液气缓冲器的动态特性分析与优化
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摘要
作为机械设备的安全装置之一，缓冲器被广泛应用于交通、电力、建筑及动力机械等工程领域的抗震缓冲。随着机械设备向高速化、大型化发展，缓冲性能良好的液压缓冲器有着越来越重要的地位。在传统的缓冲器设计中，多是按照经验值估算主要参数值，再根据实际工作性能进行改进。这样的设计方法不仅增加了设计成本，效果也并不理想。
针对这一问题，本文以LQH-HY液气缓冲器为研究对象，进行了深入的分析。该液气缓冲器具有新型的阻尼结构，并利用了氮气的无疲劳、体积模量小的特点，使其容量及吸能性能优越，回弹时间短，缓冲力上升快，缓冲特性较为理想。
文中应用流体液压知识和运动学方程建立液气缓冲器的物理模型，以MATLAB软件为仿真工具，对液气缓冲器系统进行动态仿真，得到几组重要的缓冲特性仿真曲线。通过与试验曲线的对比，验证了仿真程序的正确性。应用该仿真模型，详细分析了几类参数对缓冲性能的影响，液气缓冲器阻尼阀芯的设计参数对缓冲性能影响重大。为了进一步提高缓冲性能，选择阻尼孔径、阻尼长度、弹簧刚度和阀芯的开启压力为主要设计变量，以实际缓冲效率与理想值的差作为目标函数，并应用改进的遗传算法，实现了阻尼阀参数的优化。优化后的阻尼阀芯能有效提高缓冲器的动态性能，使缓冲过程更加平稳，吸能效率更高。
本文还应用MATLAB的GUI工具箱设计了阻尼阀优化软件，以简单友好的界面将结果显示出来。并通过具体实例介绍了软件使用方法，验证了软件的实用价值。
As a kind of safety equipments, buffer has been used widely in such project fields as the traffic, electricity, building and motive power machine, etc. With the development of equipments' giant and high-speed, hydraulic buffer which has an excellent performance is becoming more and more important. During the traditional designing, the main parameters are estimated based on experience then corrected relied on working performance. It is not an effective way to design and hard to get the satisfied results.
To resolve this problem, further researches on LQY-YQ gas-hydraulic buffer is done. The gas-hydraulic buffer applies a new damping structure and utilizes the characteristic of nitrogen, such as no fatigue and small elastic modulus. It has a predominant capability and the power-absorption ability, including short rebound time and quick increasing of cushioning force.
In this paper, a mathematical model of cushioning process based on LQH-YQ gas-hydraulic buffer is established, which can achieve some simulation curve after changed into simulation model by MATLAB and solved in computer. According to simulation results, which are confirmed by test's data, the influence of some parameters to the cushioning performance is discussed, and then, a conclusion that the damping valve parameters are the most important factors for cushioning is got. For a better cushioning performance of the buffer, choosing the diameter of damping valve, the length of damper and the advanced force and rigidity of springs as design variables, making the error between actual value and idealized value as an object function, and then, GA arithmetic is used as an optimized method. Finally, a series of proper data that can achieve well cushion performance, which shows steady force and high capacity, is got.
Furthermore, a kind of software for optimization of the damping valve of gas-hydraulic buffer is developed, which provides good interfaces for showing the results. Its practical value is verified by a concrete instance.
针对这一问题，本文以LQH-HY液气缓冲器为研究对象，进行了深入的分析。该液气缓冲器具有新型的阻尼结构，并利用了氮气的无疲劳、体积模量小的特点，使其容量及吸能性能优越，回弹时间短，缓冲力上升快，缓冲特性较为理想。
文中应用流体液压知识和运动学方程建立液气缓冲器的物理模型，以MATLAB软件为仿真工具，对液气缓冲器系统进行动态仿真，得到几组重要的缓冲特性仿真曲线。通过与试验曲线的对比，验证了仿真程序的正确性。应用该仿真模型，详细分析了几类参数对缓冲性能的影响，液气缓冲器阻尼阀芯的设计参数对缓冲性能影响重大。为了进一步提高缓冲性能，选择阻尼孔径、阻尼长度、弹簧刚度和阀芯的开启压力为主要设计变量，以实际缓冲效率与理想值的差作为目标函数，并应用改进的遗传算法，实现了阻尼阀参数的优化。优化后的阻尼阀芯能有效提高缓冲器的动态性能，使缓冲过程更加平稳，吸能效率更高。
本文还应用MATLAB的GUI工具箱设计了阻尼阀优化软件，以简单友好的界面将结果显示出来。并通过具体实例介绍了软件使用方法，验证了软件的实用价值。
As a kind of safety equipments, buffer has been used widely in such project fields as the traffic, electricity, building and motive power machine, etc. With the development of equipments' giant and high-speed, hydraulic buffer which has an excellent performance is becoming more and more important. During the traditional designing, the main parameters are estimated based on experience then corrected relied on working performance. It is not an effective way to design and hard to get the satisfied results.
