植物油环氧化合成环境友好润滑油的研究
|
摘要
随着现代工业化的发展,环境问题越来越受到重视,开发环境友好润滑油具有重要意义。植物油是一种非常有潜力的替代产品,但是由于其含有大量双键,氧化安定性差,难以达到现代润滑油的要求。针对以上问题,本文采用化学改性的方法,从分子结构对其进行重新设计,同时考察了改性前后的摩擦学性能、流变学性能、氧化安定性能,采用红外光谱对其结构进行表征。
在植物油中选取综合性能较好的菜籽油为原料,采用了无溶剂法、强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂合成了环氧菜籽油,并采用Box—Behnken对环氧化工艺条件进行了优化,解决了文献报道中产品副产物多,放置过程中生产浑浊进而产生沉淀,运动粘度大的缺点。环氧化改性以后大大提高了菜籽油的抗氧性,其综合摩擦学性能优于改性之前,40℃和100℃条件下粘度分别为36.70、52.46,粘度指数高达179,凝点-18℃,闪点216℃,与同级别矿物油相比,有很大优势。
由于目前植物油价格较高,性能与价格与矿物油相比都不占优势,本文从降低成本的方面考虑,首次采用植物废弃油脂为原料,先对其进行酯化、碱炼改性,使其酸价从115.34降低到0.97,再进行环氧化反应。其结果表明,所合成的环氧脂肪酸甲酯,40℃和100℃条件下粘度分别为4.31、4.96,粘度指数高达524,凝点-3℃,润滑性能优良,与改性之前相比氧化安定性大大改善。
润滑油技术是由基础油和添加剂两方面组成的,虽然环氧化化学改性能提高两种基础油的氧化安定性,但与矿物油相比,还有一定差距,改性以后随着饱和度的增加,低温性能也变差。针对以上问题,选择了市售矿物润滑油抗氧剂和降凝剂各三种,每种添加剂的添加量为1%。结果发现,抗氧剂能延长使用寿命5-10倍,降凝剂最高能降低10℃。
With the development of modern industrialization,people have paid more and more attention to the environment,it bears a great significance in developing environmental friendly lubricants.Vegetable oil is a potential alternative,but because it contains a lot double bond,its' oxidation stability is poor,it is difficult to achieve the requirements of modern lubricants.According to the over problems,in this paper using the method of chemical modification,from their molecular structure of redesign, and inspected before and after of the modification of its tribological properties, rheology properties,oxidative stability properties,its structure is characterized by FT-IR.
It's selected rapeseed oil as raw material of its best overall performance,using solvent-free method,and strong acid cation exchange resin as a catalyst to synthesis the epoxidized rapeseed oil,the epoxidation process conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken,some reporteded problems is solved,such as more by-products,to place the process of production of turbidity,the kinematic viecosity is large.The epoxidized rapeseed oil have greatly enhanced the oxidation,and its tribological properties is better than un-modification,dynamic viscosity from 40℃to 100℃is 36.70 and 52.46,Ⅵis 179,the freezing point is -18℃,the flash point is 216℃, compared with the level of mineral oil,has a great advantage.
At present,vegetable oil has a high price,its performance and price can not contend with the mineral oil,in this paper,from the aspect of reduce the cost,it was the first report to use waste plant oils as raw materials.Esterification first,and then its alkali refining to reduce the acid value from 115.34 to 0.97,further epoxidized modification.The results show that the synthesis of epoxidized acid oil methyl esters, dynamic viscosity from 40℃to 100℃is 4.31 and 4.96,has a high viscosity index, the freezing point is -3℃,excellent lubrication performance,compared with the un-modified its oxidative stability greatly improved.
The lubricant technology is basis from base oil and additives two aspects composed,although the epoxidation can improved of the oxidation stability of two base oil,but compared with mineral oil,has certain distance,with the increase of saturation after modified,the low-temperature performance is also variation. According to the over problems,has chosen three kinds of each mineral oil antioxidantand depressant additive from the market,for each 1%of its adding quantity.It was found that antioxidants can extend the service life of 5-10 times,pour point depressant to reduce the maximum of 10℃.
