我国加入WTO后农业知识产权保护和技术贸易对策研究
摘要
在世界贸易组织中(WTO)，知识产权问题占有极其重要的位置。知识产权与国际贸易结合为一体，并与“货物贸易”、“服务贸易”一起构成世界贸易组织的三大支柱。随着中国加入世界贸易组织，世界前十名的农业跨国公司有七个以合资公司形式进入中国生物技术、农药和种子市场，中国的外资利用出现快速增长的趋势。同时，随着中国内农业科研和企业科技创新能力的增强和“走出去”战略的实施，与农业贸易有关的农业知识产权的保护问题日益突出，备受世界各国的重视，也是当前国际经济学界和法学界研究领域的热点问题之一。
本研究主要是从经济理论的角度来分析WTO—TRIPs协议作为一种全球性法规和制度对我国农业知识产权的保护和农业技术贸易的影响。从今后世界农产品贸易的变化趋势来看，随着经济的快速发展以及人们收入的增长和科技进步，高技术农产品和高附加值加工农产品的比重会逐步提高，而这些商品的生产过程建立在应用专利和技术诀窍的基础之上。在这一背景下，未来农产品贸易回越来越多地涉及到知识产权保护问题，如果处理不好，这可能成为引起贸易争端的重要因素之一因此开展这一领域的研究有着十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。
论文首先介绍农业知识产权保护与经济发展的关系，在此基础上，进一步阐述WTO—TRIPs协议的主要内容、特点和基本原则，特别是对农业知识产权保护的基本要求以及农业知识产权保护的范围和方式。然后通过应用经济学理论分析框架和理论推导对知识产权保护规则的实施模式以及农业知识产权最佳保护期限等进行理论探讨，得出农业专利和新品种一般情况下的实际有效保护期为6至10年。同时，在大量检索和设计调查问卷的基础上，对我国农业知识产权保护的成本和效益进行理论分析，在对比其他国家专利和新品种保护成本的基础上，分析出我国申请农业知识产权保护的成本和被侵权后的司法诉讼成本过高，影响了我国农业知识产权的申请和保护；此外，文章还就建立类似专利合作条约(PCT)性质的国际植物新品种保护公约，以期在多国专利同时申请方面实现帕累托最优原则进行了理论探讨，在此基础上，文章进一步对比分析实施农业知识产权保护规则对我国农业技术贸易特别是国外直接投资可能带来的影响进行，结果表明，强化农业知识产权保护，发展中国家会增加农业技术和产品的进口，发展中的大国更是如此；文章在调查问卷的基础上提出了我国农业知识产权方面存在的问题和今后农业知识产权保护的目标体系和优先领域，农业知识产权保护的优先顺序依次为：新品种、专利、商业秘密、商标和原产地。按作物划分，重点领域依次为：玉米、水稻、棉花、蔬菜、油菜和其它白花授粉作物。文章最后还分析我国加强农业知识产权保护模式对农业技术引进和“走出去”战略实施的影响，并对今后进一步就农业知识产权方面开展研究提出了建议。
Intellectual Property Right (IPR) occupies an important position in the WTO system, IPR together with international trade, tangible goods and service trade constitutes the three major pillars of the World Trade Organization.
With China's access to WTO, the key major multi-national agribusiness companies rushed into Chinese agricultural market. The top ten life science and seed business companies around the globe have already seven of them with presence in China through joint ventures to tap the potential market of biotechnology and seed business. Besides, the foreign investment into China has grown very rapidly in recent years based on the most recent information from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture in year 2003.
With the increase capacity for science innovation of the Chinese agricultural research institutions and agribusiness firms in the last few years and the implementation of the out reach strategy for Chinese research and business institutions, this recent development increases the chances of conflict for IPR infringement issues, and IPR in agriculture has become even important than ever before that attracted attention from various governments concerned. IPR is also a topic of much discussion today. The paper employs an economic point of view to analyze the IPR protection rules and regulations under WTO TRIPs agreement and its possible impact on Chinese agriculture.
The development trends of the future trade pattern clearly indicated that with economic development and high technology products development, the future trade will be more relying on the IPR related value added goods. If not properly dealed with, it will become a source of friction for agricultural trade.
The paper starts with the introduction of the relations for agriculture IPR to economic development, then discuss about the major points of the trips agreement and the basic principles for IPR in agriculture. The paper also developed theoretical models to derive, the optimum IPR protection duration with emphasis on patent. With the existing empirical results, we concluded that the effective length of protection of 6 to 10 years. The survey results collected also support the objectives and priority areas for IPR protection in agriculture in China. The paper also conducted cost and benefit analysis that indicates the protection cost is very much higher in IPR protection in agriculture in China as compared with other countries such as the US and other western countries, this is a very important restricting factor for the patent and PVP application in China.
Besides, the paper also discussed the possibilities of the unified system like PCT and UPOV for IPR applications to minimize the cost of application and maintainence.
With support of survey data and developed models, the papers conclude with the priority area for IPR protection in agriculture in order is as follows: PVP, Patent, Trade Secret, and Trade marks. The key areas for crops in terms of priority importance are as follows: Maize, Rice, Cotton, Vegetables, and Rapeseeds and formed a set of recommendations for future research.