To resolve this problem, further researches on LQY-YQ gas-hydraulic buffer is done. The gas-hydraulic buffer applies a new damping structure and utilizes the characteristic of nitrogen, such as no fatigue and small elastic modulus. It has a predominant capability and the power-absorption ability, including short rebound time and quick increasing of cushioning force.
In this paper, a mathematical model of cushioning process based on LQH-YQ gas-hydraulic buffer is established, which can achieve some simulation curve after changed into simulation model by MATLAB and solved in computer. According to simulation results, which are confirmed by test's data, the influence of some parameters to the cushioning performance is discussed, and then, a conclusion that the damping valve parameters are the most important factors for cushioning is got. For a better cushioning performance of the buffer, choosing the diameter of damping valve, the length of damper and the advanced force and rigidity of springs as design variables, making the error between actual value and idealized value as an object function, and then, GA arithmetic is used as an optimized method. Finally, a series of proper data that can achieve well cushion performance, which shows steady force and high capacity, is got.
Furthermore, a kind of software for optimization of the damping valve of gas-hydraulic buffer is developed, which provides good interfaces for showing the results. Its practical value is verified by a concrete instance.
引文
[1] 赵歧岭．起重机用液压缓冲器．太重技术导报，1991，11(3)：1-4
[2] 张利平．缓冲器原理与应用．现代机械，1999：1-3
[3] 袁长颂．液压缓冲器特性仿真及参数优化(硕士学位论文)．安徽：安徽理工大学，2005
[4] 成大先．机械设计手册(3)．北京．化学工业出版社，1993
[5] 孙桂林．起重搬运安全技术．北京．中国物资出版社，1991
[6] 路甬祥．液压气动技术技术手册．北京．机械工业出版社，2003
[7] 李永堂，雷步芳，高雨茁．液压系统建模与仿真．北京．冶金工业出版社，2003
[8] 压缩机教研室．活塞式压缩机．西安．西安交通大学，1972．
[9] 金朝铭．液压流体力学[M]．国防工业出版社．1994．
[10] 王宝和．流体传动与控制[M]．国防科技大学出版社．2001．
[11] 刘永宏，许鹤群，胡年丰．新型隔振(缓冲)器——液力空气弹簧的动态性能特点研究及其改进方法浅探．江南大学学报，1996．4：49-55
[12] 王庆法，张锡文．液压缓冲器特性研究．液压与气动，2002(4)：10-11
[13] Tam R H, Chen Y, Lu Y X. Simple nonlinear mathematical model for shock absorbers. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 1999, 12(3):193-198
[14] Duym S, Stien R, Reybrouck K. Evaluation of shock absorber models. Vehicle System Dynamics, 1997, 27(2):109-127
[15] Yeh Ec, Lu SH, Yang TW, Hwang SS, Dynamic analysis of a double-tube shock absorber for robust design. JSME International Journal, Series C, 1997, 40(2):335-345
[16] 董杰，苗强．遗传算法在飞机压力加油管路节流孔优化配置中的应用．机床与液压．2002．No．1：131-133
[17] Shen-Yeh Chen. Using genetic algorithms for the optimal design of structureal system. [Ph D Dissertation]. USA: Arizona State University, 1997.12
[18] Roopesh mathur. Model-based design optimization of precess parameters for composite manufacturing processes. [Ph D Dissertation]. USA: the university of Delaware, 2002.
[19] 刘长年．伺服液压系统优化理论．北京．冶金工业出版社：8-34，400-437
[20] 胡敬文，张金换，黄世霖．汽车模拟碰撞用液压缓冲器的动态仿真．力学与实践．2003(4)17-20
[21] 阀口动压反馈直动式溢流阀的动态特性分析：(硕士学位论文)．锦州：辽宁工程技术大学，2002．
[22] 李明月．新型液气缓冲器的实验与动态仿真：(硕士学位论文)．大连：大连理工大学，2003．
[23] 苗明，李明月，杨万春．新型液气缓冲器的动态试验及其仿真分析[J]．机械工程学报，2006，1(42)：212-216．
[24] 詹永麟，孙巍．液压缓冲器动态仿真．液压气动与密封，1996(1)：5-9
[25] Christopher R. Houck, Jeffery A. Joines, Michael G. Kay. A genetic algorithm for function optimization: a MATLAB implementation. USA: North Carolina State University.
