.,1999,67:5282-5291.
[186] Riggs MW,Stone AL,Yount PA,et al. Protective monoclonal antibody defines a circumsporozoite-like glycoprotein exoantigen of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and merozoites[J]. J Immunol,1997,158:1787-1795.
[187] Langer RC,Schaefer DA,Riggs MW. Characterization of an intestinal epithelial cell receptor recognized by the Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite ligand CSL[J]. Infect Immun.,2001,69:1661-1670.
[188]Petersen C,Gut J,Doyle PS,et al.Charaterization of a>900000 Mr Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite glycoprotein recongnizaed by protective hyperimmune bovine colostral immunoglobulin[J].Infect Immun,1992,60(12):5132-5138
[189] Barnes DA,Bonnin A,Huang JX,et al.A novel multidomain mucirrlike glycoptotein of Ctyptosporidium parvum mediates invasion[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,96:93-110
[190] Joe A,Verdon R,Tzipori S,et al.Attachment of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites to human intestinal epithelial cells[J].Infect Immun,1998,66:3429-3432.
[191] Barnes DA,Bonnin A,Huang JX,et al.A novel multi-domain mucin-like glycoprotein of Cryptosporidium parvum mediates invasion[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1998,96:93-110.
[192] Cevallos AM,Bhat N,Verdon R,et al, Mediation of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro by mucin-like glycoproteins defined by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody[J]. Infect Immun,2000,68:5167-5175.
[193] Chen XM,LaRusso NF.Mechanisms of attachment and internalization of Cryptosporidium parvum to biliary and intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Gastroenterology,2000,118:368-379.
[194] Petry F,Shirly MW,Miles MA,et al.Characterisation of a Cryptosporidium parvum specific cDNA clone and dectection of parasite DNA in mucosal scrapings of infected mice[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,95:21-31.
[195]韩红玉,林娇娇,黄兵.鸡球虫入侵相关分子的研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2007,28(9):60-64
[196] Tomley F M,Billington KJ,Bumstead M,et al. EtMIC4:a microneme protein from Eimeria tenella that contains tandem arrays of epidermal growth factor-like repeats andthrombospondin type-Ⅰrepeats[J].Int J Parasitol,2001,31:1303-1310
[197] Menard R.The journev of the malaria sporozite through its Hosts:two parasite proteins lead the way[J].Mircobes Infect,2000,2:633-642
[198] Sultan A A,Thathy V,Frevert U,et al. TRAP is necessary for gliding motility and infectivity of Plasmodium sporozoites[J].Cell,1997,90:511-522
[199] Matuschewski K,Nunes A C,Nussenzweig V,et al.Plasmodium sporozoite invasion into insect and mammalian cells is directed by the same dual binding system[J].EMBO J,2002,21:1597-1606
[200] Spano F,Putignani L,Naitza S,et al.Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a new member of the thrombospondin family[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,98:147-162.
