基于RS的上海市滩涂湿地动态变化及其生态系统服务价值的研究
|
摘要
上海地处长江入海口,长江携带的丰富泥沙资源在河口堆积,造就了上海的淤泥质潮滩,孕育了极其丰富的滩涂湿地资源。滩涂湿地不仅是上海经济发展的重要后备土地资源,也为上海地区提供了强大的生态服务功能和资源环境价值。然而,近年来由于自然过程和高强度的人类活动,长江流域及其河口的环境发生了一系列重大变化,上海地区的滩涂湿地面临着滩涂资源开发与保护的严峻挑战。本研究使用Landsat TM/ETM+遥感卫星数据,并结合大量的地面调查,研究了近20余年来上海滩涂湿地时空动态,动态评估了滩涂生态系统服务功能价值,分析了滩涂敏感性及健康状况,探讨了影响长江口滩涂变化的主要因素,提出了滩涂管理的相关对策。研究的主要结果如下：
(1)滩涂总体上保持淤涨态势,但近几年速度有所减缓,九段沙形态基本保持稳定。主要淤涨区域是大陆或岛屿东、北部和江心部分区域。滩涂面积并未随滩涂淤涨而逐年增加,除互花米草滩涂外,其余各类型滩涂面积均呈现出明显减少的趋势。近20余年,滩涂遭到较为严重的圈围,累积圈围653.54 km2,主要圈围区域：崇明东滩、崇明北滩,南汇边滩,横沙东滩、长兴岛西部沙洲。
(2)总体上来看,近20余年来,上海滩涂生态系统服务功能呈现出明显下降的趋势,除了互花米草滩涂外,其它各类型滩涂生态系统服务功能价值均呈现出明显的下降趋势,这是由于除互花米草外的其余各类型滩涂面积也均呈下降趋势。从各类滩涂生态系统服务功能价值看,光滩的服务功能价值最高,其次为芦苇滩涂以及海三棱藨草滩涂,而互花米草滩涂从无到有快速飙升。从区域来看,九段沙、崇明西滩、东风西沙临近沙洲、青草沙及临近沙洲外,其余滩涂湿地生态系统服务功能均呈现出减少的趋势。互花米草入侵和近年来滩涂发育速度减缓是导致2009年生态系统服务功能有所降低的主要原因。
(3)崇明东滩、九段沙、南汇边滩属于高度生态敏感区,东风西沙、青草沙、中央沙、宝山边滩和崇明北滩属于较高生态敏感区,而横沙东滩、崇明西滩、浦东边滩、杭州湾边滩生态敏感性较弱。大陆边滩因为开发过度,并且长期得不到科学有效的管理和保护,致使滩涂退化严重,健康状况不容乐观。长江口岛屿和江心沙洲在适度开发利用的同时,加强了科学管理与保护,健康状况良好。
(4)上海滩涂面临诸多的威胁,如圈围、滩涂经济活动、生物入侵、污染、上游大型水利工程、气候变化等。为此要加强滩涂的管理与保护,建议以动态保护与动态利用相结合为原则；以迁徙鸟类种群数量恢复为保护目标；以滩涂面积不因人为因素减少为底线；以法制建设与机制建设为抓手；加强滩涂生态环境质量的监测；加强对入侵生物的控制与管理,使滩涂的开发和利用走上可持续发展之路。
Shanghai, with the huge amount of the silt brought by the Yangtze River, is blessed with plentiful coastal tidal marshes, which are the potential land resources for economical development. The tidal marshes could also provide ecological service and environmental value, such as improving water quality, mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity. The results of this research on the developmental dynamics of the tidal marshes in Shanghai provide a sound basis for resource management and planning, preservation of biodiversity, sustainable development and utility of wetlands in the region.
Remote sensing analysis with Landsat TM/ETM+data as well as field surveys were carried out in this study to explore the developmental dynamics of the tidal marshes in the past 20 years. The author evaluated the tidal marshes ecosystem services value dynamically, analyzed the sensitivity and the health of the tidal marshes, discussed the influencing factors of the Yangtze estuary tidal changes, and put forward the strategies for the management of tidal marshes. The results of this study showed:
(1) The tidal marshes are silting up on the whole, but they are growing more slowly in the recent years, however, Jiuduansha Shoal's shape remains stable. The main silting up areas are the mainland, the east of the islands, the north and the shoal. Nevertheless, the tidal marshes are not expanded year by year. The various types of tidal marshes are declining except for S. alterniflora. In the last 20 years, the tidal marshes were relatively seriously enclosed, with a cumulative enclosure of 653.54 km2, and the main enclosed areas are:Chongming Dongtan and Chongming Beitan, Nanhui Dongtan, Hengsha Dongtan, Changxing island west bank.
