一种新型的索杆张力结构—“弦辐穹顶”的研究分析
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摘要
弦辐穹顶（Chord Spoke Dome）是一种全新的预应力索杆结构体系，它的布索方案来源于“连续压间断拉”的平面弦辐结构的构造原则，同时又吸收了“连续拉间断压”张拉整体索穹顶结构的很多优点，形成的一种独特的、完整的结构体系。弦辐穹顶结构，具有许多优良的力学性能和新颖的建筑造型，这些都是其它结构形式无法比拟的，因而，这种结构形式有着广阔的发展前景。但是，迄今为止，还没有哪一位学者对这种结构形式做过研究分析，所以，本文试图从各个角度对这种结构做比较全面的分析，以促进这种结构能在工程实践中得以实现。
本文的前半部分，首先详细论述了弦辐结构产生的背景和研究的现状，提出了弦辐穹顶结构的新构想。其次对弦辐穹顶结构做了结构形态分析，构造出了各种各样几何外形的弦辐穹顶，并结合弦辐穹顶结构的几何特点，提出了以开关天窗的方式实现结构开合的思想。紧接着完成了弦辐穹顶结构的几何构造分析，给出了其中一种弦辐穹顶结构的整体可行预应力的分布模态，判定了其几何稳定性，并在此基础上将弦辐穹顶结构体系与张拉整体索穹顶结构体系，做了比较全面的对比分析。
本文的后半部分，都是以Visual Basic语言为界面，编制了非线性有限元的分析程序，分别对弦辐穹顶结构做了荷载态分析、施工过程跟踪分析以及可靠性分析。在做荷载态分析时，详细推导了空间杆系结构的几何非线性有限元分析方法，计算出了弦辐穹顶结构在全跨均布荷载作用下的力学反应。在做施工过程跟踪分析时，先介绍了一般索杆张力结构的施工方法，探讨了这些施工方法的一些局限性，提出采用增加调节索的办法，对弦辐穹顶结构进行施工，取得了较好的效果。在做可靠性分析时，阐述了传统结构体系可靠度分析方法的局限性，创造性地提出了基于计算机仿真思想的结构体系可靠度的分析方法——扩展荷载减量法，并以此为基础，总结提出了以可靠度为最终指标的全新的结构设计理念。
Chord spoke dome is a novel pre-stressed cable-grids structure. Its project of laying out cables is rooted in the formation principle of the “continuous compression and isolated tension” plane chord spoke structure, and at the same time, it is absorbed in many virtues of the “continuous tension and isolated compression” tensegrity cable dome, and forms a particular and integrated structure system. Chord spoke dome has many excellent mechanics behavior and novel architectural sculpt, which are incomparable with other structure forms. Thus, this structure form has widest development foreground. However, there is not any scholar who once analyzed this structure form by now. So this dissertation tries to make a comprehensive analysis of chord spoke dome from various points of view, aiming to help realize its application in engineering practice.
In the first-half part of whole paper, the paper firstly mentions the procreant background and the research status of chord spoke dome in detail, and points out a new type space structure —— chord spoke dome. Secondly the paper makes shape analysis of chord spoke dome and conceives lots of domes with various geometrical forms. Combined with the geometrical characteristics of chord spoke dome, a new idea of retractable structure is pointed out which is based on the mode of retracting sky-window. Then the paper completes the geometrical analysis of chord spoke dome, calculates one of the distribution modes of the feasible pre-stress and makes a judgment of the geometrical stability. On the base of these, the paper makes a comprehensive comparative analysis between chord spoke dome and tensegrity cable dome.
In the second-half part of whole paper, the paper programs with nonlinear finite element method by using Visual Basic computer language as the program interface and makes load-state analysis, construction process analysis, and reliability analysis of chord spoke dome. When making load-state analysis, the paper derives geometrical nonlinear finite element method of space grid structure and calculates the mechanics feedback of chord spoke dome under entire-span and uniformly distributing static load. When making construction process analysis, the paper introduces some construction
methods of common cable-strut tensile structure and mentions some limitations of these methods and points out a new method of using adjustable cables. It has been proved to be a highly efficient method for constructing chord spoke dome. When making reliability analysis, the paper mentions some limitations of traditional analysis methods of structure system reliability and creatively points out a new analysis method based on computer simulation ——reduced expanding load method, and a new structural design idea which uses reliability as the last index is summed up and come up with.