[201] Gerwig G J,van Kuik J A,Leeflang B R,et al.The Giardia intestinalis filamentous cyst wall contains a novelβ(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactonsamine polymer:a structural and conformational study[J].Glycobiology,2002,12(8):499-505
[202] Edward L J,Keriman S.Potential drug targets in cystwall biosynthesis by intestinal protozoa[J].Drug Resistance Updates,2003(6):239-246
[203] Miachel T,Steve J upton,Byron L,et al.Identification of Outer Oocyst Wall Proteins of Three Cyrptosporidium(Apicomplexa:cryptosporidiidae) Species by 125I Surface Labeing[J].Infection and Immunity,1990,58:252-253
[204] Templeton TJ,Lancto CA,Vigdorovich V,et al.The Cryptosporidium oocyst wall proteins is a membet of a multigene family and has a homology in Toxoplasma[J].Infect Immun,2004,72(2):980-987
[205] Lally NC,Baird GD,McQuary SJ,et al. A 2359-base pair DNA fragment from Cryptosporidium parvum encoding a repetitive oocyst protein[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1992,56:69-78
[206].Ranucci L,Muller HM,Rosa GL,et al.Characterization and immunolocalization of a Cryptosporidium protein containing repeated amino acid motifs[J].Infect Immun,1993,61(6):2347-2356
[207] Spano F,Puri G,Ranucci L,et al.Cloning of the entire COWP gene of Cryptosporidium parvum and ultrastructural localization of the protein during sexual parasite development[J]. Parasitology,1997,114(Pt 5):427-437
[208].张西臣,赵权.动物寄生虫病学[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,2005:343-344
[209].Qu LY,Sun XQ,Xiang JH,et al.Advances in study on heat shock protein[J].Advances in Marine Science,2004,22:385-391
[210].刘海鹏,曹建平,李小红等.安氏隐孢子虫热休克蛋白编码基因的克隆、表达和分析[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2007,25(3):163-170
[211].Kumar N,Nagasawa H,Sacci JB Jr,et al.Exptession of members of the heat-shock protein 70 family in the exoerythrocyticstages of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum[J].Parasitol Res,1993,79:109-113
[212].Davis-Hayman SR,Shah PH,Finley RW,et al.Antigenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis heat-shock proteins in human infections[J].Parasitol Res,2000,86:115-120
[213].Kopacz J,Kumar N.Murine gamma delta T lymphocytes elicited during Plasmodium yielii infection respond to Plasmodiu heat shock proteins[J].Infect Immun,1999,67:57-63
[214].Ardeshir F,Flint JE,Richman SJ,et al.A 75 KD merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum which is related to the 70 KD heat-shock proteins[J].EMBO J,1987,6:493-499
[215].Ungar BL,Soave R,Fayer R,et al. Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons[J].J Infect Dis,1986,153:570-575
[216].Mead J R,Arrowood M J,Sterling C R,et al.Antigens of cryptosporidium sporozoites recognized by immue sera of infected animals and humans[J].J parssitol,1990,74:135-137.
[217] ungar B L,Burris J A,Quinn C A,et al.cryptosporidium infection in an adult mouse model.Indepedent roles for IFN-γCD4+ T lymphocytes in propective immunity[J].J Immunol,1991,147:1014-1020
[218].Flanigan T.Hunan immunodeficiency virus infection and cryptosporidiosis:prospective immune response[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,1994,50:29-32
[219].Cozon G,Biron F,Jeannin M,et al.Secretory IgA antibody response to Cryptosporidium parvum is AIDS patients with chromic cryptosporidisis[J].J Infect Dis,1994,169:696-699
[220].Whitmire WM,Harp JA.Characterization of bovine cellular and serum antibody responses during infection by Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infect Immun,1991,59(3):990-995.
[221].Laxer MA,Alcantara AK,Javato-Laxer M,et al.Immune response to Cryptosporidiosis in Philippine children[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,1990,42(2):131-139.
[222].何宏轩,张西臣,尹继刚等.微小隐孢子虫CP15/60-DNA滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的粘膜与系统免疫反应[J].中国农业大学学报,2002,7(5):112-116.
[223].Williams RO,Burden DJ.Measurement of class specific antibody against Cryptosporidium in serum and faeces from experimentally infected calves[J].Res Vet Sci,1987,43(2):264-265.
[224].Taghi-Kilani R,Sekla L,Hayglass KT.The role of humoral immunity in Cryptosporidium spp. Infection.Studies with B cell-depleted mice[J].J Immunol,1990,145(5):1571-1576.
[225].Allam AF,Abou-Shousha SA,Abou Shamaa LA.Antibody profile,interferon-gamma and nutritional status in cryptosporidial infection among school children[J].Egypt Soc Parasitol,2002,32(3):755-766.
[226] Vergara-Castiblanco CA,Qulez-Cinca J,Freire-Santos F,et al. Serological response to Cryptosporidium parvum in adult cattle from the Andean region of Colombia[J].Parasitology Research,2001,87(6):500-504.
