对太湖芦苇群落的调查及效益分析
|
摘要
近几十年来,由于人类活动的加剧以及全球气候的变化,普遍出现了湖泊萎缩、水位下降、水量锐减、湖水盐化、水质污染、富营养化、甚至干涸消亡等状况。因此作者着力于研究筛选适应性强、能够自我修复、且生物安全隐患小的水生植物来进行水体的恢复。
通过对太湖水质和水生植物的调查,根据相关文献对水生植物改善水质的机理的研究,我们筛选太湖地区目前的建群种——芦苇作为研究对象,并在太湖苏州吴中段的浅水湾处选择了四个样地,统计了样地的水生植物的种类,并对水生植物的生物量进行了测量,分析了水生植物的生物量、多样性等指标,分析了水体的pH值、透明度、总磷TP、总氮TN、叶绿素a、营养指数、富营养状况等指标,分析了底泥的氮、磷等指标,得出了以下结论:
1、通过观测,芦苇植株的高度随着水深的增加而增加。这是因为芦苇作为大型的挺水植物,需要从水中挺出水面,去获得CO2和光照以进行光合作用,并且将O2输送到根系进行呼吸和根围的氧化。
2、一年之中水体的透明度情况是秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。6月、9月,样区湖水透明度较大。
3、样地的土壤剖面取样测定的有机质含量和氮元素含量与取样的深度有很显著的相关性,有机质含量和氮元素的含量都随着深度的增大而减少。其中30cm处,是一般农业耕作的犁底层,透水性和透气性都很差,是含量变化的分界点。
4、样区水体富营养化状况在3到9月植物生长旺季有所改善,这是因为植物生长降低了水体中的N、P等营养物质的浓度。
5、从3到9月叶片的含N量呈增加趋势,实验表明,芦苇在生长初期就具有最强的吸收氮、磷的能力,芦苇生长初期体内氮和磷的含量便能达到一年中的最大值。
In recent years, there are some conditions appeared generally , such as the lakes withered up、water level came done、the quantity of water rapidly declined、lake water Stalinization、water quality contamination、eutrophication, and even dried up or died out ,which due to the intensify of human activities and the world’s climate changing. So the author devoted to studying recovering the water body and screening aquatic plants that have strong adaptability、could repair themselves and have little safety potential to living things.
Through researching the water quality and aquatic plants of Taihu , according to many documents related that studying the mechanism of aquatic plants to improve the water quality, we screened the edificators in Taihu area ----reed as object of study ,and also chose four sample plots in Taihu Suzhou Wuzhong segment ,measured the types of aquatic plants , researched the live weight of aquatic plants, analyzed the amount and diversity of aquatic plants and the PH value、transparency、total phosphorus(TP)、total nitrogen(TN)、chlorophyll a、nutrient index、eutrophy condition and so on , and also analyzed Nitrogen and Phosphorus index of bottom sediment, reaching the following conclusions:
1、Through observing, the reed plant’s height increase with the water deep .It’s on account of that reed need to stick out from water surface as a kind of large-scale emergent vegetation, to gain carbon dioxide and illumination to conduct Photosynthesis, and deliver oxygen to root system to breathe and oxidizing rooting zone.
2、During the whole year,the transparency of water body is autumn>summer>spring>winter. In June and September, the transparency of lake water is the best.
3、There is prominent relation between organic matter、Nitrogen content measured form soil profile on sample plot and the deep of sampling, these content both reduce as the deep raise. 30 centimeter is one of it, where is usually plough pan in agricultural soil-working, the water permeability and air permeability is bad, and it’s the dividing point of content changing.
4、Water body eutrophication condition in sample region has a little mend in march and September ,when is the plant growing season , it because that plant growing decrease the concentration of nutritive material as Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
5、Form march to September ,the Nitrogen content in leaves present an increasing tendency, experiment indicate that ,reed in growing early days has the strongest ability to absorb Nitrogen and Phosphorus, so in growing infancy, the content of Nitrogen and Phosphorus can just reach the highest value during the whole year.