在植物油中选取综合性能较好的菜籽油为原料,采用了无溶剂法、强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂合成了环氧菜籽油,并采用Box—Behnken对环氧化工艺条件进行了优化,解决了文献报道中产品副产物多,放置过程中生产浑浊进而产生沉淀,运动粘度大的缺点。环氧化改性以后大大提高了菜籽油的抗氧性,其综合摩擦学性能优于改性之前,40℃和100℃条件下粘度分别为36.70、52.46,粘度指数高达179,凝点-18℃,闪点216℃,与同级别矿物油相比,有很大优势。
由于目前植物油价格较高,性能与价格与矿物油相比都不占优势,本文从降低成本的方面考虑,首次采用植物废弃油脂为原料,先对其进行酯化、碱炼改性,使其酸价从115.34降低到0.97,再进行环氧化反应。其结果表明,所合成的环氧脂肪酸甲酯,40℃和100℃条件下粘度分别为4.31、4.96,粘度指数高达524,凝点-3℃,润滑性能优良,与改性之前相比氧化安定性大大改善。
润滑油技术是由基础油和添加剂两方面组成的,虽然环氧化化学改性能提高两种基础油的氧化安定性,但与矿物油相比,还有一定差距,改性以后随着饱和度的增加,低温性能也变差。针对以上问题,选择了市售矿物润滑油抗氧剂和降凝剂各三种,每种添加剂的添加量为1%。结果发现,抗氧剂能延长使用寿命5-10倍,降凝剂最高能降低10℃。
With the development of modern industrialization,people have paid more and more attention to the environment,it bears a great significance in developing environmental friendly lubricants.Vegetable oil is a potential alternative,but because it contains a lot double bond,its' oxidation stability is poor,it is difficult to achieve the requirements of modern lubricants.According to the over problems,in this paper using the method of chemical modification,from their molecular structure of redesign, and inspected before and after of the modification of its tribological properties, rheology properties,oxidative stability properties,its structure is characterized by FT-IR.
It's selected rapeseed oil as raw material of its best overall performance,using solvent-free method,and strong acid cation exchange resin as a catalyst to synthesis the epoxidized rapeseed oil,the epoxidation process conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken,some reporteded problems is solved,such as more by-products,to place the process of production of turbidity,the kinematic viecosity is large.The epoxidized rapeseed oil have greatly enhanced the oxidation,and its tribological properties is better than un-modification,dynamic viscosity from 40℃to 100℃is 36.70 and 52.46,Ⅵis 179,the freezing point is -18℃,the flash point is 216℃, compared with the level of mineral oil,has a great advantage.
At present,vegetable oil has a high price,its performance and price can not contend with the mineral oil,in this paper,from the aspect of reduce the cost,it was the first report to use waste plant oils as raw materials.Esterification first,and then its alkali refining to reduce the acid value from 115.34 to 0.97,further epoxidized modification.The results show that the synthesis of epoxidized acid oil methyl esters, dynamic viscosity from 40℃to 100℃is 4.31 and 4.96,has a high viscosity index, the freezing point is -3℃,excellent lubrication performance,compared with the un-modified its oxidative stability greatly improved.
The lubricant technology is basis from base oil and additives two aspects composed,although the epoxidation can improved of the oxidation stability of two base oil,but compared with mineral oil,has certain distance,with the increase of saturation after modified,the low-temperature performance is also variation. According to the over problems,has chosen three kinds of each mineral oil antioxidantand depressant additive from the market,for each 1%of its adding quantity.It was found that antioxidants can extend the service life of 5-10 times,pour point depressant to reduce the maximum of 10℃.