[227].陈兆国,史天卫,汪明.哺乳动物隐孢子虫感染的细胞免疫体液免疫研究进展[J].中国人兽共患病杂志,1998,14(6):53-57
[228].王秋霞,庞玉芳,鲁琨等.隐孢子虫细胞免疫作用研究进展[J].中国病原生物学杂志,2008,3(7):546-548
[229].许礼发,王克霞,王建等.隐孢子虫病患者与机体细胞免疫功能相关性的研究[J].免疫学杂志,2003,19(3):215-217
[230].陈慰峰.医学免疫学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2001:92-96
[231].Abrahamsen MS.Bovine T cell responses to Cryptosporidium parvum infection [J]. International Journal for Parasitology,1998,28(7):1083-1088
[232].陈淑兰,边进才,曹志然等.隐孢子虫感染与细胞免疫功能及细胞因子[J].中国人兽共患病杂志,2002,18(1):122-123
[233].WR Waters,JA Harp.Cryptosporidium parvum infection in T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha- and TCR-delta-deficient mice[J].Infect Immun,1996,64(5):1854-1857
[234]Riggs MW.Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis:the immune response[J].Microbesand Infection,2002,4:1067-1080
[235].S-X Zu,G-D Fang,R. Fayer,et al.Cryptosporidiosis: Pathogenesis and immunology [J].Parasitology Today,1992,8(1):24-27
[236].C S Tripp,S F Wolf ,E R Unanue,et al.Interleukin 12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha are costimulators of interferon gamma production by natural killer cells in severe combinedimmunodeficiency mice with listeriosis, and interleukin-10 is a physiologic antagonist [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci.USA,1993,90:3725-3729
[237].Ehigiator HN,Romagnoli P,Borgelt K,et al.Mocosal cytokine and antigen-specific responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in IL-12 p40 KO mice[J].Parssite Immunology,2005,27:17-28
[238].Singh I,Theodos C,Li WJ,et al. Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum spetcfic cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of C.parvum infection[J].Parasitolory Research,2005,97(4):309-317
[239].刘冬妍,吕昌龙.肠上皮内淋巴细胞及其与肠道疾病[J].国外医学免疫学分册,2001,23(3):137-140
[240].Wyatt CR,Brackett EJ,Perryman LE,et al.Activation of intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes in calves infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infect Immun,1997,65(1):185-190
[241].Adjei AA,Shrestha AK,Castro M,et al.Adoptive transfer of immunity with intraepithelial lymphocytes in Cryptosporidium parvum infected severe combined immunodeficient mice[J].The American Journal of the Medical Sciences,2000,320(5):304-309
[242].Guk S,Yong TS,Chai JY.Role of murine inetsrinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].The Journal of Parasitology,2003,89(2):270-275
[243].黄复深,易新元.寄生虫的黏膜免疫研究进展[J].国外医学寄生虫病分册,2004,31(3):105-08
[244].Lacroix S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum specific mucosal immune response in C57BL/6 neonatal and gamma interferon-deficient mice:role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in protection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69(3):1635-1642
[245].Nathan C,Shiloh MU.Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammmalian hosts and microbial pathogens[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97:8841-8848
[246] Gookin J L,Duckett L L,Armstrong M U,et al.Nitric oxide synthase stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and barrier function in C.parvum-infected porcine ileum [J]. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2004,287:G571-G581
[247].Leitch GJ , HE Q . Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species ameliorate experimental crypotsporidiosis in the neonatal BALB/c mouse model[J].Infection and Immunity,1999,67: 5885-5891
[248].Gookin J L,Chiang S,Allen J,et al.NF-kappaB-mediated expression of iNOS promotes epithelial defense against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal piglets [J].American Journal of Physiology- Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2006,290:G164-G174
[249] Leitch GJ,HE Q.Arginine-derived nitric oxide reduces fecal oocyst shedding in nude mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infection and Immunity,1994,62:5173-5176
[250].Huang K,Yang S.Inhibitory effect of selenium on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in vivo[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2002,90:261-272
[251].Yassien N A,Khalifa E A, el-Nouby K A. Role of anti-oxidant preparation(oxi-guard) on Cryptosporidium parvum infection inalbino mice[J].Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology,2001,31:95-106