通过对太湖水质和水生植物的调查,根据相关文献对水生植物改善水质的机理的研究,我们筛选太湖地区目前的建群种——芦苇作为研究对象,并在太湖苏州吴中段的浅水湾处选择了四个样地,统计了样地的水生植物的种类,并对水生植物的生物量进行了测量,分析了水生植物的生物量、多样性等指标,分析了水体的pH值、透明度、总磷TP、总氮TN、叶绿素a、营养指数、富营养状况等指标,分析了底泥的氮、磷等指标,得出了以下结论:
1、通过观测,芦苇植株的高度随着水深的增加而增加。这是因为芦苇作为大型的挺水植物,需要从水中挺出水面,去获得CO2和光照以进行光合作用,并且将O2输送到根系进行呼吸和根围的氧化。
2、一年之中水体的透明度情况是秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。6月、9月,样区湖水透明度较大。
3、样地的土壤剖面取样测定的有机质含量和氮元素含量与取样的深度有很显著的相关性,有机质含量和氮元素的含量都随着深度的增大而减少。其中30cm处,是一般农业耕作的犁底层,透水性和透气性都很差,是含量变化的分界点。
4、样区水体富营养化状况在3到9月植物生长旺季有所改善,这是因为植物生长降低了水体中的N、P等营养物质的浓度。
5、从3到9月叶片的含N量呈增加趋势,实验表明,芦苇在生长初期就具有最强的吸收氮、磷的能力,芦苇生长初期体内氮和磷的含量便能达到一年中的最大值。
In recent years, there are some conditions appeared generally , such as the lakes withered up、water level came done、the quantity of water rapidly declined、lake water Stalinization、water quality contamination、eutrophication, and even dried up or died out ,which due to the intensify of human activities and the world’s climate changing. So the author devoted to studying recovering the water body and screening aquatic plants that have strong adaptability、could repair themselves and have little safety potential to living things.
Through researching the water quality and aquatic plants of Taihu , according to many documents related that studying the mechanism of aquatic plants to improve the water quality, we screened the edificators in Taihu area ----reed as object of study ,and also chose four sample plots in Taihu Suzhou Wuzhong segment ,measured the types of aquatic plants , researched the live weight of aquatic plants, analyzed the amount and diversity of aquatic plants and the PH value、transparency、total phosphorus(TP)、total nitrogen(TN)、chlorophyll a、nutrient index、eutrophy condition and so on , and also analyzed Nitrogen and Phosphorus index of bottom sediment, reaching the following conclusions:
1、Through observing, the reed plant’s height increase with the water deep .It’s on account of that reed need to stick out from water surface as a kind of large-scale emergent vegetation, to gain carbon dioxide and illumination to conduct Photosynthesis, and deliver oxygen to root system to breathe and oxidizing rooting zone.
2、During the whole year,the transparency of water body is autumn>summer>spring>winter. In June and September, the transparency of lake water is the best.
3、There is prominent relation between organic matter、Nitrogen content measured form soil profile on sample plot and the deep of sampling, these content both reduce as the deep raise. 30 centimeter is one of it, where is usually plough pan in agricultural soil-working, the water permeability and air permeability is bad, and it’s the dividing point of content changing.
4、Water body eutrophication condition in sample region has a little mend in march and September ,when is the plant growing season , it because that plant growing decrease the concentration of nutritive material as Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
5、Form march to September ,the Nitrogen content in leaves present an increasing tendency, experiment indicate that ,reed in growing early days has the strongest ability to absorb Nitrogen and Phosphorus, so in growing infancy, the content of Nitrogen and Phosphorus can just reach the highest value during the whole year.
引文
[1]刘连成,中国湖泊富营养化的现状分析[J],灾害学,1997,12 (3):61-65.
[2]王开宇,我国湖泊的主要环境问题及综合治理对策.中国湖泊富营养化及其防治研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[3]中国水资源公报[Z].北京:中华人民共和国水利部, 2000.
[4] Sun G (孙刚), Sheng L-X (盛连喜). Ecologicalengineering for eutrophication control in lake.ChineseJournal ofAppliedEcology(应用生态学报), 2001,12(4): 590-592 ( in Chinese)
[5] QuanW-M (全为民), Shen X-Q (沈新强), Yan L-J(严力蛟). Advances in research of biological purifica-tion of eutrophic water body.Chinese Journal ofAppliedEcology(应用生态学报), 2003,14( 11 ):2057-2061 ( in Chinese)
[6]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,太湖[J].北京:海洋出版社,1993.
