烤烟硫营养特性及其调控技术研究
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摘要
本研究通过对湖南不同植烟生态区进行野外采样,系统研究了湖南植烟土壤有效硫及烟叶硫含量状况,烟叶硫与烟叶内在质量的量化关系。通过液培试验,研究了不同硫浓度下烤烟干物质积累和硫及其它营养元素吸收的动念变化规律,硫对烤烟光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数和生理生化指标的影响。通过模拟酸雨试验,研究了模拟酸雨对烤烟光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数、烟叶硫含量和产质量的影响。通过种植方式和烟草硫效率差异研究,筛选出了比较适宜的复种方式和耐硫基因型。具体结论归纳如下:
1.湖南植烟生态区土壤有效硫和烟叶硫含量普遍偏高,平均值分别为34.74 mg/kg和0.849%。有效硫含量较高的土壤占80%,仅有20%左右在适宜范围内。烟叶硫含量仅有30%在0.20～0.70%正常范围内,70%烟叶硫含量超标,尤其是浏阳和宁乡植烟区的烟叶硫含量超过了1.00%。烟—稻复种连作田的土壤有效硫和烟叶硫含量显著高于连续旱作田,连续旱作田土壤有效硫和烟叶硫含量的平均值分别为30.42 mg/kg和0.704%,而烟—稻复种连作田的平均值分别为39.06 mg/kg和0.968%。在植烟年限1～15年之间,随植烟年限的增加,植烟土壤全硫和有效硫含量显著增加,植烟年限超过15年,植烟土壤全硫和有效硫含量趋于平稳。烟叶硫含量与烟叶内在质量的量化关系表现为:烟叶硫含量与总糖和水分含量呈显著负相关,与香气质、余味和评吸总分呈极显著负相关,与烟叶钾含量呈极显著正相关,与烟叶总氮、总氯和总植物碱含量呈正相关,但相关不显著,与香气量、杂气、劲头、刺激性、燃烧性、灰色、香味、总粒相物、烟气烟碱、焦油量呈负相关,但相关也不显著。
2.在一定范围内供硫可以显著促进烤烟的生长发育、干物质和养分积累及产量产值的提高。进一步增加硫浓度将使烤烟的株高、茎围、最大叶面积、节间距和根体积显著降低。液培试验的最适硫浓度为2 mmol/L,大田试验硫肥的最佳用量为50 kg/hm~2。供硫显著促进了烤烟硫营养的吸收。0 mmol/L和2 mmol/L处理促进了烤烟干物质积累和氮、钾、钙、硼、锰、铜、锌等营养元素的吸收。2～4 mmol/L处理促进了烤烟磷、镁等营养元素的吸收,硫浓度超过8 mmol/L烤烟的养分吸收显著下降。
3.硫浓度为2～4 mmol/L和施硫量为50～100 kg/hm~2促进了烤烟叶绿素含量,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(VPD)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)升高,降低了烤烟的气孔限制值(Ls)。2～8 mmol/L处理导致了烤烟的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)显著升高和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)显著降低。0 mmol/L和2 mmol/L处理根系活力显著高于其它处理。团棵期,16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理的烤烟叶片脯氨酸含量显著高于其它处理,在其它几个时期,则以8 mmol/L和16 mmol/L处理最高。2～4 mmol/L处理的烤烟叶片硝酸还原酶活性显著升高,SOD和POD活性则随硫浓度的升高显著升高,生长初期MDA含量随硫浓度升高显著升高,在生长末期处理间差异不显著。
4.硫浓度超过16 mmol/L处理使烤烟叶片厚度显著降低,0 mmol/L处理烤烟叶片上表皮厚度显著升高,宽度显著降低。2 mmol/L处理烤烟的下表皮厚度显著升高,0～4 mmol/L处理的下表皮宽度显著高于其它处理。0～4 mmol/L处理的栅栏组织厚度显著增加,8～32mmol/L处理则显著降低,0 mmol/L和4～32 mmol/L处理的栅栏组织空隙度显著高于2mmol/L处理。0 mmol/L和8～32 mmol/L处理烤烟海绵组织厚度和空隙度及海绵组织与叶片厚度的比值显著降低。0 mmol/L处理的烤烟栅栏组织厚度与叶片厚度比值和栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度比值显著上升。