引文
1.陈忠祥.硫磷化改性菜籽油制备极压润滑油工艺探索[J].安徽化工,2006,139(1):22-24
2.柴隽.润滑油技术发展展望[J].合成润滑材料,2007,34(4):13-15
3.董浚修.润滑原理及润滑油[M].北京:中国石化出版社(第二版),1998,p120
4.方建华,陈波水等.羟基改性菜籽油润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能[J].合成润滑材料,2004,31(3)
5.方建华,陈波水,黄伟九等.磷氮化改性菜籽油添加剂的制备及其摩擦学性能[J].摩擦学学报,2001,21(5):348-351
6.方建华,陈波水,董凌等.血清在菜籽油和水中的摩擦学性能研究[J].润滑与密封,2005,170(4):31-32
7.郭学阳.环氧菜籽油生产技术[J].安徽化工,1999,4:19-21
8.巩清叶,余来贵.环境友好润滑剂及其添加剂的摩擦学研究现状[J].润滑与密封,2000,(5):65-68
9.胡志孟.羟基植物油脂肪酸的合成及其润滑性[J].化工科技,2001,9(3):1-4
10.胡建华,郑竞成.环氧菜子油的研究[J].武汉食品工业学院学报,1995,(1):15-19
11.黄文轩.环境兼容润滑剂的综述[J].润滑油,1997,12(4):1-8
12.景恒,陈立功.菜籽油酯化酯化制备润滑油基础油的研究[J].能源研究与信息,2004,20(3):179-183
13.金志良,熊静,王毓民.汽车发动机绿色润滑油的发展[J].公路与汽运,2007,3:20-22
14.李清华,陶华德.菜油乙酯作为润滑油基础油的研究[J].润滑与密封,2007,32(12):90-92
15.李凯,王兴国,刘元法.植物油为原料合成润滑油基础油研究现状[J].粮食与油脂,2008,4:3-6
16.李清华,陶华德,王彬等.化学改性豆油的流变学特性及氧化稳定性研究[J].润滑与密封,2008,33(5):64-67
17.李久盛,冯铱,王大璞等.环境友好润滑剂研究工作总结与期望[J].润滑油与 燃料,2005,15(4):1-5
18.刘磊,吕伟,孙洪伟.植物油改性作润滑油的研究进展[J].化工进展,2008,27(2):184-187
19.芦金良.新型三嗪含硫磷氮衍生物的合成及其摩擦学性能研究[硕士论文].上海交通大学,2003
20.马江波,胡俊洪.几种硫化脂肪在菜籽油中的润滑行为[J].东北大学学报,2003,24(12):1195-1198
21.聂小安,蒋剑春,陈水根等.环氧脂肪酸甲酯的合成及其降凝性能初探[J].林产化学与工业,2008,28(2):48-52
22.裘峰.提高润滑油基础油质量的工艺研究[J].高桥石化,2008,2:20-23
23.秦晓东,范亦丁.润滑油燃料经济性要求及其对发动机油发展影响[J].润滑油,2008,23(1):1-4
24.孙琳.添加纳米粒子对大豆油润滑性能的影响[硕士论文].吉林大学,2007
25.孙玉彬,胡丽天,薛群基.环境友好润滑油的发展及其摩擦学研究现状[J].摩擦学学报,2008,28(4):381-387
25.邵弘.大豆油脂制备绿色润滑油前景分析[J].大豆通报,2008,3:40-42
26.石琛,毛大恒,肖志信.生育酚对绿色润滑油抗氧化性能影响[J].润滑油,2008,23(1):46-50
27.武雅丽.环境兼容内燃机润滑油的低温性能及可生物降解性研究[博士论文].长安大学,2003
28.吴辉平,姜嵩,许筠芸等.菜籽油环氧化制备润滑油基础油的研究[J].高校化学工程学报,2009,23(2):116-121
29.王向中.基于均匀设计的绿色润滑油抗氧性与抗磨性研究[硕士论文].长安大学,2003
30.王玉章,杨文中,龙军.从润滑油基础油标准看我国基础油生产现状[J].炼油技术与工程,2006,36(6):1-6
31.王斌.两种新型环境友好润滑剂及其润滑性和应用性研究[博士论文].上海:上海大学,2006
32.王恒,杨巧立,王毓民.基于均匀设计的可生物降解内燃机润滑油的研究[J]. 小型内燃机与摩托车,2008,37(4):8-10
33.王德义,谭秀民,郭亚平等.绿色润滑剂的特点与发展[J].化学工程师,2004,101(2):31-32
34.夏延秋,张新敏,刘维民等.润滑油的抗氧化性能和分析检测技术[J].润滑与密封,2004,163(3):26-28
35.袁璋,许越先,刘爱军.我国经济作物种植结构的近期变化[J].中国农业科技导报,2005,7(5):39-45
36.杨汉民,向晖,陈国需.双羟基硬脂酸在蓖麻油中的润滑性能的研究[J].润滑与密封,2005,(4):27-28,35
37.叶斌,陶德华,王鹤寿.几种添加剂在一些环境友好润滑剂基础油中的抗磨减摩探讨[J].润滑与密封,2003,6:41-42
38.赵力超,陈永泉,金越.我国大豆加工利用研究的综合分析[J].现代食品科技,2005,21(1):134-137
39.郑水春,刘同保.环氧菜籽油的合成与研究[J].杭州化工,1998,28(1)2-5
40.张国生.我国润滑油行业发展概况及展望[J].当代石油化工,2007,15(5):15-17
41.张雁燕.可生物降解润滑剂抗氧剂的筛选方法研究[硕士论文].上海交通大学,2003
42.张强,李文林,廖李等.植物油转化环境友好型润滑油的研究进展[J].中国油脂,2008,33(9):36-39
43.张强,李文林,郑畅,黄凤洪.菜籽油环氧化新工艺制备润滑油基础油的研究[J].可再生能源,2009,27(2):20-23
44.张传龙,纪威,付太军等.从废油脂中制取生物柴油的反应动力学及工艺研究[J].中国粮油学报.2005.20(5):101-104