本文的前半部分，首先详细论述了弦辐结构产生的背景和研究的现状，提出了弦辐穹顶结构的新构想。其次对弦辐穹顶结构做了结构形态分析，构造出了各种各样几何外形的弦辐穹顶，并结合弦辐穹顶结构的几何特点，提出了以开关天窗的方式实现结构开合的思想。紧接着完成了弦辐穹顶结构的几何构造分析，给出了其中一种弦辐穹顶结构的整体可行预应力的分布模态，判定了其几何稳定性，并在此基础上将弦辐穹顶结构体系与张拉整体索穹顶结构体系，做了比较全面的对比分析。
本文的后半部分，都是以Visual Basic语言为界面，编制了非线性有限元的分析程序，分别对弦辐穹顶结构做了荷载态分析、施工过程跟踪分析以及可靠性分析。在做荷载态分析时，详细推导了空间杆系结构的几何非线性有限元分析方法，计算出了弦辐穹顶结构在全跨均布荷载作用下的力学反应。在做施工过程跟踪分析时，先介绍了一般索杆张力结构的施工方法，探讨了这些施工方法的一些局限性，提出采用增加调节索的办法，对弦辐穹顶结构进行施工，取得了较好的效果。在做可靠性分析时，阐述了传统结构体系可靠度分析方法的局限性，创造性地提出了基于计算机仿真思想的结构体系可靠度的分析方法——扩展荷载减量法，并以此为基础，总结提出了以可靠度为最终指标的全新的结构设计理念。
Chord spoke dome is a novel pre-stressed cable-grids structure. Its project of laying out cables is rooted in the formation principle of the “continuous compression and isolated tension” plane chord spoke structure, and at the same time, it is absorbed in many virtues of the “continuous tension and isolated compression” tensegrity cable dome, and forms a particular and integrated structure system. Chord spoke dome has many excellent mechanics behavior and novel architectural sculpt, which are incomparable with other structure forms. Thus, this structure form has widest development foreground. However, there is not any scholar who once analyzed this structure form by now. So this dissertation tries to make a comprehensive analysis of chord spoke dome from various points of view, aiming to help realize its application in engineering practice.
In the first-half part of whole paper, the paper firstly mentions the procreant background and the research status of chord spoke dome in detail, and points out a new type space structure —— chord spoke dome. Secondly the paper makes shape analysis of chord spoke dome and conceives lots of domes with various geometrical forms. Combined with the geometrical characteristics of chord spoke dome, a new idea of retractable structure is pointed out which is based on the mode of retracting sky-window. Then the paper completes the geometrical analysis of chord spoke dome, calculates one of the distribution modes of the feasible pre-stress and makes a judgment of the geometrical stability. On the base of these, the paper makes a comprehensive comparative analysis between chord spoke dome and tensegrity cable dome.
In the second-half part of whole paper, the paper programs with nonlinear finite element method by using Visual Basic computer language as the program interface and makes load-state analysis, construction process analysis, and reliability analysis of chord spoke dome. When making load-state analysis, the paper derives geometrical nonlinear finite element method of space grid structure and calculates the mechanics feedback of chord spoke dome under entire-span and uniformly distributing static load. When making construction process analysis, the paper introduces some construction
methods of common cable-strut tensile structure and mentions some limitations of these methods and points out a new method of using adjustable cables. It has been proved to be a highly efficient method for constructing chord spoke dome. When making reliability analysis, the paper mentions some limitations of traditional analysis methods of structure system reliability and creatively points out a new analysis method based on computer simulation ——reduced expanding load method, and a new structural design idea which uses reliability as the last index is summed up and come up with.
引文
[1] 王洪军，索穹顶结构力学性能及施工过程理论分析：［硕士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，2002.
[2] 刘锡良，现代空间结构，天津大学出版社，2003.
[3] 康文江，弦支穹顶的静力与动力分析：［硕士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，2002.
[4] 远 方，超大跨度空间结构新构想——“弦辐结构”及其基础性研究：［博士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，1998.
[5] 袁行飞，董石麟，索穹顶结构整体可行预应力概念及其应用，土木工程学报，2001，Vol.34 No.2: 33～37.
[6] 江见鲸，傅德炫，王立翔，建筑结构计算机分析及程序，北京：清华大学出版社，1998，137～139.
[7] 袁行飞，董石麟，索穹顶结构施工过程反分析，建筑结构学报，2001，Vol.22(2):75～79.
[8] 沈祖炎，张立新，基于非线性有限元的索穹顶施工过程模拟分析，计算力学学报，2002，Vol.19(4): 465～471.