5.pH≥3.5的轻度酸雨对烤烟叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)影响不大,pH≤2.5处理下叶绿素含量,净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(VPD)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著低于对照。pH 2.0处理的气孔限制值(Ls)显著高于对照。pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低。对照的NPQ明显低于酸雨处理,而pH≥3.5处理的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理。随pH值降低烤烟叶片的SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,pH≤3.0处理的SOD酶活性和脯氨酸含量降低。模拟酸雨使烤烟硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性糖含量随pH值的降低而显著降低。
pH≥3.5处理的总糖和还原糖含量及糖氮比与对照差异不显著,pH≤3.0处理的显著低于对照。烤烟叶片硫含量随pH值的降低而升高,虽然处理与对照间差异不显著,但pH≤4.0处理已严重影响了烤烟的产量和产值,使其显著下降。
随pH值的降低烤烟叶片厚度显著降低,pH≥3.5处理的栅栏组织厚度显著高于pH≤2.5处理。pH≤3.0处理的海绵组织厚度显著低于对照及其它处理。pH≥3.0处理的栅栏组织与叶片厚度比值显著高于对照,其它处理与对照差异不显著。所有处理的栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度的比值都高于对照。
6.四种复种方式对烤烟的农艺性状、淀粉和还原糖含量影响不大,烟—稻—绿肥和烟—玉米处理的总糖含量和糖氮比显著升高,超过了烤烟总糖含量和糖氮比值的正常范围。并且二者的烟碱含量较低,显著低于烟—稻和烟—稻—菜处理。烟—玉米处理的总氮、钾、钙、镁含量显著低于其它处理,而硫含量则显著高于其它处理。其产量产值也显著低于其它处理。在4中复种方式中,烟—稻—菜和烟—稻方式烤烟的总体表现较好,烟—玉表现最差。
7.按照常规栽培方式种植的28个烟草基因型,仅有3个基因型的烟叶硫含量在0.20～0.70%之间,12个基因型的烟叶硫含量介于0.70～1.00%之间,13个基因型的烟叶硫含量超过1.00%。
Field sampling experiment was carried out to analyze and estimate soil available sulfur and tobacco leaf sulfur contents of tobacco-planting area in Hunan and the correlation between sulfur contents and internal quality of tobacco leaves.Solution culture experiment and fertilizing experiment were carried out to study dry matter accumulation and N, P,K,Ca,Mg,S,B,Mn,Zn,Cu nutrient element uptake rule,and the effects of different sulfur concentration on photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and other physiological and chemical index.Simulated acid rain experiment was carried out to study the effects of different pH value on chlorophyll contents,photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and sulfur content in flue-cured tobacco leaf.Different cropping patterns and genotype comparison experiment were carried out to find out suitable cropping patterns and tobacco varieties.