[26] 徐广红，姜志宏．变节流液压缓冲装置的优化计算[J]．江西冶金，1002，21(3)：102-105
[27] 章一明，液压缓冲器设计参数研究．华东冶金学院学报．1994(11)：54-58
[28] 何长英．基于遗传算法的微分方程模型参数优化．电脑知识与技术．2005．18：78-79
[29] 硖宣耀，张帆．用遗传算法求解多参量函数优化问题．湖南工业职业技术学报．2005(3)：7-9
[30] 阳雄，张锡文，张学芳．油压缓冲器的优化计算．液压与气动．2003(4)：33-35
[31] 张威．MATLAB应用程序集成与发布[M]．西安电子科技大学出版社．2005．
[32] 施晓红，周佳．精通GUI图形界面编程．北京：北京大学出版社．2003．1
[2] 张利平．缓冲器原理与应用．现代机械，1999：1-3
[3] 袁长颂．液压缓冲器特性仿真及参数优化(硕士学位论文)．安徽：安徽理工大学，2005
[4] 成大先．机械设计手册(3)．北京．化学工业出版社，1993
[5] 孙桂林．起重搬运安全技术．北京．中国物资出版社，1991
[6] 路甬祥．液压气动技术技术手册．北京．机械工业出版社，2003
[7] 李永堂，雷步芳，高雨茁．液压系统建模与仿真．北京．冶金工业出版社，2003
[8] 压缩机教研室．活塞式压缩机．西安．西安交通大学，1972．
[9] 金朝铭．液压流体力学[M]．国防工业出版社．1994．
[10] 王宝和．流体传动与控制[M]．国防科技大学出版社．2001．
[11] 刘永宏，许鹤群，胡年丰．新型隔振(缓冲)器——液力空气弹簧的动态性能特点研究及其改进方法浅探．江南大学学报，1996．4：49-55
[12] 王庆法，张锡文．液压缓冲器特性研究．液压与气动，2002(4)：10-11
[13] Tam R H, Chen Y, Lu Y X. Simple nonlinear mathematical model for shock absorbers. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 1999, 12(3):193-198
[14] Duym S, Stien R, Reybrouck K. Evaluation of shock absorber models. Vehicle System Dynamics, 1997, 27(2):109-127
[15] Yeh Ec, Lu SH, Yang TW, Hwang SS, Dynamic analysis of a double-tube shock absorber for robust design. JSME International Journal, Series C, 1997, 40(2):335-345
[16] 董杰，苗强．遗传算法在飞机压力加油管路节流孔优化配置中的应用．机床与液压．2002．No．1：131-133
[17] Shen-Yeh Chen. Using genetic algorithms for the optimal design of structureal system. [Ph D Dissertation]. USA: Arizona State University, 1997.12
[18] Roopesh mathur. Model-based design optimization of precess parameters for composite manufacturing processes. [Ph D Dissertation]. USA: the university of Delaware, 2002.
[19] 刘长年．伺服液压系统优化理论．北京．冶金工业出版社：8-34，400-437
[20] 胡敬文，张金换，黄世霖．汽车模拟碰撞用液压缓冲器的动态仿真．力学与实践．2003(4)17-20
[21] 阀口动压反馈直动式溢流阀的动态特性分析：(硕士学位论文)．锦州：辽宁工程技术大学，2002．
[22] 李明月．新型液气缓冲器的实验与动态仿真：(硕士学位论文)．大连：大连理工大学，2003．
[23] 苗明，李明月，杨万春．新型液气缓冲器的动态试验及其仿真分析[J]．机械工程学报，2006，1(42)：212-216．
[24] 詹永麟，孙巍．液压缓冲器动态仿真．液压气动与密封，1996(1)：5-9
[25] Christopher R. Houck, Jeffery A. Joines, Michael G. Kay. A genetic algorithm for function optimization: a MATLAB implementation. USA: North Carolina State University.
[26] 徐广红，姜志宏．变节流液压缓冲装置的优化计算[J]．江西冶金，1002，21(3)：102-105
[27] 章一明，液压缓冲器设计参数研究．华东冶金学院学报．1994(11)：54-58
[28] 何长英．基于遗传算法的微分方程模型参数优化．电脑知识与技术．2005．18：78-79
[29] 硖宣耀，张帆．用遗传算法求解多参量函数优化问题．湖南工业职业技术学报．2005(3)：7-9
[30] 阳雄，张锡文，张学芳．油压缓冲器的优化计算．液压与气动．2003(4)：33-35
[31] 张威．MATLAB应用程序集成与发布[M]．西安电子科技大学出版社．2005．
[32] 施晓红，周佳．精通GUI图形界面编程．北京：北京大学出版社．2003．1