(2) Overall, in recent 20 years, Shanghai tidal marshes ecosystem service value displays an obvious downward trend, and the various types of the tidal marshes ecosystem service value showed a marked decline apart from S. alterniflora. This is because various types of tidal marshes are tending to decline. From the point of view of all kinds of tidal marshes ecosystem service value, Guangtan service functions most efficiently, followed by P. australis and Scirpus mariqueter, and S. alterniflora has soared, from scratch fast. From the regional perspective, the tidal marshes ecosystem service value showed a reduced tendency, except Jiuduansha Shoal, Chongming Xitan, Dongfengxisha Shoal and Qingcaosha Shoal. S. alterniflora intrusion and the tidal marshes'slow growth in recent years are the main reasons for reducing the 2009 ecosystem service value.
(3) Chongming Dongtan, Jiuduansha Shoal, and Nanhui Dongtan are the highest ecological sensitive areas, Dongfengxisha Shoal, Qingcaosha Shoal, Zhongyangsha Shoal, Baoshan beach and Chongming Beitan are the higher ecological ecological sensitive areas, and the ecological sensitivity of HengSha Dongtan, Chongming Beitan, Pudong beach, Hangzhou bay beach is relatively weak. Caused by over-development and the absence of effective management and protection, the tidal marshes in mainland are suffering from severe degeneration and poor health state. Scientific management and conservation of islands and Shoal in Yangtze estuary is enhanced under appropriate development, therefore, the tidal marshes in good health.
(4) The tidal marshes are facing many threats, such as enclosure, economic activity, biological invasion, pollution, upstream, large-scale water conservancy projects and climate change. Therefore better management and protection are needed. The author suggested a principle of the integration of the dynamic protection and dynamic development; a goal to retrieve the migratory birds'populations; a bottom line with the area of the tidal marshes not reduced due to the human factors. What's more, the author suggested that the monitoring of the ecological environmental quality be strengthened with high-quality legal system construction and mechanism construction; and the control and management of the biological intrusion be reinforced, and consequently, the tidal marshes exploitation and utilization be on the path of the sustainable development.
(1)滩涂总体上保持淤涨态势,但近几年速度有所减缓,九段沙形态基本保持稳定。主要淤涨区域是大陆或岛屿东、北部和江心部分区域。滩涂面积并未随滩涂淤涨而逐年增加,除互花米草滩涂外,其余各类型滩涂面积均呈现出明显减少的趋势。近20余年,滩涂遭到较为严重的圈围,累积圈围653.54 km2,主要圈围区域：崇明东滩、崇明北滩,南汇边滩,横沙东滩、长兴岛西部沙洲。
(2)总体上来看,近20余年来,上海滩涂生态系统服务功能呈现出明显下降的趋势,除了互花米草滩涂外,其它各类型滩涂生态系统服务功能价值均呈现出明显的下降趋势,这是由于除互花米草外的其余各类型滩涂面积也均呈下降趋势。从各类滩涂生态系统服务功能价值看,光滩的服务功能价值最高,其次为芦苇滩涂以及海三棱藨草滩涂,而互花米草滩涂从无到有快速飙升。从区域来看,九段沙、崇明西滩、东风西沙临近沙洲、青草沙及临近沙洲外,其余滩涂湿地生态系统服务功能均呈现出减少的趋势。互花米草入侵和近年来滩涂发育速度减缓是导致2009年生态系统服务功能有所降低的主要原因。
(3)崇明东滩、九段沙、南汇边滩属于高度生态敏感区,东风西沙、青草沙、中央沙、宝山边滩和崇明北滩属于较高生态敏感区,而横沙东滩、崇明西滩、浦东边滩、杭州湾边滩生态敏感性较弱。大陆边滩因为开发过度,并且长期得不到科学有效的管理和保护,致使滩涂退化严重,健康状况不容乐观。长江口岛屿和江心沙洲在适度开发利用的同时,加强了科学管理与保护,健康状况良好。
(4)上海滩涂面临诸多的威胁,如圈围、滩涂经济活动、生物入侵、污染、上游大型水利工程、气候变化等。为此要加强滩涂的管理与保护,建议以动态保护与动态利用相结合为原则；以迁徙鸟类种群数量恢复为保护目标；以滩涂面积不因人为因素减少为底线；以法制建设与机制建设为抓手；加强滩涂生态环境质量的监测；加强对入侵生物的控制与管理,使滩涂的开发和利用走上可持续发展之路。
Shanghai, with the huge amount of the silt brought by the Yangtze River, is blessed with plentiful coastal tidal marshes, which are the potential land resources for economical development. The tidal marshes could also provide ecological service and environmental value, such as improving water quality, mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity. The results of this research on the developmental dynamics of the tidal marshes in Shanghai provide a sound basis for resource management and planning, preservation of biodiversity, sustainable development and utility of wetlands in the region.