The results are as follows:
1.The contents of available sulfur in tobacco planting soil and sulfur in tobacco leaves are on the high side in Hunan.The average contents of available sulfur in tobacco planting soil were 34.74 mg/kg,about 80%of total tobacco planting areas was on the high side.The average tobacco leaf sulfur contents were 0.849%,about 70%tobacco leaves sulfur content were over 0.70%,especially in Liuyang and Ningxiang county where tobacco leaf sulfur contents were above 1.00%.The contents of available sulfur in soil and sulfur in tobacco leaf from tobacco-rice continuous cropping pattern were remarkable higher than that from single cropping pattern in dry land.The average contents of available sulfur in soil and sulfur in tobacco leaf from tobacco-rice continuous cropping pattern were 39.06 mg/kg and 0.968%,and 30.42 mg/kg and 0.704%for single cropping in dry land respectively.The available sulfur and total sulfur contents were remarkable increased from 1 to 15 years and were steady after 15 years in continuous tobacco planting soil.There was significant negative correlation between tobacco leaf sulfur contents and total sugar and moisture contents.Sulfur contents were extremely significant negative correlation with aroma quality,lingering odor,total smoking quality scores and Potassium(K) contents of tobacco leaf,no significant positive correlation with total nitrogen, total chlorine,and total alkaloid in tobacco leaf,no significant negative correlation with aroma quantity,offensive odor,physical strength,aroma odor,combustibility,ash color,total particle shape contents,nicotine quantity in smoking gas,and tar quantity.
2.Well-balanced S supply could promote tobacco growth and development,dry matter accumulation,nutrient uptake,yield and production value.Excessive sulfur supply could significantly decrease plant height,stem girth,maximum leaf area,node interval,root volume, and so on.Sufficient sulfur supply could significantly promote tobacco S nutrient uptake. Optimal S supply is 2 mmol/L in solution culture experiment and 50 kg/hm~2 in fertilizer experiment.0 mmol/L and 2 mmol/L treatments significantly promoted tobacco dry matter accumulation and N,K,Ca,B,Mn,Zn,Cu nutrient element uptake.2～4 mmol/L treatments promoted P and Mg nutrient uptake.Further increase sulfur concentration resulted in a decrease in these nutrient elements uptake and dry matter accumulation.
3.Chlorophyll contents,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci),vapor pressure deficit(VPD),water use efficiency(WUE) and intrinsic water use efficiency(WUEi) were promoted but stomatic limited value(Ls) was decreased when sulfur supply was 2～4 mmol/l and 50～100 kg/hm~2.The effective PSII quantum yield(EQY),the electron transport rate(ETR) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching(qP) were increased and the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) was reduced simultaneously when S concentration was 2～8 mmol/L.The root activity of tobacco was stronger in the treatments of 0 mmol/L and 2 mmol/L and that were reduced with sulfur concentration increase in the treatments of 4 to 32 mmol/L.The NR activity of 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L treatments was higher than that of other treatments.The activity of SOD and POD of tobacco leaves was significantly increased with sulfur concentration increasing. MDA content of tobacco leaves was lowest in 2 mmol/L treatment and increased gradually with sulfur concentration increase in other treatments from rosette stage to budding stage.But MDA content of tobacco leaves was not significantly different in maturation stage.The Proline contents under 16 mmol/L and 32 mmol/L were significantly higher than under other treatments at rosette stage while the Proline contents under the 8 mmol/L and 16 mmol/L were highest from fast growing to maturation stage.
4.The leaf thickness was reduced significantly when sulfur concentration was 16 mmol/L. The leaf epidermis thickness was significantly higher at 0 mmol/L while its width was lower than that of other treatments.The leaf lower epidermis thickness was significantly increased at 2 mmol/L treatments and its width was yet significantly increased at 0～4 mmol/L treatments. Sulfur supply at 0～4 mmol/L increased significantly palisade tissue thickness.The palisade tissue interspace at 0 mmol/L and 4～32 mmol/L treatments was significantly higher than that of 2 mmol/L treatment.The thickness and interspace of spongy tissue and thickness ratio of spongy tissue to leaf were decreased at 0 mmol/L and 8～32 mmol/L treatments significantly.The thickness ratio palisade tissue to leaf and spongy tissue were increased at 0 mmol/L treatment significantly.