[7] [8]陈荷生,太湖生态修复治理工程.长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2) .
[9]孙皓,刘淑梅,方鸿国.农业面源污染防治对策研究,环境导报,2006年第6期
[10]蒋晓辉,滇池面源污染及其综合治理.云南环境科学,2004年,4
[11]张文虎,生态护坡的发展及其应用要点,河北农业科学,2009/06
[12]章北平,面源污染的截纳控制技术,武汉城市建设学院学报,1996.6,13(2)1-6
[13]屠晓翠,蔡妙珍,孙建国.大型水生植物对污染水体的净化作用和机理.安徽农业科学.2006,34(12)
[14] Brix H. Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetlands. Wat SciTech,1994,29(4),71 78
[15] Sharon A Bramwell,P V Devi Prasad. Performance of a small AquaticPlant Wastewater Treatment System under Caribbean Conditions. Journalof Environment Management,1995,(43):213 220
[16]汪敏,郑师章,凤眼莲体内多酚氧化酶的生理生化特性.复旦学报(自然科学版),1994,33(2)
[17] SOLTAN M,RASHED M N.Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several condition of heavy metal concentrations[J].Advances In Environmental Research,2003(7):321-334.
[18]刘素纯,萧浪涛,王惠群等.植物对重金属的吸收机制与植物修复技术[J].湖南农业大学学报,2004,30(5):493-498.
[19]种云霄,胡洪营,钱易.大型水生植物在水污染治理中的应用研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(2):36-40.
[20] Thammatat Koottatep, Chongrak Polprasert. Role of plant uptake on nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands located in the tropics. Wat SciTech,1997,36(12):18
[21] Gersberg RM, Elkins B V, Lyon S R,et al. Role of aquatic plants in waste water treatment by artificial wetlands. Water Res,1986, 20(3):363 368
[22] Haberl R, Perfler R. Nutrient removal in the reed bed system. Wat SciTech, 1991,23(4-6),729 737
[23] Reed S C, Middlebrooks E J, Crites R W. Natural system for waste water management and treatment. In: New York, ed. McGraw Hill BookCompany,1988
[24]程伟,程丹,李强.水生植物在水污染治理中的净化机理及其应用[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(1):6-9.
[25]许航,陈焕壮,熊启权等.水生植物塘脱氮除磷的效能及机理研究[J].哈尔滨建筑大学,1999,32(4):69-73.
[26]唐萍,吴国荣,陆长梅等.太湖水域几种高等水生植物的克藻效应[J].农村生态环境,2001,17(3):42-44,47.
[27] Marten Scheffer. The effect of aquatic vegetation on turbidity; how important are the filter feeders. Hydrobiology,1999,408/409:307 316
[28]李锋民,胡洪营.大型水生植物浸出液对藻类的化感抑制作用[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(11):18-21.
[29]叶居新,何池全,陈少风,石菖蒲的克藻效应.植物生态学报,1999,23(4):379-384
[30] Somes NL G, Breen P F,and Wong TH F. Integrated hydrologic and botanical design of storm water control wetlands. Preprints of the 5th International Conference on Wetland System for Water Control. University Bodenkultur Wien. Vienna, Austria.1996,18
[31]白峰青,郑丙辉,田自强.水生植物在水污染控制中的生态效应[J].环境科学与技术,2004,27(4):99-110.
[32]李文朝.富营养水体中常绿水生植被组建及净化效果研究.中国环境科学,1997,17(1)湖泊科学,9(l):82,87
[33] Boon P J, Calow P,Petts G E. River Conservation and Management. England:John Wiley&Sons Ltd., 1992.1-304.
[34]李英杰,许秋瑾,金相灿,胡社荣,胡少贞,湖泊水生植被恢复物种选择及群落配置分析,环境污染治理技术与设备,2004,5(8).