Remote sensing analysis with Landsat TM/ETM+data as well as field surveys were carried out in this study to explore the developmental dynamics of the tidal marshes in the past 20 years. The author evaluated the tidal marshes ecosystem services value dynamically, analyzed the sensitivity and the health of the tidal marshes, discussed the influencing factors of the Yangtze estuary tidal changes, and put forward the strategies for the management of tidal marshes. The results of this study showed:
(1) The tidal marshes are silting up on the whole, but they are growing more slowly in the recent years, however, Jiuduansha Shoal's shape remains stable. The main silting up areas are the mainland, the east of the islands, the north and the shoal. Nevertheless, the tidal marshes are not expanded year by year. The various types of tidal marshes are declining except for S. alterniflora. In the last 20 years, the tidal marshes were relatively seriously enclosed, with a cumulative enclosure of 653.54 km2, and the main enclosed areas are:Chongming Dongtan and Chongming Beitan, Nanhui Dongtan, Hengsha Dongtan, Changxing island west bank.
(2) Overall, in recent 20 years, Shanghai tidal marshes ecosystem service value displays an obvious downward trend, and the various types of the tidal marshes ecosystem service value showed a marked decline apart from S. alterniflora. This is because various types of tidal marshes are tending to decline. From the point of view of all kinds of tidal marshes ecosystem service value, Guangtan service functions most efficiently, followed by P. australis and Scirpus mariqueter, and S. alterniflora has soared, from scratch fast. From the regional perspective, the tidal marshes ecosystem service value showed a reduced tendency, except Jiuduansha Shoal, Chongming Xitan, Dongfengxisha Shoal and Qingcaosha Shoal. S. alterniflora intrusion and the tidal marshes'slow growth in recent years are the main reasons for reducing the 2009 ecosystem service value.
(3) Chongming Dongtan, Jiuduansha Shoal, and Nanhui Dongtan are the highest ecological sensitive areas, Dongfengxisha Shoal, Qingcaosha Shoal, Zhongyangsha Shoal, Baoshan beach and Chongming Beitan are the higher ecological ecological sensitive areas, and the ecological sensitivity of HengSha Dongtan, Chongming Beitan, Pudong beach, Hangzhou bay beach is relatively weak. Caused by over-development and the absence of effective management and protection, the tidal marshes in mainland are suffering from severe degeneration and poor health state. Scientific management and conservation of islands and Shoal in Yangtze estuary is enhanced under appropriate development, therefore, the tidal marshes in good health.
(4) The tidal marshes are facing many threats, such as enclosure, economic activity, biological invasion, pollution, upstream, large-scale water conservancy projects and climate change. Therefore better management and protection are needed. The author suggested a principle of the integration of the dynamic protection and dynamic development; a goal to retrieve the migratory birds'populations; a bottom line with the area of the tidal marshes not reduced due to the human factors. What's more, the author suggested that the monitoring of the ecological environmental quality be strengthened with high-quality legal system construction and mechanism construction; and the control and management of the biological intrusion be reinforced, and consequently, the tidal marshes exploitation and utilization be on the path of the sustainable development.
引文
[1]陆健健,何文珊,童春富等.湿地生态学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[2]Mitsch W J, Gosselink J W. Wetlands[M].4th ed. New York:John Wiley&Sons, 2007.
[3]Boorman L A. Saltmarsh Review:an Overview of Coastal Saltmarshes, Their Dynamic and Sensitivity Characteristics for Conservation and Management[M]. Peterborough:JNCC,2003.
[4]Weinstein P M, Kreeger D A. Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology[M]. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow:HIuwer Academic Publishers,2002.
[5]Bertness M D, Wilder K, Chatkupt T. Flood tolerance and the distribution of Iva frutescens across New England salt marshes[J]. Oecologia,1992,91:171-178.
[6]Pennings S C, Callaway R M. Salt marsh plant zonation:the relativeof importance competition and physical factors[J]. Ecology,1992,73:681-690.
[7]Pennings S C, Siska E L, Bertness M D. Latitudinal differences in plant palatability in Atlantic coast salt marshes[J]. Ecology,2001,82:1344-1359.
[8]Bertness M D, Ewanchuk P J. Latitudinal and climate-driven variation in the strength and Nature of biological interactions in New England salt marshes[J]. Oecologia,2002,132:392-401.
[9]Costanza R, d'Arge R, R. de Groot et al. The Value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capitall[J]. Nature,1997,15(387):253-260.
[10]Moller I. Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation:Results from a UK East Coast saltmarsh[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2006,69:337-351.
[11]马涛,傅萃长,陈家宽.上海城市发展中的湿地保护与可持续利用[J].城市问题,2006,9：29-32.
[12]Vitousek P M, Mooney H A, Lubchenco J, et al. Human domination of earth's ecosystems[J]. Science,1997,277:494-499.
[13]Grosholz E. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of coastal invasions[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2002,17:22-27.
[14]Odum H T. Systems Ecology:An Introduction[M]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1983.
[15]Shi C, Hutchinson S M, Yu L. Towards a sustainable coast:an integrated coastal zone management framework for Shanghai, People, Republic of China[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management,2001,44:411-427.
[16]童春富.河口湿地生态系统结构,功能与服务—以长江口为例[D].上海：华东师范大学,2004.
[17]李小文,刘素红.遥感原理与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[18]Teillet P M, N. El Saleous, Hansen M C, et al. An evaluation of the global 1-km AVHRR land data set[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21: 1987-2021.