5.Simulated acid rain with pH≥3.5 had no significant influence on chlorophyll contents and Pn of tobacco leaves while chlorophyll content,Pn,Ci,VPD,WUE and WUEi of the treatments with pH≤2.5 were significantly lower than that of control.Ls of pH 2.0 treatment was significantly higher than that of control,pH≥3.5 treatments had no significant difference with control at EQY,ETR,and qP while that of the treatments with pH≤3.0 were reduced.All treatments were higher than control at NPQ,but that of pH≥3.5 treatments were higher than that of pH≤3.0 treatments.The activity of SOD and POD and the contents of Proline and soluble protein were significantly increased with pH value reduced while the activity of SOD and the contents of Proline were significantly reduced at pH≤3.0.Simulated acid rain reduced significantly the activity of NR and the contents of soluble sugar.
The contents of total sugar,reductive sugar and the ratio of total sugar to total N were not significantly different with control at pH≥3.5 treatments while that of pH≤3.0 treatments were significantly lower than that of control.The sulfur contents of leaf were increased along with pH value reduced.The yield and production value of pH≤4.0 treatments were significantly reduced although the sulfur content of total treatments had no significantly difference with control.
The thickness of leaf was significantly reduced along with pH value reduced.The palisade tissue thickness of pH≥3.5 treatments was significantly higher than that of pH≤2.5 treatments. The thickness of spongy tissue of pH≤3.0 treatments was significantly lower than that of control and other treatments.The thickness ratio of palisade tissue to leaf of pH≥3.0 treatments was significantly higher than control while that of other treatments had no significant difference with control.The thickness ratios of palisade tissue to spongy tissue of all treatments were higher than that of control.
6.Different cropping patterns had no significant influence on agronomic character,the content of amylum and reductive sugar while the total sugar contents and the ratio of total sugar to total N in tobacco-rice- green manure and tobacco-maize treatments were significantly higher and their nicotine contents were significantly lower than that of other treatments.The contents of total N,K,Ca,Mg and yield and production value under tobacco-maize treatment were significantly lower than that of other treatments while the sulfur content of tobacco leaf was significantly higher than that of other treatments.The total properties of tobacco-rice-vegetable and tobacco-rice treatments were optimal while the tobacco-maize treatment was worst.
7.Twenty-eight tobacco genotypes planted under conventional farming pattern,only 3 genotypes of which the sulfur contents of leaf ranged between 0.20%and 0.70%.The sulfur contents of 12 tobacco genotypes ranged between 0.70%and 1.00%and that of 13 tobacco genotypes ranged over 1.00%.
1.湖南植烟生态区土壤有效硫和烟叶硫含量普遍偏高,平均值分别为34.74 mg/kg和0.849%。有效硫含量较高的土壤占80%,仅有20%左右在适宜范围内。烟叶硫含量仅有30%在0.20～0.70%正常范围内,70%烟叶硫含量超标,尤其是浏阳和宁乡植烟区的烟叶硫含量超过了1.00%。烟—稻复种连作田的土壤有效硫和烟叶硫含量显著高于连续旱作田,连续旱作田土壤有效硫和烟叶硫含量的平均值分别为30.42 mg/kg和0.704%,而烟—稻复种连作田的平均值分别为39.06 mg/kg和0.968%。在植烟年限1～15年之间,随植烟年限的增加,植烟土壤全硫和有效硫含量显著增加,植烟年限超过15年,植烟土壤全硫和有效硫含量趋于平稳。烟叶硫含量与烟叶内在质量的量化关系表现为:烟叶硫含量与总糖和水分含量呈显著负相关,与香气质、余味和评吸总分呈极显著负相关,与烟叶钾含量呈极显著正相关,与烟叶总氮、总氯和总植物碱含量呈正相关,但相关不显著,与香气量、杂气、劲头、刺激性、燃烧性、灰色、香味、总粒相物、烟气烟碱、焦油量呈负相关,但相关也不显著。