[35]李文朝,富营养水体中常绿水生植被组建及净化效果研究,中国环境科学,1997,17(1):53-57
[36]濮培民,王国祥,李正魁等,健康水生态系统的退化及其修复理论、技术及应用.湖泊科学,2001,13(3):193-203
[37]施成熙,中国湖泊概论.北京:科学出版社,1989
[38]金相灿,湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2001.136
[39]赵芳.白洋淀大型水生植物资源调查及对富营养化的影响.环境科学,1994,16(增刊):21-23
[40]崔心红,陈家宽,李伟,长江中下游湖泊水生植被调查方法,武汉植物学研究,1999,17(4):357-361
[41]陈中义,雷泽湘,周进,等.梁子湖六种沉水植物种群数量和生物量周年动态.水生生物学报,2000, 24(6):582~588
[42] Dokulil M T, Chen W, Cai Q. 2000. Anthropogenic impactsto large lakes in China: The Tai Hu example[J]. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 3: 81-94.
[43]王荐.太湖浮游植物与富营养化.无锡教育学院学报,2000,20(3):90
[44]雷泽湘,徐德兰,黄沛生,潘宏凯,王备新,刘正文生.太湖沉水和浮叶植被及其水环境效应研究态环境.2006,15(2):239-243
[45]杨清心.伊乐藻在东太湖的引种[J].中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所集刊,1989,6:84-92.
[46]黄祥飞主编,中国生态系统研究网络观测与分析标准方法,湖泊生态调查观测与分析,中国标准出版社,1999
[47]罗潋葱,秦伯强,朱广伟,太湖沉积物的分布和动力扰动下最大侵蚀深度的确定.泥沙研究, 2004, 2(1)9-14.
[48] Wade PM, Bowles F. A comparison of the efficiency of fresh water macrophyte surveys carried out from underwater with those from the shore or aboat Prog Underwater Sc.i, 1981, 6: 7-11.
[49] Madsen,Boomfiled,Sutherland J W,etal. The aquatic macrophyte community of Onondaga Lake: Field survey and plant growth bioassays of lake sediments. Lake and Reservoir Management, 1996, 12: 73-79.
[50] Madsen JD. Biomass techniques formonitoring and assessing control of aquatic vegetation. Lake and Reservoir Management, 1993, 7: 141-154.
[51]荣波,周志翔,王鹏程,郭尔祥,叶贞清。武钢工业区园林植物种类组成及其丰富度分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,29(5),61-64.
[52]杨雪军,林源祥,胡文辉。上海城市园林植物群落的物种丰富度调查[J]。中国园林,2000,16(69):22-25.
[53]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利。北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究II丰富度,均匀度和物种多样性指数[J]。生态学报,1995,15(3)。
[54] Vymazal J, Brix H Cooper, P Haberl R, et al. Removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands in Europe. Leiden:Backhuys Publishers,1998.
[55] Hans B. Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1997,35(5).
[56] Wigand C,Stevenson J C,Cornwell J C. Effects of different submersed macrophytes on sediment biogeochemistry.Aquatic Botany,1997,56(3).
[57]伏彩中,肖瑜.模拟水生生态系统中沉水植物对水体营养物质消减的影响.环境污染与防治,2006,28(10):753-756.
[58]蒋鑫焱,翟建平.不同水生植物富集氮磷能力的试验研究.环境保护科学,2006,32(6):13-16.
[59] Molles J,Mannel C,Crawford C. Managed flooding for riparian ecosystem restoration.Bioscience, 1998, 48(9):749.
[60] Whigham D F.Ecological issues related towetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment. The Science of theTotal Environment,1999, 240:31-40.
[61]彭亚非,非砂质海滩溅浪带表层沉积物粒度特征及其与水动力环境的关系,2007
[62]王以东.芦苇型水陆交错带中根孔结构及其影响下的水化学研究[D].中国科学院生态环境研究中心.2002
[63]王学东,华珞,王殿武等.芦苇型水陆交错带苇田退化及利用对土壤水分的影响[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(5):76-78
[64]朱孔颖,湖泊富营养化原因及控制措施,《江苏环境科技》2004年S1期
[65]袁元,钟鸿雁,水生植物对水体pH值影响的原因探究,江西化工2008年第2期,62-64
[66]白青峰,郑丙辉,田自强.2004.水生植物在水污染控制中的生态效应[J].环境科学与技术,27(4):99-110.
[67]孟顺龙,陈家长等,2007年太湖五里湖浮游植物生态学特征,J. Lake Sci.(湖泊科学), 2009, 21(6): 845-854
[68]黄漪平,范成新.太湖水环境污染及控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2000
[69]范成新,太湖富营养化现状、趋势及对策[J],上海环境科学,1997,16(8):4-7
[70]李旭文,季耿善,杨静.太湖藻类卫星遥感监测[J],湖泊科学,1995,7(1):65-68.