[19]江洪,马克平,张艳丽等.基于空间分析的保护生物学研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28：562-578.
[20]刘纪远,庄大方,凌扬荣.基于GIS的中国东北植被的分类研究[J].遥感学报,1998,2(4)：285-291.
[21]Schmidt K S, Skidmore A K. Spectral discrimination of vegetation types in coastal wetland[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,85:92-108.
[22]杨存建,刘纪远,骆剑承.不同龄组的热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6)：862-867.
[23]Lyon J, Yuan D, Lunetta R, et al. A change detection experiment using vegetation indices[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1998,64:143-150.
[24]Munyati C. Wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, by classification of a mufti-temporal remote sensing image dataset[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21(9):1781-1806.
[25]Townsend P A. Estimating forest structure in wetlands using multemporal SAR[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,79(2):288-304.
[26]Phillips R L, Beeri O, DeKeyser E S. Remote wetland assessment for Missouri coteau prairie glacial basins[J]. Wetlands,2005,25(2):335-349.
[27]Kaiser M F. Environmental changes, remote sensing, and infrastructure development:The case of Egypt's East Port Said harbour[J]. Applied Geography,2009, 29:280-288.
[28]Salovaara K J, Thessler S, Malik R N et al. Classification of Amazonian primary rain forest vegetation using Landsat ETM plus satellite imagery[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,97(1):39-51.
[29]Ledous L, Cornell S, O'Riordan T et al. Towards sustainable flood and coastal management:identifying drivers of, and obstacles to, managed realignment[J]. Land Use Policy,2005, (22):129-144.
[30]彭建,王仰麟.我国沿海滩涂景观生态初步研究[J].地理研究,2000,19(3)：249-256.
[31]叶庆华,田国良,刘高焕等.黄河三角洲新生湿地土地覆被图谱[J].地理研 究,2004,23(2)：257-265.
[32]高占国,张利权.上海盐沼植被多季相光谱特征识别[J].生态学报,2006,26(3)：793-800.
[33]郑宗生,周云轩,刘志国等.基于水动力模型及遥感水边线方法的潮滩高程反演[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(5)：756-760.
[34]李贺鹏,张利权,王东辉.上海地区外来种互花米草的分布现状[J].生物多样性,2006,14(2)：114-120.
[35]李文华等.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[36]苗苗.辽宁省滨海湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估[D].辽宁：辽宁师范大学,2008.
[37]Daily G C. Nature's Service:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem[M]. Washington D C:Island Press,1997.
[38]Pimental D.et al. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity[J]. BioScience,1997,47(11):747-757.
[39]Bolund P, Hunhammar S. Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas[J]. Ecological Economies,1999,29:293-301.
[40]Bjorklund J, Limbrug K, Rydberg T. Impact of Production Intensity on the Ability of the Agricultural Landscape to Generate Ecosystem Services:an Example from Sweden [J]. Ecological Economics,1999,29:269-291.
[41]Andrew F Seidl, Andre Stiffens Moraes. Global Valuation of Ecosystem Services: Application to the Pantanal da Nhecolandia, Brazil[J]. Ecological Economics,2000,33: 1-6.
[42]Loom is J. Balancing Public trust resources of Mono Lake and Los Angels water right:An economic approach[J]. Water Resource Research,1987,23:1449-1556.
[43]马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1)：1-9.
[44]李金昌等.生态价值论[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,1999：1-25.
[45]侯元兆,张佩昌,王琦等.中国森林资源核算研究[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995：1-10.
[46]李君洁.珠江三角洲土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务功能的影响研究[D].北京：首都师范大学,2009.
[47]欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱等.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8)：1395-1400.
[48]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5)：635-640.
[49]郭中伟,甘雅玲.基于功能与空间格局的区域生态系统保育策略[J].生物多样性,2002,10(4)：399-408.
[50]薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999,19(3)：247-252.
[51]谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6)：6-9.
[52]李亦秋.基于3S技术的丹江口库区及上游生态系统服务价值评价[D].北京：北京林业大学,2009.
[53]陆健健.河口生态学.北京：海洋出版社,2003.
[54]陈基炜,梅安新,袁江红.从海岸滩涂变迁看上海滩涂土地资源的利用[J].上海地质,2005,93(1)：1821.
[55]上海市环境保护局.上海市2010年自然保护区调查调查报告[R].上海：上海市环境科学研究院,2010.
[56]黄华梅,张利权,高占国.上海滩涂植被资源遥感分析[J].生态学报,2005,25(10)：2686-2693.
[57]王卿.长江口盐沼植物群落分布动态及互花米草入侵的影响[D].上海：复旦大学,2007.
[58]陈家宽.上海九段沙湿地自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
[59]徐宏发,赵云龙.上海市崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2005.
[60]Zhao B, Kreuterb U, Li B, et al. An ecosystem service value assessment of land-use change on Chongming Island, China[J]. Land Use Policy,2004,21:139-148.