[252] Takeuchi D,Jones V C,Kobayashi M,et al. Cooperative role of macrophages and neutrophils in host antiprotozoan resistance in mice acutely infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Infection and Immunity,2008,76:3657-3663
[253] Hayward AR,Cosyns M,Jones M,et al.Marrow-Derived CD40-positive Cell are required for mice to clear Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69:1630-1634
[254].Auray G,Lacroix-Lamande S,Mancassola R,et al.Involvement of intestinal epithelial cells in dendritic cell recruitment during C.parvum infection[J].Microbes and Infection,2007,9:574-582
[255].Barakat F M,McDonald V,Foster G R,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum infection rapidly induces a protective innate immune response involving type I interferon[J].Journal of Infectious Diseases,2009b,200:1548-1555
[256].Hill BD,Blewett DA,Dawson AM,et al.Analysis of the kinetics,isotype and specificity of serum and coproantibody in lambs infected with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Research in Veterinary Science,1990,48:76-81
[257] Peeter JE,Villacorta I,Vanopdenbosch E,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum in calves:kinetics and immunoblot analysis of specific serum and local antibody responses(immunoglibulin A[IgA],IgG,and IgM)after natural and ecperimental infections[J].Infection and Immunity,1992,60:2309-2316
[258].Ungar BL,Soave R,Fayer R,et al.Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies to Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons[J].Journal of Infectious Diseases,1986,153:570-578
[259].Williams RO,Burden DJ.Measurement of class specific antibody against cryptosporidium in serum and faeces from experimentally infected calves[J].Research in Veterinary Science,1987,43:264-265
[260].Franz Petry,Vera Jakobi,Tesfaye S,et al.Host immume response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Experimental Parasitology,2010,126:304-309
[261] Jakobi V,Petry F.Humoral immune response in interleukin-12 and interferon-γdeficient mice after infection with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Parasite Immunology,2008,30:151-161
[262] Cozon C,Biron F,Jeannin M,et al.Secretory IgA antibodies to cryptosporidium parvum in AIDS patients with chronic cryptosporidiosis[J].Journal of Infectious Diseases,1994,169:696-699
[263] Reperant JM,Naciri M,Iochmann S,et al.Major antigens of Cryptosporidium parvum recognised by serum antibodies fron different infected animal species and man[J].Veterinary Parasitology,1994,55:1-13
[264].Chen W,Harp JA,Harmsen AG.Cryptosporidium parvum infection in genetargeted B cell-deficient mice[J].Journal of Parasitology,2003,89:391-393
[265].陆惠民.细胞因子和寄生虫感染[J].苏州医学院院报,2000,20(10):875-878
[266] Kapel N,Benhamou Y,Buraud M,et al.kinetics of mucosal ilealγ-interferon response during cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent neonatal mice[J].Parasitology Research,1996,82:664-667
[267].Wyatt CR,Brackett EJ,SavidgeJ.Evidence for the emergence of a type-1-like immune response in inesstinal mucosa of calves recovering from Cryptosporidiosis[J].The Journal of Parasitology,2001,87(1):90-95
[268] White Jr A C,Cron S G,Chappell C L. Paryomonycin in cryptosporidiosis[J] Clinical Infectious Diseases,2001,32:1516-1517
[269].You X,Mead JR.Characterization of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection inIFN-gamma knockout mice[J].parasitology,1998,117(6):525-531
[270].Mcdonald V.Host cell-mediated responses to infection with Cryptosporidium[J].Parasite Immunology,2000,22(12):597-604
[271].苑文英,赵清,张平等.白细胞介素家族在弓形虫感染中的作用[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2010,22(1):96-99
[272].Ehigiator HN,McNair N,Mead JR. Cryptosporidium parvum:The contribution of Th1-inducing pathways to the resolution of infection in mice[J].Experimental Parasitology,2007,115:107-113
[273].Urban Jr.JF , Fayer R , Chen S J , et al . IL-12 protects immunocompetent and immunodeficient neonatal mice against infection with Cryptosporidium parvum[J].Journal of Immunology,1996,156:263-268
