路面加速加载试验设备的仿真与设计
摘要
在经济建设大发展的环境下,随着交通量的加大、车速的提高以及车辆轴数和载重的增多,路面所承受的载荷越来越大,公路使用寿命随之缩短。为了研究路面的合理结构及破坏机理,降低施工和维护成本,优化路面性能指标,有必要对路面结构和路面材料进行加速加载试验。ALT试验设备是一种新型的路面加速加载试验设备,通过施加可控的轴载和改变运行速度及次数,对不同路面结构、材料及路面状态进行加速加载,从而得到路面的变化过程、变化机理以及破坏状态,能够分析路面在多次重复加载下的状态变化及破坏过程。
首先运用动力学仿真分析软件ADAMS对ALT试验设备的加载部分进行建模仿真,从静态加载和动态加载两个方面对轮胎与路面间的作用力进行研究。动态加载时,由于路面不平度的影响,加载部分会在运动过程中发生振动,动态轮胎力的值近似以同等条件下的静态轮胎力的值为中心作上下波动,这种波动受到运行速度、加载力和轮胎系数等参数的影响。
其次对ALT试验设备加载系统进行了机械和液压系统的设计。对机械系统的各组成部分进行了介绍,并提出加载液压系统和辅助液压系统的技术要求和方案,分析液压系统所需完成的动作,对主要液压元件进行了计算和选择。
最后设计了ALT试验设备控制系统,控制系统可分为主控制系统、横移控制系统和数据采集系统。主控制系统通过PLC与变频器共同控制加载小车驱动电机,从而保证加载小车运行速度的稳定；横移控制系统的非接触式横移控制装置用于实现轮迹横向正态分布的模拟；采用CAN总线技术的数据采集系统可靠性高,并能够提高试验的准确性和效率。
In the situation of economic construction development, with the increase of traffic volume, speed, axle number and load, the road is under increasing load, and the service life of the road will be shortened accordingly. In order to study the reasonable pavement structure and damage mechanism, reduce the construction and maintenance costs, get the optimization of pavement performance, it is necessary to take accelerated loading testing on the pavement structures and materials. ALT facility is a new kind of pavement accelerated loading testing facility. It can apply controlled axle load and change the running speed and the number of times to test different pavement structures, materials and surface states. It can get the change process, mechanism and damage state of the pavement, and analyze the status change and failure process when the pavement under a repeat loading.
Firstly, dynamic simulation analysis software ADAMS is used to model and simulate the loading part of the ALT facility.The reaction between tire and road is studied in the aspects of the static load and dynamic load. Because of the effect of road roughness, loading part can cause vibration in the movement process during dynamic loading. Dynamic tyre force value approximate to the same condition of static tire force value. The vibration is influenced by running speed, load and tire coefficient.
Secondly, the mechanical and hydraulic system are designed for ALT facility loading system. The parts of mechanical system are introduced, and the technical requirements and solutions of the loading hydraulic system and auxiliary hydraulic system are put forward. The action which hydraulic system need to complete is analysed, and main hydraulic components are calculated and chosen.
Finally, the control system of ALT facility is designed. Control system is composed of master control system,transverse control system and data acquisition system. PLC and frequency converter are used to control the drive motor of the loading vehicle in the main control system, so as to ensure the stability of running speed; non-contact control devices are used to implement the simulation of the transverse normal distribution of the wheel track in the transverse control system; because of the high reliability, CAN bus technology is adopted in data acquisition system, which can improve the testing accuracy and efficiency.
首先运用动力学仿真分析软件ADAMS对ALT试验设备的加载部分进行建模仿真,从静态加载和动态加载两个方面对轮胎与路面间的作用力进行研究。动态加载时,由于路面不平度的影响,加载部分会在运动过程中发生振动,动态轮胎力的值近似以同等条件下的静态轮胎力的值为中心作上下波动,这种波动受到运行速度、加载力和轮胎系数等参数的影响。
其次对ALT试验设备加载系统进行了机械和液压系统的设计。对机械系统的各组成部分进行了介绍,并提出加载液压系统和辅助液压系统的技术要求和方案,分析液压系统所需完成的动作,对主要液压元件进行了计算和选择。
最后设计了ALT试验设备控制系统,控制系统可分为主控制系统、横移控制系统和数据采集系统。主控制系统通过PLC与变频器共同控制加载小车驱动电机,从而保证加载小车运行速度的稳定；横移控制系统的非接触式横移控制装置用于实现轮迹横向正态分布的模拟；采用CAN总线技术的数据采集系统可靠性高,并能够提高试验的准确性和效率。
In the situation of economic construction development, with the increase of traffic volume, speed, axle number and load, the road is under increasing load, and the service life of the road will be shortened accordingly. In order to study the reasonable pavement structure and damage mechanism, reduce the construction and maintenance costs, get the optimization of pavement performance, it is necessary to take accelerated loading testing on the pavement structures and materials. ALT facility is a new kind of pavement accelerated loading testing facility. It can apply controlled axle load and change the running speed and the number of times to test different pavement structures, materials and surface states. It can get the change process, mechanism and damage state of the pavement, and analyze the status change and failure process when the pavement under a repeat loading.