45.中国新闻图片网.http://www.cnsphoto.com/NewsPhoto/printNews.asp?ID=396749
46.Andrea Kleinova,Peter Fodran,et al.Substituted esters of stearic acid as potential lubricants[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2007,6:1-6
47.Achim Roehrs.Additives for environmentally acceptable lubricants[J].Fessenbecker,NLGI Spokesman 1996,60(6):9-25
48.D.C.Drown,K.Harper.Screening vegetable oil alcohol esters as fuel lubricity enhancers[J].JAOCS,2001,78(6):579-584
49. Frusteri F, Leonardi V, Maggio G Numerical approach to describe the phase change of an inorganic PCM containing carbon fibers[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2006, 26:1883-1892
50. Fang M, Chen G M. Effects of different multiple PCMs on the performance of a latent thermal energy storage system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27:994-1000
51. Fox N J, Stachowiak G W. Vegetable oil-based lubricant -a review of oxidation[J]. Tribology International, 2007, 40:1033-1046
52. Hong-sik Hwang, Sevim Z. Erhan. Formulations with improved oxidative Stability and low pour point[J].JAOCS, 2001, 78(12)1180-1185
53. Huseyin Topallar, Yuksel Bayrak, and Mehmet Iscan. A linetic study on autoxidation of sunflowerseed oil [J].JAOCS, 1997, 74(10): 1323-1327
54. Hong-Sik, Sevim Z. Modification of epoxidized soybean oil for lubricant formulations with Improved oxidative sability and low pour point [J].JAOCS, 2001,78(12): 1179-1184
55. Hwang H, Erhan S Z. Synthetic lubricant basestocks from epoxidized soybean oil and guerbel alcohols [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2006,23:311-317
56. Jackson M. Environmentally compatible lubricants: focusing on the long-term [J]. NLGI Spokesman, 1995,59(2): 16-20
57. Karen J. D., and Pameld J. W. Extraction and identification of antioxidants in oils [J]. JAOCS,1991, 68(6):365-370
58. Mangesh G Transesterification of canola oil in mixed methanol/ethanol system and use of esters as lubricity additive [J]. Bioresource Technology,98(2007):2027 -2033
59. Manfred P Schneider. Plant oil based lubricants and hydraulic fluids[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2006, 86:1769-1780
60. Marton Voltz. Biodegradability of lubrication base stocks and fully formulated products [J].Synthetic Lubrication, 1995, 12(3):215-230
61. Mang T. Environmentally harmless lubricants-current status and relevant German environmental legislation[J].NLGI Spokesman,1993,57(6):233-239