[274].Tessema TS,Schwamb B,Lochner M,et al.Dynamics of gut mucosal and systemic Th1/Th2 Cytokine responses in interferon-γand interleukin-12 p40 knock out mice during primary and challenge Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Immunobiology,2009,214:454-466
[275].Pasquali P,Fayer R,Zarlenga D,et al.Recombinant bovine interleukin-12 stimulates a gut immune response but does not provide resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal calves[J].Veterinary Parasitology,2006,135:259-268
[276].Smith LM,Bonafonte MT,Canpbell LD,et al.Exogenous interleukin-12(IL-12)exacerbates Cryptosporidium parvum infection in gamma-iterferon knockout mice [J]. Experimental Parasitology,2001,98(3):123-133
[277] Nakanishi K,Yoshimoto T,Tsutsui H,et al. Interleukin-18 regulates both Th1 and Th2 responses[J].Annual Review of Immunology,2001,19:423-474
[278] Singh I,Theodos C,Li W,et al.Kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum-specific cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of C.parvum infection[J].Parasitology Research,2005,97:309-317
[279].Smith LM,Bonafonte M T,Mead JR. Cytokine expression and specific lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of Cryptosporidium parvum-infected gamma-interferon knockout mice[J].Journal of Parasitology,2000,86:300-307
[280].McDonald V. Host cell-mediated responses to infection with Cryptosporidium[J].Parasite Immunology,2000,22:597-604
[281] Sonia Lacroix-Lamande S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al.Role of gamma interferon in chemokine expression in the ileum of mice and in a murine intestinal epithelial cell line after Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Infection and Immunity,2002,70(4):2090-2099.
[282].Buret AG,Chin AC,Scott K GE,et al.Infection of human and bovine epithelial cells with Cryptosporidium andersoni induces apoptosis and disrupts tight junctional ZO-1:effects of epidermal growth factor[J]. International Journal for Parasitology,2003,3(12):1363-1371.
[283].Lean IS,McDonald V,Pollok RC.The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium infection[J].Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases,2002,15(3):229-234
[284].Wyatt.C R,W J Barrett,et al.Phenotypic comparison of ileal intraepithelial lymphocyte populations of suckling and weaned calves[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1999,67:213–222.
[285].Lacroix S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al. Cryptosporidium parvum specific moucosal immune response in C57BL/6 neonatal and gamma interferon-deficient mice:role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in protection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69(3):1635-1642
[286] Chen W,Harp JA,Harmsen AG,et al.Requirements for CD4+ cells and gamma interferon in resolution of established Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice[J].Infetcion and Immunity,1993a,61:3928-3932
[287].McDonald V,Bancroft GJ.Mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in SCID mice[J].Parasite Immunology,1994,16:315-320
[288].Lacroix S,Mancassola R,Naciri M,et al. Cryptosporidium parvum specific mucosal immune response in C57BL/6 neonatal and gamma interferon deficient mice.role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in protection[J].Infection and Immunity,2001,69:1635-1642
[289].Maillot C,Gargala G,Delaunay A,et al.Cryptosporidium parvum infection stimulates the secretion of TGF-β,IL-8 and RANTEs bay Caco-2 cell line[J].Paraditology Research,2000,86:947-949
[290].Robinson P,Okhuysen PC,Chappell CL,et al. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1βin jejuna of volunteers after experimental challenge with Cryptosporidium parvum correlates with exposure but not with symptoms[J].Infetcion and Immunity,2001,69:1172-1174
[291].Lean IS,Lacroic-Lamande S,Laurent F,et al.Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in development of immunity against Cryptosporidium parvum infection[J].Infection andImmunity,2006,74:4379-4382
[292].Dulbecco R.US Patent No.4593002[P],1986.
[293].Smith G P.Filamentous Fusion phage:novel expression vector that displaycloned antigens on the viron surface[J].Science,1985,228:1315-1317.
