大豆活性成分的结构与功能评价
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摘要
大豆是中国的传统食物,是我国人民主要的食物蛋白质和脂肪来源。近年来研究发现,由于它含有大豆皂甙和异黄酮等生物活性成分而具有多方面的药理作用和生物活性功能,因而大豆研究倍受国内外学者关注。本文研究了从大豆中同步提取分离纯化大豆活性成分的工艺参数,对得到的纯级分进行了系统的理化性质研究,并首次采用分子生物学前沿技术从细胞凋亡角度探讨了大豆皂甙纯级分的抗肿瘤作用机制,首次从开发第三代保健食品的高度进行了大豆异黄酮的降糖功能评价,系统研究了大豆活性成分的抗氧化作用。完成的工作主要包括以下几个方面:
     1.大豆中活性成分的同步提取
     脱脂大豆粉,用50%的乙醇溶液,按1:27(W/V)的固液比,在60℃下浸提5小时,连续提取三次后达到最佳效果,活性成分的提取率可分别达到:大豆异黄酮0.28%、大豆皂甙2.38%、大豆低聚糖10.68%。提取液用正丁醇萃取,将萃取液的水层脱色脱盐得到大豆低聚糖,TCL分析表明含蔗糖、棉子糖和水苏糖。实验证明,分光光度计法是提取过程中大豆三种活性成分含量检测的有效方法,也适用于在后续分离纯化工序中这三种活性成分的含量测定。
     2.大豆皂甙的分离纯化与鉴定
     大豆醇提液用饱和正丁醇萃取2次,收集上层溶液层,脱溶后以甲醇-乙酸乙酯溶解,所得沉淀物用醇溶解后上D101A大孔树脂层析柱吸附,醇-水洗脱,得到大豆皂甙三个级分,得率分别为0.118%、0.097%、0.026%,纯级分中异黄酮甙含量仅为0.253%、0.165%、0.225%(以纯级分为基数)。经HPLC-MS、HPLC、UV、IR和TLC等方法分析表明SS-Ⅰ、SS-Ⅱ、SS-Ⅲ为A族、B族大豆皂甙,均不含异黄酮甙元,并证实其中SS-Ⅱ含大豆皂甙Aa(脱乙酰A族大豆皂甙),SS-Ⅰ含染料木甙。
     3.大豆异黄酮的分离纯化与鉴定
     大豆异黄酮的甲醇-乙酸乙酯溶液浓缩后,用10%盐酸90℃下回流水解4h,滤液浓缩后用醇溶解上HPD600大孔树脂层析柱吸附,醇-水洗脱,得到大豆异黄酮三个级分,得率分别为0.078%、0.030%、0.024%,其中总异黄酮甙元含量为75.80%、94.04%、75.49%。经HPLC-MS、HPLC、UV、IR和TLC等分析表明SI-Ⅰ、SI-Ⅱ、SI—Ⅲ为染料木素和大豆甙元,还含极少量黄豆黄素,并证实了SⅠ-Ⅱ主要成分为染料木素(82.84%)。
     4.大豆皂甙诱导人肝癌细胞QGY-7703凋亡的研究
    