[71]杨清心,太湖水华成因及控制途径初探[J],湖泊科学,1996,8(1):67-73.
[72]范成新,黄漪平,鲍建平.太湖营养元素的变化与浮游生物的演变[J].中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所集刊,1992,9,37-47.
[73]陈立侨,刘影,太湖生态系统的演变与可持续发展,华东师范大学学报(自然科学版) 2003年12月第4期,99-105
[74]李玉玺,段代祥滨州市水生园林植物资源调查及其应用现状安徽农业科学,JournalofAnhuiAgr.iSc.i2009,37(22):10774-10775,10818
[75]黄文钰,高尤,舒金华,太湖水污染近期变动趋势及对策建议,上海环境科学,2002年第21卷第3期
[76]谷孝鸿,张圣照等,东太湖水生植物群落结构的演变及其沼泽化,生态学报,第25卷第7期
[77]李英杰,年跃刚,胡社荣等,太湖五里湖水生植物群落演替及其驱动因素,水资源保护,2008年5月,第24卷第3期
[78]中科院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊生态系统动力学团队研究成果http://www.86882192.cn/yjcg_3.html
[79]赵汉取,韦肖杭,姚伟忠等,蓝藻爆发后南太湖水域浮游生物及富营养化,浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2009年3月,第28卷第1期
[80]王兴民,陈书琴,金相灿,贡湖、梅梁湾沿岸浅水区观测场水生植物周年动态及影响因素研究,环境科学研究,Vol.19,No.3,2006
[81]冯月根,东太湖湿地生态系统水生资源调查报告,中国环境生态网,http://www.eedu.org.cn
[2]王开宇,我国湖泊的主要环境问题及综合治理对策.中国湖泊富营养化及其防治研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[3]中国水资源公报[Z].北京:中华人民共和国水利部, 2000.
[4] Sun G (孙刚), Sheng L-X (盛连喜). Ecologicalengineering for eutrophication control in lake.ChineseJournal ofAppliedEcology(应用生态学报), 2001,12(4): 590-592 ( in Chinese)
[5] QuanW-M (全为民), Shen X-Q (沈新强), Yan L-J(严力蛟). Advances in research of biological purifica-tion of eutrophic water body.Chinese Journal ofAppliedEcology(应用生态学报), 2003,14( 11 ):2057-2061 ( in Chinese)
[6]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,太湖[J].北京:海洋出版社,1993.
[7] [8]陈荷生,太湖生态修复治理工程.长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2) .
[9]孙皓,刘淑梅,方鸿国.农业面源污染防治对策研究,环境导报,2006年第6期
[10]蒋晓辉,滇池面源污染及其综合治理.云南环境科学,2004年,4
[11]张文虎,生态护坡的发展及其应用要点,河北农业科学,2009/06
[12]章北平,面源污染的截纳控制技术,武汉城市建设学院学报,1996.6,13(2)1-6
[13]屠晓翠,蔡妙珍,孙建国.大型水生植物对污染水体的净化作用和机理.安徽农业科学.2006,34(12)
[14] Brix H. Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetlands. Wat SciTech,1994,29(4),71 78
[15] Sharon A Bramwell,P V Devi Prasad. Performance of a small AquaticPlant Wastewater Treatment System under Caribbean Conditions. Journalof Environment Management,1995,(43):213 220
[16]汪敏,郑师章,凤眼莲体内多酚氧化酶的生理生化特性.复旦学报(自然科学版),1994,33(2)
[17] SOLTAN M,RASHED M N.Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several condition of heavy metal concentrations[J].Advances In Environmental Research,2003(7):321-334.
[18]刘素纯,萧浪涛,王惠群等.植物对重金属的吸收机制与植物修复技术[J].湖南农业大学学报,2004,30(5):493-498.
[19]种云霄,胡洪营,钱易.大型水生植物在水污染治理中的应用研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(2):36-40.