[61]陈吉余,程和琴,戴志军.滩涂湿地利用与保护的协调发展探讨[J].中国工程科学,2007,9(6)：11-17.
[62]陈吉余.从事河口海岸研究五十五年论文集[C].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2000.
[63]李九发,万新宁,陈小华等.上海滩涂后备土地资源及其可持续开发途径[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(1)：17-22.
[64]陈吉余,沈焕庭,恽才兴等.长江河口动力过程和动力地貌演变[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988.
[65]李九发,戴志军,应铭等.上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(3)：361-371.
[66]陈沈良,谷国传,虞志英.长江口南汇东滩淤涨演变分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3)：239-244.
[67]茅志昌,李九发,吴华林.上海市滩涂促淤圈围研究[J].泥沙研究,2003,2：77-81.
[68]杨世伦,杜景龙,郜昂等.近半个世纪长江口九段沙湿地的冲淤演变[J].地理科学,2006,26(3)：335-340.
[69]许世远,俞立中.上海滨岸带资源环境结构与调控研究报告[R].上海：华东师范大学,2000.
[70]陈业裕,黄昌发.应用地貌学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,1994.
[71]《上海市水利志》编撰委员会.上海市水利志[M].上海：上海社会科学院出版社,1997.
[72]余绍达.上海市围垦四十年[M].上海水利,1989,(3)：1-44.
[73]祝卫祯.围垦造地三十载-盐碱荒滩变粮田[N].上海商报,1999..
[74]陈满荣,韩晓非,刘水芹.上海市围海造地效应分析与海岸带可持续发展[J].中国软科学,2000,11：115-120.
[75]唐承佳,陆健健.长江口九段沙湿地原生植被的保护及开发利用[J].上海环境科学,2002,21：210-259.
[76]欧善华,方永鑫,沈光华.海三棱藨草在上海滩涂分布规律的环境因子分析及生产量的研究[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992a,增刊：10-22.
[77]欧善华,方永翁,周根余.海三棱藨草种子萌发条件的初步研究[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992b,增刊：23-27.
[78]陈中义.互花米草入侵国际重要湿地崇明东滩的生态后果[D].上海：复旦大学,2004.
[79]复旦大学.上海主要滩涂湿地生态服务功能评价与保护对策研究报告[R].上海：复旦大学,2010.
[80]王卿,安树青,马志军,赵斌,陈家宽,李博.入侵植物互花米草—生物学、生态学及管理[J].植物分类学报,2006,44：559-588.
[81]黄华梅,张利权.上海九段沙互花米草种群动态遥感研究[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(1)：75-82.
[82]黄华梅,张利权,袁琳.明东滩自然保护区盐沼植被的时空动态[J].生态学报,2007,27(10)：4166-4172.
[83]Wang Q, Wang CH, Zhao B, et al. Effects of growing conditions on the growth of and interactions between salt marsh plants:implications for invasibility of habitats[J]. Biological Invasions,2006,8:1547-1560.
[84]黄华梅.上海滩涂盐沼植被的分布格局和时空动态研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2009.
[85]杨斌生,欧善华,宋国元.上海市海岸带滩涂海三棱藨草群落的形成与演替 [J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992,增刊：59-64.
[86]苏敬华.崇明岛生态系统服务功能价值评估[D].上海：东华大学,2008.
[87]Schulze, E. D, Mooney, H. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function[M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1993.
[88]叶属峰,黄秀清.东海赤潮及其监视监测[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(2)：10-14.
[89]叶属峰,纪焕红,曹恋,黄秀清.长江口海域赤潮成因及其防治对策[J].海洋科学,2004,28(5)：26-32.
[90]周凡.赤潮的成因、危害及治理[J].生物学教学,2004,29(1)：1-3.
[91]上海市房屋土地资源管理局.上海市土地利用总体规划(1997-2010)[R].上海,1999.
[92]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务功能的空间尺度特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(9)：1432-1437.
[93]刘力.可持续发展与城市生态系统物质循环理论研究[R].长春：东北师范大学,2002：40-44.
[94]Milligan J, O'Riordan T, Nicholson-Cole S A, et al. Nature conservation for future sustainable shorelines:Lessons from seeking to imvolve the public[J]. Land Use Policy, 2009, (26):203-213.
[95]仲崇信,钦佩.水培大米草吸引汞及其净化环境作用的探讨[J].海洋科学,1983,7(2)：6-10.
[96]曹东,王金南.中国污染工业经济学[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1999.
[97]肖笃宁,胡远满,李秀珍.环渤海三角洲湿地的景观生态学研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[98]赵平,夏冬平,王天厚.上海市崇明东滩湿地生态恢复与重建工程中社会经济价值分析[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(1)：75-78.
[99]苏铁.上海市九段沙湿地的生态系统服务价值及其保护与开发前景的研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2007.
[100]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,45(1)：17-22.
[101]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(1)：9-12.
[102]Rossi P, Pecci A, Amadio V, et al. Coupling indicatorso fecological value and ecological sensitivity with indicapors of demographic pressure in the demarcation of new areas to be protected:The case of the Oltrepo Paveseand the Ligurian Emilian Apennine area (Itlay) [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85:12-26.