[294].Scott J,Smith G.Searching for peptide ligands with an epitope library[J].Science,1990,240:386-390.
[295].Cheng J,Zhong Y W,Liu Y,et al.Screening and identification of a humanized single chain variable region antibody for hepatitis C virus non-structural 3 protein[J].Chin J Immunol,2000,16(4):246.
[296].戴和平,高宏,赵新颜.噬菌体展示技术的原理和方法[J].水生生物学报,2002,26(4):400-409.
[297].Beck E,Sommer R,Auerswald E A,et al.Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage fd DNA[J].Nucleic Acids Res,1978,5:4495-4504.
[298]van Wezenbeek P M G F,Hulsebos T J M,Schoenmakers J G G.Nucleotide sequence of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 DNA genome:comparison with phage fd[J].Gene,1980,11:129-148.
[299].Beck E , Zink B . Nucleotide sequence and genome organisation of filamentous bacteriophages f1 and fd[J].Gene,1981,16:35-58.
[300].甄永苏,邵荣光.抗体工程药物[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2002:43-44.
[301]Crissman J W,Smith G P.Gene-Ⅲprotein of filamentous phages:Evidence for a carboxyl-terminal domain with a role in morphogenesis[J].Virology,1984, 132:445-455.136
[302].贾球锋,李丽芳,张映.噬菌体展示技术[J].动物医学进展,2006,27:101-103.
[303]贾盘兴.噬菌体分子生物学[M].北京:科学出版社.2001.
[304].Rosenberg A,Griffin K,Sludier F W,et al.T7 select phage display system:A powerful new protein display system based on bacteriophage T7[J].Invations, 1996,6:1-6.
[305].Azzazy HM,Highsmit h WE J r.Phage display technology:clinical applications and recent innovations[J].Clin Biochem,2002,35(6):425-445.
[306].McCafferty.Phage antibodies:filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains[J]. Nature,1990,348(6301):552-554.
[307].Pini A,Ricci C,Bracci L.Phage display of antibody fragments[J].Curr Protein Pept Sci,2000,1(2):155-169.
[308].Tordsson J M,Ohlsson L G,Abrahmsen L B,et al.Phageselected primate antibodies fused to superantigen for immunotherapy of malignant melanoma[J] . Cancer lmmunol lmmunother,2000,48(12):691-702.
[309].Tesar M,Beckmann C,Rottgen P,et al.Monoclonal antibody against pⅢof filamentous phage:an immunological tool to study pⅢfusion protein expression in phage display systems[J].Immunotechnology,1995,1(1):53- 64.
[310].Zhong YW,Cheng J,Wang G,et al.Epitope mapping of hepatitis C virus non2st ructure protein f rom a 7 peptide phage library by using immobilized specific monoclonal antibody[J].Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi,2002,10(4):266-268.
[311].Loktev AV,Kuvshinov VN,Melamed NV,et al.Localization of tickborne encephali tis virus protein E antigenic determinant recognized by antihemagglutinating monoclonal antibodies using a phage-display peptide library[J].Vopr Virusol,2002,47(2):31-34.
[312].Junjian X,Zhenyu Z,Ning D,et al.Scrccning of the antigen epitopes of basic fibroblast growth factor by phage display[J].J.Biochem.Mol.Biol,2005, 38(3):290-293.
[313].Beenhouner DO,May RJ,Valadon P,et al.High affinity mimotope of the polysaccharide capsule of Cry ptococcus neof ormans identified f rom an evolutionary phage peptide library[J].J Immunol,2002,169(12):6992-6999.
[314].Falke D,Juliano R L.Selective gene regulation with designed transcription actors: implications for therapy[J].Cnrr.Opin.Mol.Ther,2003,5(2):161-166.
[315].Deocharan B,Qing X,Beger E,et al.Antigenic:triggers and molecular targets for anti-double stranded DNA antibody[J].Lupus,2002,11(12):865-871.
[316].Machold KP,Smolen J S.Adalimumab-a new TNF-alpha antibody for t139 reatment of inflammatory joint disease[J].Expert Opin Biol Ther,2003,3 (2):351-360.