[9] 黄呈伟，陶 燕，罗小青，田 毅，索穹顶的施工张拉及其模拟计算，昆明理工大学学报，2000，Vol.25(1):15～18.
[10] 钱若军，张力结构形状判定评述，新型空间结构论文集，浙江大学出版社，1994，299-312.
[11] 陈志华，张拉整体结构的理论分析与实验研究：［博士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，1995.
[12] M. Mollaert, The Formfinding of “Mixed Structures” , Pro. of Third Int. Conf, On Space Structures, 1984, 180～185.
[13] H. J. Schek, The Force Density Method for Forming Finding and Computation of General Networks, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng.1974, Vol.98(3):115～134.
[14] 刘宗承，周智勇，方立新，现代膜结构进展(Ⅱ)——结构设计，建筑钢结构进展，2001，Vol. 3(3): 45～56.
[15] 张其林，索和膜结构，上海：同济大学出版社, 2002.
[16] 王洪军，刘锡良，陈志华，动力松弛法在索穹顶施工过程的应用，第十届空间结构学术会议论文集，中国建材工业出版社，2002，392～399.
[17] 单建，蓝天，动力松弛法在张拉结构静力分析中的应用，东南大学学报，1994, Vol.24(3): 94～98.
[18] 张其林, 张莉，膜结构形状确定的三类问题及其求解，建筑结构学报，2000，Vol.21(5):33～40.
[19] Han Sang-Eul，Hwang-Bo Seok，Lee Kyoung-Su, etc，An Analysis for Stabilizing and Fracture Processes of Cable Dome， Proceedings of International Symposium on Theory, Design and Realization of Shell and Spatial Structures，Nagoya, Japan, October 9～13, 2001.
[20] 李长栋，结构体系可靠度的仿真分析：［硕士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，2002.
[21] 赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫，结构可靠度理论，北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[22] Ma H F，Ang A H-S， Reliability analysis of redundant ductile structural systems， Civ Eng Studes : Struct Res Series : No.494. Urbana:Univ of Illinois，
1981.
[23] Moses F，System reliability developments in structural engineering，Struct Safety，1982，1(1) .
[24] Thoft-Christensen P，Murotsu Y，Application of Structural Systems Reliability Theory，Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
[25] 刘天云，赵国藩，一种识别结构主要失效模式的有效算法，大连理工大学学报，1998，38(1):97～100.
[26] Ang A H-S, Ma H F， On the Reliability of structural systems， Proceed-
ings of International Conference on Stuctural Safety and Reliabili- ty，Trondheim，1981.
[27] Ditlevsen O， Narrow reliability bounds for structural systems，Journal of Structural Mechanics，1979，7(4) .
[28] 李云贵,赵国藩，结构体系可靠度的近似计算方法，土木工程学报，1993，26(5).
[29] 远 方，方江生，刁 可，结构体系可靠度的仿真分析，《工程力学》增
刊， 北京，2003.
[30] Motohiko Hakuno, Kimiro Meguro， Simulation of Concrete-frame Collaps Due to Dynamic Loading，Journal of Engineering Mechanics， 1993，119(9):1909～1923.
[31] 王泳嘉,邢纪波，离散单元法及其在岩土力学中的应用，沈阳:东北大学出版社,1991.
[32] 江见鲸，贺小岗， 工程结构计算机仿真，北京:清华大学出版社,1990.
[33] 顾祥林，孙飞飞，钢筋混凝土框架单调加载试验的计算机仿真系统，同济大学学报，1996,24(4):363～368.
[34] 顾祥林等，混凝土结构的计算机仿真，上海:同济大学出版社,2002.
[35] 远 方，宋丽娜，方江生，结构工程中的计算机仿真，《工业建筑》增刊，第三届全国现代结构工程学术研讨会论文集，天津，2003.
[36] Andrzej S. Nowak，KevinR Collins， Reliability of tructures， U.S.A:
Thomas Casson Publishers，2000.
[37] 刘锡良，《平板网架设计与施工图集》，天津大学出版社，2002.
[2] 刘锡良，现代空间结构，天津大学出版社，2003.
[3] 康文江，弦支穹顶的静力与动力分析：［硕士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，2002.
[4] 远 方，超大跨度空间结构新构想——“弦辐结构”及其基础性研究：［博士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，1998.
[5] 袁行飞，董石麟，索穹顶结构整体可行预应力概念及其应用，土木工程学报，2001，Vol.34 No.2: 33～37.