    黄进华中农业人学2003届协l一学位论文
     0.4一0.smg/ml大豆皂贰SS一11对人肝癌邻卜7703细胞的生长有显著的抑制作
    用,且具有时间一效应关系和剂量一效应关系(p<0 .01),采用荧光显微镜观察到大豆
    皂贰55一11极显著诱导了肝癌细胞凋亡(p<0 .01),并首次运用激光扫描共聚焦显微
    镜(CLSM)直接观察到大豆皂试诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的三维形态变化,流式细胞仪分析
    细胞凋亡过程时,发现其细胞周期被阻滞于S期,CLSM检测凋亡细胞胞内C犷浓度
    比对照组细胞极显著增大(p<0 .01)。55一n中异黄酮成分极少,指示大豆皂贰的抗
    肿瘤作用与大豆异黄酮无关。诱导细胞凋亡是大豆皂贰抗肿瘤活性的重要作用机理,
    细胞周期发生改变和胞内C犷浓度升高可能是细胞凋亡的作用机制之一。
     5.大豆异黄酮降血糖作用
     50一10omg/(kg.d)剂量的51一11,能极显著(P(0.01)降低四氧啼睫诱导的糖尿
    病小鼠血糖水平,缓解“三多一少”的糖尿病症状,极显著(P<0 .01)促进血清胰
    岛素浓度的恢复,组织切片表明大豆异黄酮促进胰岛p细胞的恢复。免疫组化分析
    发现大豆异黄酮抑制了胰岛细胞Fas蛋白表达。实验发现大豆异黄酮能增加搪尿病
    小鼠的免疫器官重量,促进糖尿病小鼠血脂水平的恢复。本研究表明大豆异黄酮对
    正常小鼠血糖没有影响。大豆异黄酮通过抑制胰岛细胞凋亡、提高免疫功能等途径
    促进胰岛p细胞功能恢复是大豆异黄酮降血糖的可能机制。
     6,大豆活性成分的杭氧化作用
     利用化学发光法系统地研究了大豆活性成分的体外抗氧化活性。大豆异黄酮和
    大豆皂贰具有很强的直接清除经基自由基、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子的作用,SI一I、
    51一11、55一11、55一111对轻基自由基的IC,。分别为38ug/ml、45u创ml、131 ug/ml、
    1 89ug产ml,对过氧化氢的IC5o分别为l.14ug/ml、1.42ug/角I、3.68ug/ml、479u留ml,
    对超氧阴离子的xCS。分别为1 .36ug/ml、z.62ugiml、3,26ug/mx、3.56ug/ml。大豆活
    性成分清除活性氧作用的差异,可能与组成及其分子结构有关。大豆异黄酮的抗氧
    化作用可能是其降糖活性的作用机理之一。
Soybean, a traditional Chinese food and a main source of dietary protein and fat in China, plays multiple roles in pharmacological and biological functions. It was proved that Soyasaponin (SS) and soybean isoflavone (SI) were its important bioactive components. This paper was performed on extracting technology of bioactive components of soy, physicochemical characteristics of purified fractions and antitumor mechanism of a chemical fraction (SS-II) by apoptosis. The studies were conducted on hypoglycemic activity by a purified fraction (Si- II) in order to ensure its believable and scientific degree as a functional factor of Soy in the third generation of functional food. The antioxygenic activity of SS and SI were also investigated. The main results are as follows:
    1. Extracting technology of SI, SS and soybean oligosaccharides (SO) from soybean
    The optimum extracting conditions was that powders of defatted soy were immersed in 27 times the volumes of the 50% alcohol and extracted by reflux for three times at 60 , each time for 5 hours. The extracting rate of SI, SS and SO in extract was 0.28%, 2.38% and 10.68% respectively. The spectrophotometer method was convenient, rapid and precise to analyze the contents of bioactive substance of soybean in course of extracting and refining.
    After removal of the solvent, the ethanol extracts was extracted with mixture n-BuOH-water (1:1, v/v). This operation was repeated for two times. After the organic layer was separated, the water layer was decolorized, desalted and dehydrated to obtain the total SO. The determination of purity by TLC indicated that the total SO consisted of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose.
    2. Isolation, purification and identification of SS
    The organic phase of n-BuOH extract prepared by the above method was concentrated under vacuum and dissolved in a mixture of MeOH and EtOAc. The solution was left overnight at room temperature and the precipitate was collected by filtration and treated with 95% ethanol. The ethanol solution was chromatographed on D101A macroporous resin column and eluted with Ethanol-Water to obtain three fractions of SS (SS- I and SS-II and SS-III). The yields of three fractions were 0.118%, 0.097% and 0.026% respectively (compared with the defatted soy). HPLC/MS, HPLC, UV-Vis, IR, TLC etc indicated that the three fractions consisted of a mixture of group A soyasaponins, group B soyasaponins and few isoflavone aglycone. HPLC-MS showed that soyasaponin Aa, a kind of group A soyasponins which exhibited a [M+H]+ protonated molecule at m/z 1239.2, was included in SS-II and
    
    
    
    Genistin, 5,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone -glucoside which exhibited a [M+H]+ protonated molecule at m/z 433, was included in SS-1 .
    3. Isolation, purification and identification of SI
    The EtOAc-MeOH extract was prepared by the above method. After filtration and removal of the solvent successively, the residue was immersed in 10% HC1 and hydrolyzed for 4 hours at 90 . The filtrate was dehydrated and chromatographed on HPD600 macroporous resin column and eluted with Ethanol-Water to obtain three fractions of SI (SI- I and SI- II and SI-III). The yields of three fractions were 0.078%, 0.030% and 0.024% respectively (compared with the defatted soy). The content of total isoflavone in three fractions were 75.80%, 94,04%, 75.49% respectively. It was indicated by HPLC-MS, HPLC, UV, IR and TLC that the three fractions were composed of genistein, daidzein and
    a litter glycitein. And SI- II was elucidated as genistein (82.84%).
    4. Affection of SS-11 on liver cancer lines QGY-7703 cells apoptosis
    SS-II could inhibit the growth of human liver tumor cell lines QGY-7703 effectively and showed obviously (p<0.01) dose-response and time-response relationship at the doses of 0.4 - 0.8 mg/ml. The morphological observation by the acridine orange/eihidium bromide double fluorescent dye staining suggested that SS-II could increase the apoptosis of liver cancer cells markedly (p<0.01) . Confoca! laser scan microscopy revealed for the first time that SS- II induce
引文
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