2.在一定范围内供硫可以显著促进烤烟的生长发育、干物质和养分积累及产量产值的提高。进一步增加硫浓度将使烤烟的株高、茎围、最大叶面积、节间距和根体积显著降低。液培试验的最适硫浓度为2 mmol/L,大田试验硫肥的最佳用量为50 kg/hm~2。供硫显著促进了烤烟硫营养的吸收。0 mmol/L和2 mmol/L处理促进了烤烟干物质积累和氮、钾、钙、硼、锰、铜、锌等营养元素的吸收。2～4 mmol/L处理促进了烤烟磷、镁等营养元素的吸收,硫浓度超过8 mmol/L烤烟的养分吸收显著下降。
3.硫浓度为2～4 mmol/L和施硫量为50～100 kg/hm~2促进了烤烟叶绿素含量,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(VPD)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)升高,降低了烤烟的气孔限制值(Ls)。2～8 mmol/L处理导致了烤烟的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)显著升高和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)显著降低。0 mmol/L和2 mmol/L处理根系活力显著高于其它处理。团棵期,16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理的烤烟叶片脯氨酸含量显著高于其它处理,在其它几个时期,则以8 mmol/L和16 mmol/L处理最高。2～4 mmol/L处理的烤烟叶片硝酸还原酶活性显著升高,SOD和POD活性则随硫浓度的升高显著升高,生长初期MDA含量随硫浓度升高显著升高,在生长末期处理间差异不显著。
4.硫浓度超过16 mmol/L处理使烤烟叶片厚度显著降低,0 mmol/L处理烤烟叶片上表皮厚度显著升高,宽度显著降低。2 mmol/L处理烤烟的下表皮厚度显著升高,0～4 mmol/L处理的下表皮宽度显著高于其它处理。0～4 mmol/L处理的栅栏组织厚度显著增加,8～32mmol/L处理则显著降低,0 mmol/L和4～32 mmol/L处理的栅栏组织空隙度显著高于2mmol/L处理。0 mmol/L和8～32 mmol/L处理烤烟海绵组织厚度和空隙度及海绵组织与叶片厚度的比值显著降低。0 mmol/L处理的烤烟栅栏组织厚度与叶片厚度比值和栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度比值显著上升。
5.pH≥3.5的轻度酸雨对烤烟叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)影响不大,pH≤2.5处理下叶绿素含量,净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(VPD)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著低于对照。pH 2.0处理的气孔限制值(Ls)显著高于对照。pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低。对照的NPQ明显低于酸雨处理,而pH≥3.5处理的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理。随pH值降低烤烟叶片的SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,pH≤3.0处理的SOD酶活性和脯氨酸含量降低。模拟酸雨使烤烟硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性糖含量随pH值的降低而显著降低。
pH≥3.5处理的总糖和还原糖含量及糖氮比与对照差异不显著,pH≤3.0处理的显著低于对照。烤烟叶片硫含量随pH值的降低而升高,虽然处理与对照间差异不显著,但pH≤4.0处理已严重影响了烤烟的产量和产值,使其显著下降。
随pH值的降低烤烟叶片厚度显著降低,pH≥3.5处理的栅栏组织厚度显著高于pH≤2.5处理。pH≤3.0处理的海绵组织厚度显著低于对照及其它处理。pH≥3.0处理的栅栏组织与叶片厚度比值显著高于对照,其它处理与对照差异不显著。所有处理的栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度的比值都高于对照。
6.四种复种方式对烤烟的农艺性状、淀粉和还原糖含量影响不大,烟—稻—绿肥和烟—玉米处理的总糖含量和糖氮比显著升高,超过了烤烟总糖含量和糖氮比值的正常范围。并且二者的烟碱含量较低,显著低于烟—稻和烟—稻—菜处理。烟—玉米处理的总氮、钾、钙、镁含量显著低于其它处理,而硫含量则显著高于其它处理。其产量产值也显著低于其它处理。在4中复种方式中,烟—稻—菜和烟—稻方式烤烟的总体表现较好,烟—玉表现最差。
7.按照常规栽培方式种植的28个烟草基因型,仅有3个基因型的烟叶硫含量在0.20～0.70%之间,12个基因型的烟叶硫含量介于0.70～1.00%之间,13个基因型的烟叶硫含量超过1.00%。
Field sampling experiment was carried out to analyze and estimate soil available sulfur and tobacco leaf sulfur contents of tobacco-planting area in Hunan and the correlation between sulfur contents and internal quality of tobacco leaves.Solution culture experiment and fertilizing experiment were carried out to study dry matter accumulation and N, P,K,Ca,Mg,S,B,Mn,Zn,Cu nutrient element uptake rule,and the effects of different sulfur concentration on photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and other physiological and chemical index.Simulated acid rain experiment was carried out to study the effects of different pH value on chlorophyll contents,photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and sulfur content in flue-cured tobacco leaf.Different cropping patterns and genotype comparison experiment were carried out to find out suitable cropping patterns and tobacco varieties.