[103]Nilsson CN, Grelsson G. The fragility of ecosystems:A review[J]. Journal of Aplied Ecology,1995,32:677-692.
[104]江苏省植物所.江苏植物志[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,1977,259-260.[105]陆健健,孙宪坤,何文珊.上海地区湿地的研究[J]//郎惠卿,林鹏,陆健健主编.中国湿地研究与保护.上海：华东师范大学出版社,1998：297-310.
[106]《上海市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告》编写组.上海市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告[M].上海：科学技术出版社,1988：74-78,97-104.
[107]袁兴中,陆健健.长江口潮滩湿地大型底栖动物群落的生态学特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5)：414-420.
[108]高宇,王卿,何美梅等.滩涂作业对上海崇明东滩自然保护区的影响评价[J].生态学报,2007,27(9)：3752-3760.
[109]王卿,汪承焕,赵斌等.二十年来上海市崇明东滩潮间带植被的时空动态[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43：15-25.
[110]高宇,赵斌.人类围垦活动对上海崇明东滩滩涂发育的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22：475-478.
[111]葛振鸣,王天厚,王开运,王小明.长江口滨海湿地生态系统特征及关键群落的保育[M].北京：科学出版社.2008.
[2]Mitsch W J, Gosselink J W. Wetlands[M].4th ed. New York:John Wiley&Sons, 2007.
[3]Boorman L A. Saltmarsh Review:an Overview of Coastal Saltmarshes, Their Dynamic and Sensitivity Characteristics for Conservation and Management[M]. Peterborough:JNCC,2003.
[4]Weinstein P M, Kreeger D A. Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology[M]. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow:HIuwer Academic Publishers,2002.
[5]Bertness M D, Wilder K, Chatkupt T. Flood tolerance and the distribution of Iva frutescens across New England salt marshes[J]. Oecologia,1992,91:171-178.
[6]Pennings S C, Callaway R M. Salt marsh plant zonation:the relativeof importance competition and physical factors[J]. Ecology,1992,73:681-690.
[7]Pennings S C, Siska E L, Bertness M D. Latitudinal differences in plant palatability in Atlantic coast salt marshes[J]. Ecology,2001,82:1344-1359.
[8]Bertness M D, Ewanchuk P J. Latitudinal and climate-driven variation in the strength and Nature of biological interactions in New England salt marshes[J]. Oecologia,2002,132:392-401.
[9]Costanza R, d'Arge R, R. de Groot et al. The Value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capitall[J]. Nature,1997,15(387):253-260.
[10]Moller I. Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation:Results from a UK East Coast saltmarsh[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2006,69:337-351.
[11]马涛,傅萃长,陈家宽.上海城市发展中的湿地保护与可持续利用[J].城市问题,2006,9：29-32.
[12]Vitousek P M, Mooney H A, Lubchenco J, et al. Human domination of earth's ecosystems[J]. Science,1997,277:494-499.
[13]Grosholz E. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of coastal invasions[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2002,17:22-27.
[14]Odum H T. Systems Ecology:An Introduction[M]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1983.
[15]Shi C, Hutchinson S M, Yu L. Towards a sustainable coast:an integrated coastal zone management framework for Shanghai, People, Republic of China[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management,2001,44:411-427.
[16]童春富.河口湿地生态系统结构,功能与服务—以长江口为例[D].上海：华东师范大学,2004.
[17]李小文,刘素红.遥感原理与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[18]Teillet P M, N. El Saleous, Hansen M C, et al. An evaluation of the global 1-km AVHRR land data set[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21: 1987-2021.
[19]江洪,马克平,张艳丽等.基于空间分析的保护生物学研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28：562-578.
[20]刘纪远,庄大方,凌扬荣.基于GIS的中国东北植被的分类研究[J].遥感学报,1998,2(4)：285-291.
[21]Schmidt K S, Skidmore A K. Spectral discrimination of vegetation types in coastal wetland[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,85:92-108.
[22]杨存建,刘纪远,骆剑承.不同龄组的热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6)：862-867.
[23]Lyon J, Yuan D, Lunetta R, et al. A change detection experiment using vegetation indices[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1998,64:143-150.
[24]Munyati C. Wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, by classification of a mufti-temporal remote sensing image dataset[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21(9):1781-1806.
[25]Townsend P A. Estimating forest structure in wetlands using multemporal SAR[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,79(2):288-304.
[26]Phillips R L, Beeri O, DeKeyser E S. Remote wetland assessment for Missouri coteau prairie glacial basins[J]. Wetlands,2005,25(2):335-349.
[27]Kaiser M F. Environmental changes, remote sensing, and infrastructure development:The case of Egypt's East Port Said harbour[J]. Applied Geography,2009, 29:280-288.
[28]Salovaara K J, Thessler S, Malik R N et al. Classification of Amazonian primary rain forest vegetation using Landsat ETM plus satellite imagery[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,97(1):39-51.