62. N S Battersby, Wilfried J.Barts.Lubriants and environment[J] .Tribology International, 1998,31(1-3):35-47.
63. Nicoletta Ravasio, Federica Zaccheria. Environmental friendly lubricants through slective hydrogenation of rapeseed oil over supported copper catalysts[J]. Applied catalysis, 2002,233:1-6
64. Plaza S., Cornelias L.R., Starczewski L. Tribochemical reactions of dibenzyl and diphenyl disulfides in boundary lubrication [J]. Wear, 1997, 205: 71-76
65. Pin-Der Duh, Dong-Bor Yen. Extraction and identification of a antioxidation component from peanut hulls[J]. JAOCS, 1992, 69(8):814-818
66. Puscas C, Bandur G, Modra D, et al. Mixtures of vegetable oils and di-2-ethylhexyl-aebacate as lubricants[J]. Journal of Synthetic Lubricantion, 2006,23(4): 185-196
67. Piyush S. Lathi, Bo Mattiasson. Green approach for the preoaration of biodegradable lubricant base stock from epoxidized vegetable oil[J]. Applied Catalysis, 2007,69:207-212
68. R Altin, C Selim. The Potential of UsingVegetable Oil as Fuel for Diesel Engines [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2001,42:529-538
69. Regin A F, Solanki S C, Saini J S. Heat transfer characteristics of Thermal energy storage system using PCM capsules: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 2007(8):1-14
70. S.Gryglewice,W.Piechocki,GGryglewice. Preparation of polyolesters based on vegetable and animal fats [J].BioresoureeTeehnology, 2003(87):35-39
71. Svajus Asadauskas, Sevim Z. Erhan. Depression of pour points of vegetable oils by blending with diluents used for biodegradable lubricants[J]. JAOCS, 1999,76 (3):313-316
72. Svajus Asadauskas, Sevim Z. Erhan. Thin-Film test to invesigate liquid oxy-Polymerization of nonvolatile analytes: assessment of vegetable oils and Biodegradable lubricants [J]. JAOCS, 2001, 78(10)1129-1136
73. Steven Cermak, Terry Isbell. Estolodes the next biobased functional fluid[J]. INFORM, 2004,15(8):515-517
74. Van Voorst R, Alam F. Polyglycols as base fluids for environmentally-friendly lubricants[J]. Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 2000,16(4):313-322
75. Valerie Dossat, Didier Combes, Alain Marty.Lipase-catalysed transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology,2002,30:90-94
76. Wu H, Li J, Yi H L, et al. The tribological behavior of diester containing polysulfides as additives in mineral oil[J]. Trobology International, 2007,40(8): 1246-1252
77. X. Wu, Zhang, et al. The study of epoxidized rapeseed oil used as a potential biogradable lubricant[J].Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society.2000,75 (5):561-563
2.柴隽.润滑油技术发展展望[J].合成润滑材料,2007,34(4):13-15
3.董浚修.润滑原理及润滑油[M].北京:中国石化出版社(第二版),1998,p120
4.方建华,陈波水等.羟基改性菜籽油润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能[J].合成润滑材料,2004,31(3)
5.方建华,陈波水,黄伟九等.磷氮化改性菜籽油添加剂的制备及其摩擦学性能[J].摩擦学学报,2001,21(5):348-351
6.方建华,陈波水,董凌等.血清在菜籽油和水中的摩擦学性能研究[J].润滑与密封,2005,170(4):31-32
7.郭学阳.环氧菜籽油生产技术[J].安徽化工,1999,4:19-21
8.巩清叶,余来贵.环境友好润滑剂及其添加剂的摩擦学研究现状[J].润滑与密封,2000,(5):65-68
9.胡志孟.羟基植物油脂肪酸的合成及其润滑性[J].化工科技,2001,9(3):1-4
10.胡建华,郑竞成.环氧菜子油的研究[J].武汉食品工业学院学报,1995,(1):15-19
11.黄文轩.环境兼容润滑剂的综述[J].润滑油,1997,12(4):1-8
12.景恒,陈立功.菜籽油酯化酯化制备润滑油基础油的研究[J].能源研究与信息,2004,20(3):179-183
13.金志良,熊静,王毓民.汽车发动机绿色润滑油的发展[J].公路与汽运,2007,3:20-22
14.李清华,陶华德.菜油乙酯作为润滑油基础油的研究[J].润滑与密封,2007,32(12):90-92
15.李凯,王兴国,刘元法.植物油为原料合成润滑油基础油研究现状[J].粮食与油脂,2008,4:3-6