Firstly, dynamic simulation analysis software ADAMS is used to model and simulate the loading part of the ALT facility.The reaction between tire and road is studied in the aspects of the static load and dynamic load. Because of the effect of road roughness, loading part can cause vibration in the movement process during dynamic loading. Dynamic tyre force value approximate to the same condition of static tire force value. The vibration is influenced by running speed, load and tire coefficient.
Secondly, the mechanical and hydraulic system are designed for ALT facility loading system. The parts of mechanical system are introduced, and the technical requirements and solutions of the loading hydraulic system and auxiliary hydraulic system are put forward. The action which hydraulic system need to complete is analysed, and main hydraulic components are calculated and chosen.
Finally, the control system of ALT facility is designed. Control system is composed of master control system,transverse control system and data acquisition system. PLC and frequency converter are used to control the drive motor of the loading vehicle in the main control system, so as to ensure the stability of running speed; non-contact control devices are used to implement the simulation of the transverse normal distribution of the wheel track in the transverse control system; because of the high reliability, CAN bus technology is adopted in data acquisition system, which can improve the testing accuracy and efficiency.
引文
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[5]Guan Zhiguang, Lin Mingxing, Wang Xuguang. Design on Highway Accelerated Loading Testing Facility[J]. Shenyang, ICAL2009,253-257.
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[7]张鹏,国兴玉,王旭光,等.足尺路面加速加载试验设备技术研究[J].山东交通学院学报,2011,19(4),41-45.
[8]K.G. Sharp.Full Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing:A Southern Hemisphere and Asian Perspective[C]. Second International Confefence on Accelerated Pavement Testing,2004.
[9]S.F.Brown,Feng,FICE.Accelerated Pavement Testing in Highway Engineering[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Transport,2004,3,173-180.
[10]孙旭峰.路面加速加载试验设备装配与使用技术[D].长安大学硕士学位论文,2011.
[11]Okan Sirin, Mang Tia, Reynaldo Roque, Bouzid Choubane.Evaluation of Performance Characteristics of the Heavy Vehicle Simulator in Florida[J]. Building and Environment, 42,2007 1270-1277.
[12]贾倩,张强,等.小型公路路面加速加载试验设备MMLS1/3[J]设备管理与维修技术,2009,8：78-80.
[13]Epps, A.L. Performance Prediction with the MMLS3 at WesTrack[J]. Report Number 2134-S. Texas Transportation Institute. The Texas A&M University,2011.
[14]梅芳,李琳,孟书涛,等.足尺路面加速加载试验系统在我国的应用[J].公路交通科技,2010,12,169-172.
[15]孟书涛.沥青路面合理结构的研究[D].东南大学博士学位论文,2004.
[16]袁士杰,吕哲勤.多刚体系统动力学[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1992.
[17]Haug E J. Computer-Aided Kinematics and Dynamics of Mechanical Systems[J]. Allyn and Bacon,Boston,1989.
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[19]任卫群.车一路系统动力学中的虚拟样机MSC.ADAMS软件应用实践[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005.
[20]陈立平,张青云,任卫群,等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[21]李军,邢俊文,覃文浩.ADAMS实例教程[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2002.
[22]李增刚.ADAMS入门详解与实例[M].北京；国防工业出版社,2007.
[23]邓学钧,孙璐.车辆一地面结构系统动力学[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[24]Thomas D.Gillespie. Heavy Truck Properties Significant to Pavement Damage[J].Vehicle-road Interaction.1999:52-63.
[25]郑仲浪,吕彭民.大型货车对路面的动作用力[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版).2009,29(2).
[26]曹源文,梁乃兴,于清等.路面不平整引起的车辆动载计算方法[J].交通运输工程学报,2008,8(2).
[27]Chiu L. Vehicl-road Interaction, Evolution of Road Profiles and Present Serviceability Index[J]. Road Materials and Pavement Design,2000,56-61.
[28]孔庆强.沥青路面加速加载试验的动力学仿真研究[D].长安大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[29]庄继德.汽车轮胎学[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1987.
[30]管迪华,范成建.用于不平路面车辆动力学仿真的轮胎模型综述[J].汽车工程,2006.
[31]李永敏.基于ADAMS的轮式小型甘蔗收获机行走机构建模与仿真研究[D].广西大学硕士学位论文,2010.
[32]陈萌.基于虚拟样机的接触碰撞动力学仿真研究[D].华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[33]谢最伟,吴新跃.基于ADAMS的碰撞仿真分析[J].机械设计与研究,2008,24(2).
[34]石明全.基于ADAMS的多接触问题研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,40(29).
[35]刘小平,郑建荣.Solidworks与ADAMS/View之间的图形数据交换研究[J].2003,12,26-28.
[36]王文锐.公路几何线形检测技术[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[37]Haas R, HudsonW R. Pavement Management System[M]. Robert Kpieger Publishing Company, 1994,89-94.
[38]兰国冠,许文杰,郭磊,等.车辆荷载对公路路基的动力作用研究[J].成都大学学报(自然科学版),2010,29(4),346-348.
[39]陈栋华,靳晓雄.轮胎刚度和阻尼非线性模型的解析研究[J].中国工程机械学报,2004,2(4).
[40]聂信天,史立新,顾浩等.农用轮胎径向刚度和阻尼系数试验研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2011,34(5).
[41]机械设计实用手册编委会.机械设计实用手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[42]管志光.足尺路面加速加载试验系统的研究[D].山东大学博士学位论文,2012.
[43]刘延俊.液压与气压技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2002.
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