[29]Ledous L, Cornell S, O'Riordan T et al. Towards sustainable flood and coastal management:identifying drivers of, and obstacles to, managed realignment[J]. Land Use Policy,2005, (22):129-144.
[30]彭建,王仰麟.我国沿海滩涂景观生态初步研究[J].地理研究,2000,19(3)：249-256.
[31]叶庆华,田国良,刘高焕等.黄河三角洲新生湿地土地覆被图谱[J].地理研 究,2004,23(2)：257-265.
[32]高占国,张利权.上海盐沼植被多季相光谱特征识别[J].生态学报,2006,26(3)：793-800.
[33]郑宗生,周云轩,刘志国等.基于水动力模型及遥感水边线方法的潮滩高程反演[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(5)：756-760.
[34]李贺鹏,张利权,王东辉.上海地区外来种互花米草的分布现状[J].生物多样性,2006,14(2)：114-120.
[35]李文华等.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[36]苗苗.辽宁省滨海湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估[D].辽宁：辽宁师范大学,2008.
[37]Daily G C. Nature's Service:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem[M]. Washington D C:Island Press,1997.
[38]Pimental D.et al. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity[J]. BioScience,1997,47(11):747-757.
[39]Bolund P, Hunhammar S. Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas[J]. Ecological Economies,1999,29:293-301.
[40]Bjorklund J, Limbrug K, Rydberg T. Impact of Production Intensity on the Ability of the Agricultural Landscape to Generate Ecosystem Services:an Example from Sweden [J]. Ecological Economics,1999,29:269-291.
[41]Andrew F Seidl, Andre Stiffens Moraes. Global Valuation of Ecosystem Services: Application to the Pantanal da Nhecolandia, Brazil[J]. Ecological Economics,2000,33: 1-6.
[42]Loom is J. Balancing Public trust resources of Mono Lake and Los Angels water right:An economic approach[J]. Water Resource Research,1987,23:1449-1556.
[43]马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1)：1-9.
[44]李金昌等.生态价值论[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,1999：1-25.
[45]侯元兆,张佩昌,王琦等.中国森林资源核算研究[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995：1-10.
[46]李君洁.珠江三角洲土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务功能的影响研究[D].北京：首都师范大学,2009.
[47]欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱等.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8)：1395-1400.
[48]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5)：635-640.
[49]郭中伟,甘雅玲.基于功能与空间格局的区域生态系统保育策略[J].生物多样性,2002,10(4)：399-408.
[50]薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999,19(3)：247-252.
[51]谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6)：6-9.
[52]李亦秋.基于3S技术的丹江口库区及上游生态系统服务价值评价[D].北京：北京林业大学,2009.
[53]陆健健.河口生态学.北京：海洋出版社,2003.
[54]陈基炜,梅安新,袁江红.从海岸滩涂变迁看上海滩涂土地资源的利用[J].上海地质,2005,93(1)：1821.
[55]上海市环境保护局.上海市2010年自然保护区调查调查报告[R].上海：上海市环境科学研究院,2010.
[56]黄华梅,张利权,高占国.上海滩涂植被资源遥感分析[J].生态学报,2005,25(10)：2686-2693.
[57]王卿.长江口盐沼植物群落分布动态及互花米草入侵的影响[D].上海：复旦大学,2007.
[58]陈家宽.上海九段沙湿地自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
[59]徐宏发,赵云龙.上海市崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2005.
[60]Zhao B, Kreuterb U, Li B, et al. An ecosystem service value assessment of land-use change on Chongming Island, China[J]. Land Use Policy,2004,21:139-148.
[61]陈吉余,程和琴,戴志军.滩涂湿地利用与保护的协调发展探讨[J].中国工程科学,2007,9(6)：11-17.
[62]陈吉余.从事河口海岸研究五十五年论文集[C].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2000.
[63]李九发,万新宁,陈小华等.上海滩涂后备土地资源及其可持续开发途径[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(1)：17-22.
[64]陈吉余,沈焕庭,恽才兴等.长江河口动力过程和动力地貌演变[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988.
[65]李九发,戴志军,应铭等.上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(3)：361-371.
[66]陈沈良,谷国传,虞志英.长江口南汇东滩淤涨演变分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3)：239-244.
[67]茅志昌,李九发,吴华林.上海市滩涂促淤圈围研究[J].泥沙研究,2003,2：77-81.
[68]杨世伦,杜景龙,郜昂等.近半个世纪长江口九段沙湿地的冲淤演变[J].地理科学,2006,26(3)：335-340.
[69]许世远,俞立中.上海滨岸带资源环境结构与调控研究报告[R].上海：华东师范大学,2000.
[70]陈业裕,黄昌发.应用地貌学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,1994.
[71]《上海市水利志》编撰委员会.上海市水利志[M].上海：上海社会科学院出版社,1997.
[72]余绍达.上海市围垦四十年[M].上海水利,1989,(3)：1-44.
[73]祝卫祯.围垦造地三十载-盐碱荒滩变粮田[N].上海商报,1999..