16.李清华,陶华德,王彬等.化学改性豆油的流变学特性及氧化稳定性研究[J].润滑与密封,2008,33(5):64-67
17.李久盛,冯铱,王大璞等.环境友好润滑剂研究工作总结与期望[J].润滑油与 燃料,2005,15(4):1-5
18.刘磊,吕伟,孙洪伟.植物油改性作润滑油的研究进展[J].化工进展,2008,27(2):184-187
19.芦金良.新型三嗪含硫磷氮衍生物的合成及其摩擦学性能研究[硕士论文].上海交通大学,2003
20.马江波,胡俊洪.几种硫化脂肪在菜籽油中的润滑行为[J].东北大学学报,2003,24(12):1195-1198
21.聂小安,蒋剑春,陈水根等.环氧脂肪酸甲酯的合成及其降凝性能初探[J].林产化学与工业,2008,28(2):48-52
22.裘峰.提高润滑油基础油质量的工艺研究[J].高桥石化,2008,2:20-23
23.秦晓东,范亦丁.润滑油燃料经济性要求及其对发动机油发展影响[J].润滑油,2008,23(1):1-4
24.孙琳.添加纳米粒子对大豆油润滑性能的影响[硕士论文].吉林大学,2007
25.孙玉彬,胡丽天,薛群基.环境友好润滑油的发展及其摩擦学研究现状[J].摩擦学学报,2008,28(4):381-387
25.邵弘.大豆油脂制备绿色润滑油前景分析[J].大豆通报,2008,3:40-42
26.石琛,毛大恒,肖志信.生育酚对绿色润滑油抗氧化性能影响[J].润滑油,2008,23(1):46-50
27.武雅丽.环境兼容内燃机润滑油的低温性能及可生物降解性研究[博士论文].长安大学,2003
28.吴辉平,姜嵩,许筠芸等.菜籽油环氧化制备润滑油基础油的研究[J].高校化学工程学报,2009,23(2):116-121
29.王向中.基于均匀设计的绿色润滑油抗氧性与抗磨性研究[硕士论文].长安大学,2003
30.王玉章,杨文中,龙军.从润滑油基础油标准看我国基础油生产现状[J].炼油技术与工程,2006,36(6):1-6
31.王斌.两种新型环境友好润滑剂及其润滑性和应用性研究[博士论文].上海:上海大学,2006
32.王恒,杨巧立,王毓民.基于均匀设计的可生物降解内燃机润滑油的研究[J]. 小型内燃机与摩托车,2008,37(4):8-10
33.王德义,谭秀民,郭亚平等.绿色润滑剂的特点与发展[J].化学工程师,2004,101(2):31-32
34.夏延秋,张新敏,刘维民等.润滑油的抗氧化性能和分析检测技术[J].润滑与密封,2004,163(3):26-28
35.袁璋,许越先,刘爱军.我国经济作物种植结构的近期变化[J].中国农业科技导报,2005,7(5):39-45
36.杨汉民,向晖,陈国需.双羟基硬脂酸在蓖麻油中的润滑性能的研究[J].润滑与密封,2005,(4):27-28,35
37.叶斌,陶德华,王鹤寿.几种添加剂在一些环境友好润滑剂基础油中的抗磨减摩探讨[J].润滑与密封,2003,6:41-42
38.赵力超,陈永泉,金越.我国大豆加工利用研究的综合分析[J].现代食品科技,2005,21(1):134-137
39.郑水春,刘同保.环氧菜籽油的合成与研究[J].杭州化工,1998,28(1)2-5
40.张国生.我国润滑油行业发展概况及展望[J].当代石油化工,2007,15(5):15-17
41.张雁燕.可生物降解润滑剂抗氧剂的筛选方法研究[硕士论文].上海交通大学,2003
42.张强,李文林,廖李等.植物油转化环境友好型润滑油的研究进展[J].中国油脂,2008,33(9):36-39
43.张强,李文林,郑畅,黄凤洪.菜籽油环氧化新工艺制备润滑油基础油的研究[J].可再生能源,2009,27(2):20-23
44.张传龙,纪威,付太军等.从废油脂中制取生物柴油的反应动力学及工艺研究[J].中国粮油学报.2005.20(5):101-104
45.中国新闻图片网.http://www.cnsphoto.com/NewsPhoto/printNews.asp?ID=396749
46.Andrea Kleinova,Peter Fodran,et al.Substituted esters of stearic acid as potential lubricants[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2007,6:1-6
47.Achim Roehrs.Additives for environmentally acceptable lubricants[J].Fessenbecker,NLGI Spokesman 1996,60(6):9-25
48.D.C.Drown,K.Harper.Screening vegetable oil alcohol esters as fuel lubricity enhancers[J].JAOCS,2001,78(6):579-584
49. Frusteri F, Leonardi V, Maggio G Numerical approach to describe the phase change of an inorganic PCM containing carbon fibers[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2006, 26:1883-1892
50. Fang M, Chen G M. Effects of different multiple PCMs on the performance of a latent thermal energy storage system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27:994-1000
51. Fox N J, Stachowiak G W. Vegetable oil-based lubricant -a review of oxidation[J]. Tribology International, 2007, 40:1033-1046
52. Hong-sik Hwang, Sevim Z. Erhan. Formulations with improved oxidative Stability and low pour point[J].JAOCS, 2001, 78(12)1180-1185
53. Huseyin Topallar, Yuksel Bayrak, and Mehmet Iscan. A linetic study on autoxidation of sunflowerseed oil [J].JAOCS, 1997, 74(10): 1323-1327
54. Hong-Sik, Sevim Z. Modification of epoxidized soybean oil for lubricant formulations with Improved oxidative sability and low pour point [J].JAOCS, 2001,78(12): 1179-1184
55. Hwang H, Erhan S Z. Synthetic lubricant basestocks from epoxidized soybean oil and guerbel alcohols [J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2006,23:311-317
56. Jackson M. Environmentally compatible lubricants: focusing on the long-term [J]. NLGI Spokesman, 1995,59(2): 16-20