本研究主要是从经济理论的角度来分析WTO—TRIPs协议作为一种全球性法规和制度对我国农业知识产权的保护和农业技术贸易的影响。从今后世界农产品贸易的变化趋势来看，随着经济的快速发展以及人们收入的增长和科技进步，高技术农产品和高附加值加工农产品的比重会逐步提高，而这些商品的生产过程建立在应用专利和技术诀窍的基础之上。在这一背景下，未来农产品贸易回越来越多地涉及到知识产权保护问题，如果处理不好，这可能成为引起贸易争端的重要因素之一因此开展这一领域的研究有着十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。
论文首先介绍农业知识产权保护与经济发展的关系，在此基础上，进一步阐述WTO—TRIPs协议的主要内容、特点和基本原则，特别是对农业知识产权保护的基本要求以及农业知识产权保护的范围和方式。然后通过应用经济学理论分析框架和理论推导对知识产权保护规则的实施模式以及农业知识产权最佳保护期限等进行理论探讨，得出农业专利和新品种一般情况下的实际有效保护期为6至10年。同时，在大量检索和设计调查问卷的基础上，对我国农业知识产权保护的成本和效益进行理论分析，在对比其他国家专利和新品种保护成本的基础上，分析出我国申请农业知识产权保护的成本和被侵权后的司法诉讼成本过高，影响了我国农业知识产权的申请和保护；此外，文章还就建立类似专利合作条约(PCT)性质的国际植物新品种保护公约，以期在多国专利同时申请方面实现帕累托最优原则进行了理论探讨，在此基础上，文章进一步对比分析实施农业知识产权保护规则对我国农业技术贸易特别是国外直接投资可能带来的影响进行，结果表明，强化农业知识产权保护，发展中国家会增加农业技术和产品的进口，发展中的大国更是如此；文章在调查问卷的基础上提出了我国农业知识产权方面存在的问题和今后农业知识产权保护的目标体系和优先领域，农业知识产权保护的优先顺序依次为：新品种、专利、商业秘密、商标和原产地。按作物划分，重点领域依次为：玉米、水稻、棉花、蔬菜、油菜和其它白花授粉作物。文章最后还分析我国加强农业知识产权保护模式对农业技术引进和“走出去”战略实施的影响，并对今后进一步就农业知识产权方面开展研究提出了建议。
Intellectual Property Right (IPR) occupies an important position in the WTO system, IPR together with international trade, tangible goods and service trade constitutes the three major pillars of the World Trade Organization.
With China's access to WTO, the key major multi-national agribusiness companies rushed into Chinese agricultural market. The top ten life science and seed business companies around the globe have already seven of them with presence in China through joint ventures to tap the potential market of biotechnology and seed business. Besides, the foreign investment into China has grown very rapidly in recent years based on the most recent information from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture in year 2003.
With the increase capacity for science innovation of the Chinese agricultural research institutions and agribusiness firms in the last few years and the implementation of the out reach strategy for Chinese research and business institutions, this recent development increases the chances of conflict for IPR infringement issues, and IPR in agriculture has become even important than ever before that attracted attention from various governments concerned. IPR is also a topic of much discussion today. The paper employs an economic point of view to analyze the IPR protection rules and regulations under WTO TRIPs agreement and its possible impact on Chinese agriculture.
The development trends of the future trade pattern clearly indicated that with economic development and high technology products development, the future trade will be more relying on the IPR related value added goods. If not properly dealed with, it will become a source of friction for agricultural trade.
The paper starts with the introduction of the relations for agriculture IPR to economic development, then discuss about the major points of the trips agreement and the basic principles for IPR in agriculture. The paper also developed theoretical models to derive, the optimum IPR protection duration with emphasis on patent. With the existing empirical results, we concluded that the effective length of protection of 6 to 10 years. The survey results collected also support the objectives and priority areas for IPR protection in agriculture in China. The paper also conducted cost and benefit analysis that indicates the protection cost is very much higher in IPR protection in agriculture in China as compared with other countries such as the US and other western countries, this is a very important restricting factor for the patent and PVP application in China.
Besides, the paper also discussed the possibilities of the unified system like PCT and UPOV for IPR applications to minimize the cost of application and maintainence.
With support of survey data and developed models, the papers conclude with the priority area for IPR protection in agriculture in order is as follows: PVP, Patent, Trade Secret, and Trade marks. The key areas for crops in terms of priority importance are as follows: Maize, Rice, Cotton, Vegetables, and Rapeseeds and formed a set of recommendations for future research.
引文
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3．知识产权与世界贸易，叶京生，立信会计出版社，2002
4．世界农业问题研究，唐正平，中国农业出版社，2001年
5．WTO知识产权协议逐条讲解，郑成思、方正出版社，2001年
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8．涉农企业知识产权保护，中国知识产权报，催建军，2001年
9．“知识产权与国际贸易-从TRIPs看知识产权与国际贸易的关系及发达与发展中国家的不同观点”尚明副司长，中国对外经济贸易部，2000年7月。
10．《2020年的中国》，世界银行，1999年-中国与国际农业研究磋商小组》经济科学出版社，2000年5月。
11．《面向21世纪的农业》，陈万金主编，江西科学技术出版社，1998年．
12．《农业知识产权研究》世界银行，1999年．
13．《食物、农业、环境2020年展望、挑战与行动建议》，国际粮食政策研究所(IFPRI)，1999．
14．《中外著名专家论中国农业：1949-2030》，左天觉，段志煌主编，中国农业大学出版社，1998年。
15．WTO与我国农业保护对策，国家知识产权局，1999．
16．产权经济学，斯韦托扎尔·平乔维奇著，蒋琳琦译，经济科学出版社、1999年．
17．迈向二十一世纪的农业：中国与CGIAR，2000．
18．迈向二十一世纪的农业：中国与CGIAR，2000．
19．知识产权保护与中国．二十一世纪的机遇与挑战，国家知识产权局，2000年．
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21．知识论：知识产权、知识贸易与经济发展，夏先良著，对外贸易大学出版社，2000年．
22．中国植物新品种保护制度，科技部法规司，2001年
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