[74]陈满荣,韩晓非,刘水芹.上海市围海造地效应分析与海岸带可持续发展[J].中国软科学,2000,11：115-120.
[75]唐承佳,陆健健.长江口九段沙湿地原生植被的保护及开发利用[J].上海环境科学,2002,21：210-259.
[76]欧善华,方永鑫,沈光华.海三棱藨草在上海滩涂分布规律的环境因子分析及生产量的研究[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992a,增刊：10-22.
[77]欧善华,方永翁,周根余.海三棱藨草种子萌发条件的初步研究[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992b,增刊：23-27.
[78]陈中义.互花米草入侵国际重要湿地崇明东滩的生态后果[D].上海：复旦大学,2004.
[79]复旦大学.上海主要滩涂湿地生态服务功能评价与保护对策研究报告[R].上海：复旦大学,2010.
[80]王卿,安树青,马志军,赵斌,陈家宽,李博.入侵植物互花米草—生物学、生态学及管理[J].植物分类学报,2006,44：559-588.
[81]黄华梅,张利权.上海九段沙互花米草种群动态遥感研究[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(1)：75-82.
[82]黄华梅,张利权,袁琳.明东滩自然保护区盐沼植被的时空动态[J].生态学报,2007,27(10)：4166-4172.
[83]Wang Q, Wang CH, Zhao B, et al. Effects of growing conditions on the growth of and interactions between salt marsh plants:implications for invasibility of habitats[J]. Biological Invasions,2006,8:1547-1560.
[84]黄华梅.上海滩涂盐沼植被的分布格局和时空动态研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2009.
[85]杨斌生,欧善华,宋国元.上海市海岸带滩涂海三棱藨草群落的形成与演替 [J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),1992,增刊：59-64.
[86]苏敬华.崇明岛生态系统服务功能价值评估[D].上海：东华大学,2008.
[87]Schulze, E. D, Mooney, H. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function[M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1993.
[88]叶属峰,黄秀清.东海赤潮及其监视监测[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(2)：10-14.
[89]叶属峰,纪焕红,曹恋,黄秀清.长江口海域赤潮成因及其防治对策[J].海洋科学,2004,28(5)：26-32.
[90]周凡.赤潮的成因、危害及治理[J].生物学教学,2004,29(1)：1-3.
[91]上海市房屋土地资源管理局.上海市土地利用总体规划(1997-2010)[R].上海,1999.
[92]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务功能的空间尺度特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(9)：1432-1437.
[93]刘力.可持续发展与城市生态系统物质循环理论研究[R].长春：东北师范大学,2002：40-44.
[94]Milligan J, O'Riordan T, Nicholson-Cole S A, et al. Nature conservation for future sustainable shorelines:Lessons from seeking to imvolve the public[J]. Land Use Policy, 2009, (26):203-213.
[95]仲崇信,钦佩.水培大米草吸引汞及其净化环境作用的探讨[J].海洋科学,1983,7(2)：6-10.
[96]曹东,王金南.中国污染工业经济学[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1999.
[97]肖笃宁,胡远满,李秀珍.环渤海三角洲湿地的景观生态学研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[98]赵平,夏冬平,王天厚.上海市崇明东滩湿地生态恢复与重建工程中社会经济价值分析[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(1)：75-78.
[99]苏铁.上海市九段沙湿地的生态系统服务价值及其保护与开发前景的研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2007.
[100]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值[J].科学通报,2000,45(1)：17-22.
[101]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(1)：9-12.
[102]Rossi P, Pecci A, Amadio V, et al. Coupling indicatorso fecological value and ecological sensitivity with indicapors of demographic pressure in the demarcation of new areas to be protected:The case of the Oltrepo Paveseand the Ligurian Emilian Apennine area (Itlay) [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85:12-26.
[103]Nilsson CN, Grelsson G. The fragility of ecosystems:A review[J]. Journal of Aplied Ecology,1995,32:677-692.
[104]江苏省植物所.江苏植物志[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,1977,259-260.[105]陆健健,孙宪坤,何文珊.上海地区湿地的研究[J]//郎惠卿,林鹏,陆健健主编.中国湿地研究与保护.上海：华东师范大学出版社,1998：297-310.
[106]《上海市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告》编写组.上海市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告[M].上海：科学技术出版社,1988：74-78,97-104.
[107]袁兴中,陆健健.长江口潮滩湿地大型底栖动物群落的生态学特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5)：414-420.
[108]高宇,王卿,何美梅等.滩涂作业对上海崇明东滩自然保护区的影响评价[J].生态学报,2007,27(9)：3752-3760.
[109]王卿,汪承焕,赵斌等.二十年来上海市崇明东滩潮间带植被的时空动态[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43：15-25.
[110]高宇,赵斌.人类围垦活动对上海崇明东滩滩涂发育的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22：475-478.
[111]葛振鸣,王天厚,王开运,王小明.长江口滨海湿地生态系统特征及关键群落的保育[M].北京：科学出版社.2008.