[20] Thammatat Koottatep, Chongrak Polprasert. Role of plant uptake on nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands located in the tropics. Wat SciTech,1997,36(12):18
[21] Gersberg RM, Elkins B V, Lyon S R,et al. Role of aquatic plants in waste water treatment by artificial wetlands. Water Res,1986, 20(3):363 368
[22] Haberl R, Perfler R. Nutrient removal in the reed bed system. Wat SciTech, 1991,23(4-6),729 737
[23] Reed S C, Middlebrooks E J, Crites R W. Natural system for waste water management and treatment. In: New York, ed. McGraw Hill BookCompany,1988
[24]程伟,程丹,李强.水生植物在水污染治理中的净化机理及其应用[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(1):6-9.
[25]许航,陈焕壮,熊启权等.水生植物塘脱氮除磷的效能及机理研究[J].哈尔滨建筑大学,1999,32(4):69-73.
[26]唐萍,吴国荣,陆长梅等.太湖水域几种高等水生植物的克藻效应[J].农村生态环境,2001,17(3):42-44,47.
[27] Marten Scheffer. The effect of aquatic vegetation on turbidity; how important are the filter feeders. Hydrobiology,1999,408/409:307 316
[28]李锋民,胡洪营.大型水生植物浸出液对藻类的化感抑制作用[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(11):18-21.
[29]叶居新,何池全,陈少风,石菖蒲的克藻效应.植物生态学报,1999,23(4):379-384
[30] Somes NL G, Breen P F,and Wong TH F. Integrated hydrologic and botanical design of storm water control wetlands. Preprints of the 5th International Conference on Wetland System for Water Control. University Bodenkultur Wien. Vienna, Austria.1996,18
[31]白峰青,郑丙辉,田自强.水生植物在水污染控制中的生态效应[J].环境科学与技术,2004,27(4):99-110.
[32]李文朝.富营养水体中常绿水生植被组建及净化效果研究.中国环境科学,1997,17(1)湖泊科学,9(l):82,87
[33] Boon P J, Calow P,Petts G E. River Conservation and Management. England:John Wiley&Sons Ltd., 1992.1-304.
[34]李英杰,许秋瑾,金相灿,胡社荣,胡少贞,湖泊水生植被恢复物种选择及群落配置分析,环境污染治理技术与设备,2004,5(8).
[35]李文朝,富营养水体中常绿水生植被组建及净化效果研究,中国环境科学,1997,17(1):53-57
[36]濮培民,王国祥,李正魁等,健康水生态系统的退化及其修复理论、技术及应用.湖泊科学,2001,13(3):193-203
[37]施成熙,中国湖泊概论.北京:科学出版社,1989
[38]金相灿,湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2001.136
[39]赵芳.白洋淀大型水生植物资源调查及对富营养化的影响.环境科学,1994,16(增刊):21-23
[40]崔心红,陈家宽,李伟,长江中下游湖泊水生植被调查方法,武汉植物学研究,1999,17(4):357-361
[41]陈中义,雷泽湘,周进,等.梁子湖六种沉水植物种群数量和生物量周年动态.水生生物学报,2000, 24(6):582~588
[42] Dokulil M T, Chen W, Cai Q. 2000. Anthropogenic impactsto large lakes in China: The Tai Hu example[J]. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 3: 81-94.
[43]王荐.太湖浮游植物与富营养化.无锡教育学院学报,2000,20(3):90
[44]雷泽湘,徐德兰,黄沛生,潘宏凯,王备新,刘正文生.太湖沉水和浮叶植被及其水环境效应研究态环境.2006,15(2):239-243
[45]杨清心.伊乐藻在东太湖的引种[J].中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所集刊,1989,6:84-92.
[46]黄祥飞主编,中国生态系统研究网络观测与分析标准方法,湖泊生态调查观测与分析,中国标准出版社,1999
[47]罗潋葱,秦伯强,朱广伟,太湖沉积物的分布和动力扰动下最大侵蚀深度的确定.泥沙研究, 2004, 2(1)9-14.
[48] Wade PM, Bowles F. A comparison of the efficiency of fresh water macrophyte surveys carried out from underwater with those from the shore or aboat Prog Underwater Sc.i, 1981, 6: 7-11.
[49] Madsen,Boomfiled,Sutherland J W,etal. The aquatic macrophyte community of Onondaga Lake: Field survey and plant growth bioassays of lake sediments. Lake and Reservoir Management, 1996, 12: 73-79.
[50] Madsen JD. Biomass techniques formonitoring and assessing control of aquatic vegetation. Lake and Reservoir Management, 1993, 7: 141-154.