The results are as follows:
1.The contents of available sulfur in tobacco planting soil and sulfur in tobacco leaves are on the high side in Hunan.The average contents of available sulfur in tobacco planting soil were 34.74 mg/kg,about 80%of total tobacco planting areas was on the high side.The average tobacco leaf sulfur contents were 0.849%,about 70%tobacco leaves sulfur content were over 0.70%,especially in Liuyang and Ningxiang county where tobacco leaf sulfur contents were above 1.00%.The contents of available sulfur in soil and sulfur in tobacco leaf from tobacco-rice continuous cropping pattern were remarkable higher than that from single cropping pattern in dry land.The average contents of available sulfur in soil and sulfur in tobacco leaf from tobacco-rice continuous cropping pattern were 39.06 mg/kg and 0.968%,and 30.42 mg/kg and 0.704%for single cropping in dry land respectively.The available sulfur and total sulfur contents were remarkable increased from 1 to 15 years and were steady after 15 years in continuous tobacco planting soil.There was significant negative correlation between tobacco leaf sulfur contents and total sugar and moisture contents.Sulfur contents were extremely significant negative correlation with aroma quality,lingering odor,total smoking quality scores and Potassium(K) contents of tobacco leaf,no significant positive correlation with total nitrogen, total chlorine,and total alkaloid in tobacco leaf,no significant negative correlation with aroma quantity,offensive odor,physical strength,aroma odor,combustibility,ash color,total particle shape contents,nicotine quantity in smoking gas,and tar quantity.
2.Well-balanced S supply could promote tobacco growth and development,dry matter accumulation,nutrient uptake,yield and production value.Excessive sulfur supply could significantly decrease plant height,stem girth,maximum leaf area,node interval,root volume, and so on.Sufficient sulfur supply could significantly promote tobacco S nutrient uptake. Optimal S supply is 2 mmol/L in solution culture experiment and 50 kg/hm~2 in fertilizer experiment.0 mmol/L and 2 mmol/L treatments significantly promoted tobacco dry matter accumulation and N,K,Ca,B,Mn,Zn,Cu nutrient element uptake.2～4 mmol/L treatments promoted P and Mg nutrient uptake.Further increase sulfur concentration resulted in a decrease in these nutrient elements uptake and dry matter accumulation.
3.Chlorophyll contents,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci),vapor pressure deficit(VPD),water use efficiency(WUE) and intrinsic water use efficiency(WUEi) were promoted but stomatic limited value(Ls) was decreased when sulfur supply was 2～4 mmol/l and 50～100 kg/hm~2.The effective PSII quantum yield(EQY),the electron transport rate(ETR) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching(qP) were increased and the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) was reduced simultaneously when S concentration was 2～8 mmol/L.The root activity of tobacco was stronger in the treatments of 0 mmol/L and 2 mmol/L and that were reduced with sulfur concentration increase in the treatments of 4 to 32 mmol/L.The NR activity of 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L treatments was higher than that of other treatments.The activity of SOD and POD of tobacco leaves was significantly increased with sulfur concentration increasing. MDA content of tobacco leaves was lowest in 2 mmol/L treatment and increased gradually with sulfur concentration increase in other treatments from rosette stage to budding stage.But MDA content of tobacco leaves was not significantly different in maturation stage.The Proline contents under 16 mmol/L and 32 mmol/L were significantly higher than under other treatments at rosette stage while the Proline contents under the 8 mmol/L and 16 mmol/L were highest from fast growing to maturation stage.