57. Karen J. D., and Pameld J. W. Extraction and identification of antioxidants in oils [J]. JAOCS,1991, 68(6):365-370
58. Mangesh G Transesterification of canola oil in mixed methanol/ethanol system and use of esters as lubricity additive [J]. Bioresource Technology,98(2007):2027 -2033
59. Manfred P Schneider. Plant oil based lubricants and hydraulic fluids[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2006, 86:1769-1780
60. Marton Voltz. Biodegradability of lubrication base stocks and fully formulated products [J].Synthetic Lubrication, 1995, 12(3):215-230
61. Mang T. Environmentally harmless lubricants-current status and relevant German environmental legislation[J].NLGI Spokesman,1993,57(6):233-239
62. N S Battersby, Wilfried J.Barts.Lubriants and environment[J] .Tribology International, 1998,31(1-3):35-47.
63. Nicoletta Ravasio, Federica Zaccheria. Environmental friendly lubricants through slective hydrogenation of rapeseed oil over supported copper catalysts[J]. Applied catalysis, 2002,233:1-6
64. Plaza S., Cornelias L.R., Starczewski L. Tribochemical reactions of dibenzyl and diphenyl disulfides in boundary lubrication [J]. Wear, 1997, 205: 71-76
65. Pin-Der Duh, Dong-Bor Yen. Extraction and identification of a antioxidation component from peanut hulls[J]. JAOCS, 1992, 69(8):814-818
66. Puscas C, Bandur G, Modra D, et al. Mixtures of vegetable oils and di-2-ethylhexyl-aebacate as lubricants[J]. Journal of Synthetic Lubricantion, 2006,23(4): 185-196
67. Piyush S. Lathi, Bo Mattiasson. Green approach for the preoaration of biodegradable lubricant base stock from epoxidized vegetable oil[J]. Applied Catalysis, 2007,69:207-212
68. R Altin, C Selim. The Potential of UsingVegetable Oil as Fuel for Diesel Engines [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2001,42:529-538
69. Regin A F, Solanki S C, Saini J S. Heat transfer characteristics of Thermal energy storage system using PCM capsules: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 2007(8):1-14
70. S.Gryglewice,W.Piechocki,GGryglewice. Preparation of polyolesters based on vegetable and animal fats [J].BioresoureeTeehnology, 2003(87):35-39
71. Svajus Asadauskas, Sevim Z. Erhan. Depression of pour points of vegetable oils by blending with diluents used for biodegradable lubricants[J]. JAOCS, 1999,76 (3):313-316
72. Svajus Asadauskas, Sevim Z. Erhan. Thin-Film test to invesigate liquid oxy-Polymerization of nonvolatile analytes: assessment of vegetable oils and Biodegradable lubricants [J]. JAOCS, 2001, 78(10)1129-1136
73. Steven Cermak, Terry Isbell. Estolodes the next biobased functional fluid[J]. INFORM, 2004,15(8):515-517
74. Van Voorst R, Alam F. Polyglycols as base fluids for environmentally-friendly lubricants[J]. Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 2000,16(4):313-322
75. Valerie Dossat, Didier Combes, Alain Marty.Lipase-catalysed transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology,2002,30:90-94
76. Wu H, Li J, Yi H L, et al. The tribological behavior of diester containing polysulfides as additives in mineral oil[J]. Trobology International, 2007,40(8): 1246-1252
77. X. Wu, Zhang, et al. The study of epoxidized rapeseed oil used as a potential biogradable lubricant[J].Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society.2000,75 (5):561-563