[317].Weetman AP.Autoimmunet hyroid disease:propagation and progression[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2003,148(1):1-9.
[318].Pasqualini R,Arap W,Donald DM.Probing the structural and molecular diversity of tumor vasculature[J].Trends Mol Med,2002,8(12):563-571.
[319].Forrer P,J ung S,Plückt hun A.Beyond binding:using phage display to select for structure,folding and enzymatic activity in proteins[J].Curr Opin St ruct Biol,1999,9(4):514-520.
[320].Bai YaWen,Feng HanQiao.Selection of stably folded proteins by phage- display withproteolysis[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,2004,271 (9):1609-1614.
[321].Dowd CS,Zhang W,Li C.From receptor ecognition mechanisms to bioinspired mimetic antagonists in HIV-1/cell docking[J].J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl,2001,753(2):327-335.
[322].Agell N,Aligue R,Alemany V,et al.New nuclear functions for calmodulin[J].Cell Calcium,1998,23(223):115-121.
[323].Bergogne-berezin E.Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia[J].Chest,1995,108(2):26-34.
[324].Smith GP.Filamentous fusion phage:novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface[J].Science,1985,228:1315-1317.
[325].Zucconi A,Dente L,Santonico E,et al.Selection of ligands by panning of domain libraries displayed on phage lambda reveals new potential partners of synaptojanin 1[J].Mol Biol,2001,307:1329-1339.
[326].钟彦伟,成军,张忠东等.应用噬菌体展示技术筛选丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS4A结合蛋白[J].解放军医学杂志,2004,29(1):20-22.
[327].Bukanov NO,Meek AL,Klinger KW,et al.A modified two-step phage display selection for isolation of polycystin-1 ligands[J].Funct Integr Genomics,2000,1(3):193-199.
[328].Danner S,Belasco JG.T7 phage display:a novel genetic selection system for cloning RNA-binding proteins from cDNA libraries[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001,98(23):12954-12959.
[329].Fu Y,Shearing LN,Haynes S,et al.Isolation from phage display librayies of single chain variable fragment antibodies that recognize conformational epitopes in the Malaria vaccine candidate,apical membrane antige-1[J].J Biol Chem,1997, 272(41):25678-25684.
[330].Dybwad A,Bogen B,Natvig JB,et al.Peptide phage libraries can be an efficient tool for identifying antibody ligands for polyclonal antisera[J].Clin Exp Immunol,1995,102(2):438-442.
[331].Adda CG,Tilley L,Anders RF,et al.Isolation of peptides that mimic epitopes on a Malaria antigen from random peptide libraries displayed on phage.Infect Immun. , 1999 ,67(9):4679-4688.
[332].Monette M,Opellas SJ,Greenwood J,et al.Structure of a Malaria parasite93 antigenic determinant displayed on filamentous bacteriophage determined by NMRspectroscopy:implications for the structure of continuous peptide epitopes of proteins[J].Protein Sci,2001,10(6):1150-1159.
[333].余传信,朱荫昌,殷旭仁等.用噬菌体肽库筛选SjC-TPI的模拟抗原表位[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2001,19:11-14.
[334].Gazarian KG,Rowley MJ,Gazarian TG,et al.Post-panning computer-aided analysis of phagotope collectios selected with neuro cysticercosis patient polyclonal antibodies:separation of disease-relevant and irrelevant peptide sequences[J].Chem High Throughput Screen,2001,4(3):221-235.
[335].Paget T,Khan N,Temple G,et al.Use of phage antibodies to distinguish closely related species of protozoan[J].Dis Markers,2000,16(1-2):83-90.
[336].Gnanasekar M,Kakaturu VNR,Yixun He,et al.Novel phage display-based subtractive screening to identify vaccine candidates of Brugia malayi[J].Infect Immun,2004,72(8):4707–4715.
[337].Greenwood J,Willi AE,Perham RN.Multiple display of foreign peptides on a filamentous bacteriophang.Peptides from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite protein as antigens[J].J Mol Biol,1991,220(4):821-827.