4.The leaf thickness was reduced significantly when sulfur concentration was 16 mmol/L. The leaf epidermis thickness was significantly higher at 0 mmol/L while its width was lower than that of other treatments.The leaf lower epidermis thickness was significantly increased at 2 mmol/L treatments and its width was yet significantly increased at 0～4 mmol/L treatments. Sulfur supply at 0～4 mmol/L increased significantly palisade tissue thickness.The palisade tissue interspace at 0 mmol/L and 4～32 mmol/L treatments was significantly higher than that of 2 mmol/L treatment.The thickness and interspace of spongy tissue and thickness ratio of spongy tissue to leaf were decreased at 0 mmol/L and 8～32 mmol/L treatments significantly.The thickness ratio palisade tissue to leaf and spongy tissue were increased at 0 mmol/L treatment significantly.
5.Simulated acid rain with pH≥3.5 had no significant influence on chlorophyll contents and Pn of tobacco leaves while chlorophyll content,Pn,Ci,VPD,WUE and WUEi of the treatments with pH≤2.5 were significantly lower than that of control.Ls of pH 2.0 treatment was significantly higher than that of control,pH≥3.5 treatments had no significant difference with control at EQY,ETR,and qP while that of the treatments with pH≤3.0 were reduced.All treatments were higher than control at NPQ,but that of pH≥3.5 treatments were higher than that of pH≤3.0 treatments.The activity of SOD and POD and the contents of Proline and soluble protein were significantly increased with pH value reduced while the activity of SOD and the contents of Proline were significantly reduced at pH≤3.0.Simulated acid rain reduced significantly the activity of NR and the contents of soluble sugar.
The contents of total sugar,reductive sugar and the ratio of total sugar to total N were not significantly different with control at pH≥3.5 treatments while that of pH≤3.0 treatments were significantly lower than that of control.The sulfur contents of leaf were increased along with pH value reduced.The yield and production value of pH≤4.0 treatments were significantly reduced although the sulfur content of total treatments had no significantly difference with control.
The thickness of leaf was significantly reduced along with pH value reduced.The palisade tissue thickness of pH≥3.5 treatments was significantly higher than that of pH≤2.5 treatments. The thickness of spongy tissue of pH≤3.0 treatments was significantly lower than that of control and other treatments.The thickness ratio of palisade tissue to leaf of pH≥3.0 treatments was significantly higher than control while that of other treatments had no significant difference with control.The thickness ratios of palisade tissue to spongy tissue of all treatments were higher than that of control.
6.Different cropping patterns had no significant influence on agronomic character,the content of amylum and reductive sugar while the total sugar contents and the ratio of total sugar to total N in tobacco-rice- green manure and tobacco-maize treatments were significantly higher and their nicotine contents were significantly lower than that of other treatments.The contents of total N,K,Ca,Mg and yield and production value under tobacco-maize treatment were significantly lower than that of other treatments while the sulfur content of tobacco leaf was significantly higher than that of other treatments.The total properties of tobacco-rice-vegetable and tobacco-rice treatments were optimal while the tobacco-maize treatment was worst.
7.Twenty-eight tobacco genotypes planted under conventional farming pattern,only 3 genotypes of which the sulfur contents of leaf ranged between 0.20%and 0.70%.The sulfur contents of 12 tobacco genotypes ranged between 0.70%and 1.00%and that of 13 tobacco genotypes ranged over 1.00%.
引文
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