[51]荣波,周志翔,王鹏程,郭尔祥,叶贞清。武钢工业区园林植物种类组成及其丰富度分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,29(5),61-64.
[52]杨雪军,林源祥,胡文辉。上海城市园林植物群落的物种丰富度调查[J]。中国园林,2000,16(69):22-25.
[53]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利。北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究II丰富度,均匀度和物种多样性指数[J]。生态学报,1995,15(3)。
[54] Vymazal J, Brix H Cooper, P Haberl R, et al. Removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands in Europe. Leiden:Backhuys Publishers,1998.
[55] Hans B. Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1997,35(5).
[56] Wigand C,Stevenson J C,Cornwell J C. Effects of different submersed macrophytes on sediment biogeochemistry.Aquatic Botany,1997,56(3).
[57]伏彩中,肖瑜.模拟水生生态系统中沉水植物对水体营养物质消减的影响.环境污染与防治,2006,28(10):753-756.
[58]蒋鑫焱,翟建平.不同水生植物富集氮磷能力的试验研究.环境保护科学,2006,32(6):13-16.
[59] Molles J,Mannel C,Crawford C. Managed flooding for riparian ecosystem restoration.Bioscience, 1998, 48(9):749.
[60] Whigham D F.Ecological issues related towetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment. The Science of theTotal Environment,1999, 240:31-40.
[61]彭亚非,非砂质海滩溅浪带表层沉积物粒度特征及其与水动力环境的关系,2007
[62]王以东.芦苇型水陆交错带中根孔结构及其影响下的水化学研究[D].中国科学院生态环境研究中心.2002
[63]王学东,华珞,王殿武等.芦苇型水陆交错带苇田退化及利用对土壤水分的影响[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(5):76-78
[64]朱孔颖,湖泊富营养化原因及控制措施,《江苏环境科技》2004年S1期
[65]袁元,钟鸿雁,水生植物对水体pH值影响的原因探究,江西化工2008年第2期,62-64
[66]白青峰,郑丙辉,田自强.2004.水生植物在水污染控制中的生态效应[J].环境科学与技术,27(4):99-110.
[67]孟顺龙,陈家长等,2007年太湖五里湖浮游植物生态学特征,J. Lake Sci.(湖泊科学), 2009, 21(6): 845-854
[68]黄漪平,范成新.太湖水环境污染及控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2000
[69]范成新,太湖富营养化现状、趋势及对策[J],上海环境科学,1997,16(8):4-7
[70]李旭文,季耿善,杨静.太湖藻类卫星遥感监测[J],湖泊科学,1995,7(1):65-68.
[71]杨清心,太湖水华成因及控制途径初探[J],湖泊科学,1996,8(1):67-73.
[72]范成新,黄漪平,鲍建平.太湖营养元素的变化与浮游生物的演变[J].中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所集刊,1992,9,37-47.
[73]陈立侨,刘影,太湖生态系统的演变与可持续发展,华东师范大学学报(自然科学版) 2003年12月第4期,99-105
[74]李玉玺,段代祥滨州市水生园林植物资源调查及其应用现状安徽农业科学,JournalofAnhuiAgr.iSc.i2009,37(22):10774-10775,10818
[75]黄文钰,高尤,舒金华,太湖水污染近期变动趋势及对策建议,上海环境科学,2002年第21卷第3期
[76]谷孝鸿,张圣照等,东太湖水生植物群落结构的演变及其沼泽化,生态学报,第25卷第7期
[77]李英杰,年跃刚,胡社荣等,太湖五里湖水生植物群落演替及其驱动因素,水资源保护,2008年5月,第24卷第3期
[78]中科院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊生态系统动力学团队研究成果http://www.86882192.cn/yjcg_3.html
[79]赵汉取,韦肖杭,姚伟忠等,蓝藻爆发后南太湖水域浮游生物及富营养化,浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2009年3月,第28卷第1期
[80]王兴民,陈书琴,金相灿,贡湖、梅梁湾沿岸浅水区观测场水生植物周年动态及影响因素研究,环境科学研究,Vol.19,No.3,2006
[81]冯月根,东太湖湿地生态系统水生资源调查报告,中国环境生态网,http://www.eedu.org.cn