[6] 江见鲸，傅德炫，王立翔，建筑结构计算机分析及程序，北京：清华大学出版社，1998，137～139.
[7] 袁行飞，董石麟，索穹顶结构施工过程反分析，建筑结构学报，2001，Vol.22(2):75～79.
[8] 沈祖炎，张立新，基于非线性有限元的索穹顶施工过程模拟分析，计算力学学报，2002，Vol.19(4): 465～471.
[9] 黄呈伟，陶 燕，罗小青，田 毅，索穹顶的施工张拉及其模拟计算，昆明理工大学学报，2000，Vol.25(1):15～18.
[10] 钱若军，张力结构形状判定评述，新型空间结构论文集，浙江大学出版社，1994，299-312.
[11] 陈志华，张拉整体结构的理论分析与实验研究：［博士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，1995.
[12] M. Mollaert, The Formfinding of “Mixed Structures” , Pro. of Third Int. Conf, On Space Structures, 1984, 180～185.
[13] H. J. Schek, The Force Density Method for Forming Finding and Computation of General Networks, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng.1974, Vol.98(3):115～134.
[14] 刘宗承，周智勇，方立新，现代膜结构进展(Ⅱ)——结构设计，建筑钢结构进展，2001，Vol. 3(3): 45～56.
[15] 张其林，索和膜结构，上海：同济大学出版社, 2002.
[16] 王洪军，刘锡良，陈志华，动力松弛法在索穹顶施工过程的应用，第十届空间结构学术会议论文集，中国建材工业出版社，2002，392～399.
[17] 单建，蓝天，动力松弛法在张拉结构静力分析中的应用，东南大学学报，1994, Vol.24(3): 94～98.
[18] 张其林, 张莉，膜结构形状确定的三类问题及其求解，建筑结构学报，2000，Vol.21(5):33～40.
[19] Han Sang-Eul，Hwang-Bo Seok，Lee Kyoung-Su, etc，An Analysis for Stabilizing and Fracture Processes of Cable Dome， Proceedings of International Symposium on Theory, Design and Realization of Shell and Spatial Structures，Nagoya, Japan, October 9～13, 2001.
[20] 李长栋，结构体系可靠度的仿真分析：［硕士学位论文］，天津；天津大学，2002.
[21] 赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫，结构可靠度理论，北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[22] Ma H F，Ang A H-S， Reliability analysis of redundant ductile structural systems， Civ Eng Studes : Struct Res Series : No.494. Urbana:Univ of Illinois，
1981.
[23] Moses F，System reliability developments in structural engineering，Struct Safety，1982，1(1) .
[24] Thoft-Christensen P，Murotsu Y，Application of Structural Systems Reliability Theory，Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
[25] 刘天云，赵国藩，一种识别结构主要失效模式的有效算法，大连理工大学学报，1998，38(1):97～100.
[26] Ang A H-S, Ma H F， On the Reliability of structural systems， Proceed-
ings of International Conference on Stuctural Safety and Reliabili- ty，Trondheim，1981.
[27] Ditlevsen O， Narrow reliability bounds for structural systems，Journal of Structural Mechanics，1979，7(4) .
[28] 李云贵,赵国藩，结构体系可靠度的近似计算方法，土木工程学报，1993，26(5).
[29] 远 方，方江生，刁 可，结构体系可靠度的仿真分析，《工程力学》增
刊， 北京，2003.
[30] Motohiko Hakuno, Kimiro Meguro， Simulation of Concrete-frame Collaps Due to Dynamic Loading，Journal of Engineering Mechanics， 1993，119(9):1909～1923.
[31] 王泳嘉,邢纪波，离散单元法及其在岩土力学中的应用，沈阳:东北大学出版社,1991.
[32] 江见鲸，贺小岗， 工程结构计算机仿真，北京:清华大学出版社,1990.
[33] 顾祥林，孙飞飞，钢筋混凝土框架单调加载试验的计算机仿真系统，同济大学学报，1996,24(4):363～368.
[34] 顾祥林等，混凝土结构的计算机仿真，上海:同济大学出版社,2002.
[35] 远 方，宋丽娜，方江生，结构工程中的计算机仿真，《工业建筑》增刊，第三届全国现代结构工程学术研讨会论文集，天津，2003.
[36] Andrzej S. Nowak，KevinR Collins， Reliability of tructures， U.S.A:
Thomas Casson Publishers，2000.
[37] 刘锡良，《平板网架设计与施工图集》，天津大学出版社，2002.