[338].王景林.核糖体展示与体外分了选择与进化[J].生物技术通讯,2003,14(2):148-150.
[339].Wang Y,Rubt sov A,Heiser R,et al.Using a baculovirus display library to identify MHC class I mimotopes[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2005,102(7): 2476-2481.
[340].Bergogne-berezin E.Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia[J].Chest,1995,108(2):26-34.
[341].Kaushik SL,Parmar VR,Grover N,et al.Neonatal sepsis in hospital born babies[J].The Journal of Communicable Diseases,1998,30(3):147-152.
[342].Yinnon AM,Butnaru A,Raveh D,et al.Klebsiella bacteraemia:community versus nosocomial infection.Monthly[J].Journal of the Association of Physicians,1996,89(12):933-941.
[343] Leoni F,Amar.C,Nichols.G,et al.Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000[J].Journal of Medical Microbiology,2006,55:703–707.
[344] Morse.T.D, Nichols R.A, Grimason A.M,et al.Incidence of cryptosporidiosis species in paediatric patients in Malawi[J].Epidemiology and Infection,2007,135:1307–1315.
[345].Dubremetz J F.Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii[J].Trends Microbiel,1998,6(1):27-30
[346] Carruthers V B,Giddings O K,Sibley L D.Secretion of miconemal proteins is associated with toxoplasma invasion of host cell[J].Cell Microbiol,1999,1:225-235
[347] Menard R.Gliding motility and cell invasion by apicomplexa:insights from the plasmodium sporozoite[J].Cell Microbiol,2001,3:63-73
[348] Jewett T J,Sibley L D.Aldolase forms a bridge between cell surface adhesins and the actin cytoskeleton in apicomplexan parasites[J].Mol Cell,2003,11:885-894
[349] Buscaglia C A,Coppens I,Hol W G,et al.Sites of interaction between aldolase and thrombospondin-related anonymous proteinin plasmodium[J].Mol Biol Cell,2003,14:4947-4957
[350]吕钢.寄生虫分泌/膜蛋白的生物信息学特征及研究策略[J].国际医学寄生虫病杂志,2009,36(3):173-1770
[351]吴观陵.人体寄生虫学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:39-53
[352].刘海鹏,曹建平.细胞骨架与隐孢子虫感染[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2006,22(6):583-587
[353] Wiest PM,Johnson JH,Flanigan TP.Microtubule inhibitors block Cryptosporidium parvum infection of a human enterocyte cell line[J].Infect Immun,1993,61(11):4888-4890
[354] Singh.B.B, Sharma.R,Kumar.H,et al.Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Punjab and its association with diarrhoea in neonatal dairy calves [J].Vet. Parasitol,2006,140:162~165.
[355] Satoh.M,Hikosaka. K,Sasaki. T,et al.Characteristics of a novel type of bovine Cryptosporidium andersoni [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol,2003,69:691~692.
[356].Kvac.M , Ondrackova.Z , Kvetonova.D , et al . Infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni to a novel host, southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha) [J].Vet. Parasitol,2007,143:229~233.
[357].何宏轩,张西臣,欧阳红等.微小隐孢子虫CP15抗原基因原核表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌的表达[J].中国寄生虫病防治杂志,2003,16(5):290-292
[358].何宏轩,张西臣,赵权等,微小隐孢子虫核酸疫苗的研究[J].吉林农业大学学部,2002,24(3):75-79
[359].何宏轩,张西臣,欧阳红生等.微小隐孢子虫CP23基因真核表达载体的构建及表达[J].寄生虫与医学昆虫学报,2003,10(1):16-20
[360].何宏轩,张西臣,尹继刚等.微小隐孢子虫子孢子表面蛋白CP15/60编码基因核酸疫苗研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(11):1357-1361
[361].于钦磊.隐孢子虫CP12/CP21双价核酸疫苗的研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008
[362].殷驰.微小隐孢子虫粘附相关蛋白基因的筛选及免疫特性研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2010