大型活动动态交通组织方法建模研究
|
摘要
大型活动进场和散场期间,短时间内急剧产生的出行需求和汇聚的交通流给场馆周边的交通基础设施带来了巨大压力,会产生交通拥堵和停车场不足等问题。这种临时突变的交通矛盾不可能完全依靠新增道路和停车场等设施来解决,实施合理的交通组织和管理措施能够有效地利用其他道路和停车场资源,缓解大型活动期间的交通供需矛盾。然而,如何从需求和供给入手,考虑出行者的路径选择行为,制定高效合理的交通组织和管理方案是值得研究的问题。考虑了大型活动交通组织和管理中交通规划者和出行者之间的相互影响,应用了基于双层规划理论的优化方法,对大型活动期间停车票价优化问题、停车诱导信息优化问题以及散场期间网络单行优化问题开展了系统研究。主要完成了以下的研究工作：
(1)研究了双层规划模型在大型活动交通组织和管理方案制定中的建模方法以及模型的求解算法。为避免大型活动交通组织和管理过程中可能出现的诡异现象,研究了交通网络设计的双层规划优化方法在交通组织和管理方案优化建模种的应用。在优化模型中,将交通组织优化问题的规划者和出行者分别考虑成上层模型和下层模型的决策者,利用双层规划模型描述交通组织管理方案制定过程中规划者和出行者的博弈过程。针对不同优化问题,分别用准动态交通分配模型、准动态随机用户均衡模型描述需求波动情形的出行者的路径选择行为。针对双层规划非线性、难求解的特点,采用粒子群算法和量子进化算法求解双层规划优化问题。
(2)基于双层规划模型框架,建立了大型活动停车票价优化模型,实现了停车票价对不同类型停车场的需求调控。分析了大型活动小汽车出行方式的停车-换乘/步行多方式出行的特性,对小汽车出行方式的出行网络进行了转换,将停车场后一段费用相对稳定的路段转化为停车场的吸引度,使得原出行停车场选择问题可以用出行分布/交通分配模型描述。在此基础之上,采用基于Logit效用模型描述出行者选择停车场的行为,考虑了驾驶时间、停车费用、公交费用和行走费用等主要因素,并以此作为双层规划模型的下层模型。分析了大型*本论文研究得到国家973项目“城市交通系统的组织优化与控制”(2006CB705505)和973项目“城市生命体承载系统的健康识别和调控理论与方法研究”(2005CB724205)支持。活动出行总时间组成部分,以及停车票价和停车场容量约束,以此作为双层规划的上层模型。设计了基于离散粒子群的算法求解双层规划模型上层问题并采用凸组合算法求解下层问题。
(3)基于双层规划模型框架,建立了大型活动停车诱导信息优化模型。在停车场票价规划的基础上,探索了大型活动不完全诱导信息发布的优化方法。在原有停车场网络基础上,将停车场转化为虚拟的路段,得到一个新的扩展网络,扩展后的普通网络能有效实施最短路径算法和交通分配算法。应用诱导信息反应转移率模型描述出行对信息的反应,以此作为出行者对停车时间的估计基础,并用准动态随机用户均衡模型描述出行路径选择行为,作为双层规划模型的下层模型。建立了停车诱导信息优化的双层规划模型,并使用量子进化算法求解优化模型。
(4)基于双层规划模型框架,建立了大型活动疏散网络临时单行优化模型。针对大型活动散场时交通需求不对称的特点,建立双层规划模型优化疏散网络的单行设置。采用准动态用户最优交通分配模型描述需求波动条件下的用户路径选择行为,以此作为双层规划模型的下层模型；分析了背景交通和疏散交通的出行约束,建立了单行问题的数学规划模型,以此作为双层规划模型的上层模型。设计了粒子群算法求解此类网络优化问题。
(5)设计并实现了大型活动交通组织决策支持系统原型。对大型活动交通组织和管理决策支持系统进行了需求分析和模块划分,并设计了系统所需要的数据表。基于Visual C#.NET和ArcGIS Engine开发了基于GIS的决策支持系统,实现了停车票价优化模块、停车诱导信息优化模块和疏散网络的单行优化模块。
During special events there are increased traffic demand and traffic flow around the stadium road network in a short period, resulting in traffic congestion and parking shortage. The temporary traffic problem can't be solved by constructing roads and parking facilities. It is effective to develop reasonable traffic organization and management plan to relieve the traffic supply and demand conflict by using other roads and parking resources. How to develop reasonable and efficient traffic organization and management plan according to demand and supply is worth studying. In this dissertation, interaction between traffic planners and participators is considered when we develop traffic organization and management optimization model for special events. An optimization approach based on bi-level programming system was proposed. It was applied in parking fare optimization problem, parking guidance information optimization problem and evacuation network one-way optimization problems for special events. The main study works in this dissertation are as following:
(1) Bi-level programming model system framework as well as its solving algorithm are researched in special events traffic organization and management. To avoid Braess strange phenomenon in traffic network organization and management process, the bi-level programming of traffic network design optimization problem is used for traffic organization and management optimization. In the model, traffic planners and travelers of optimization problems are considered as the upper model and the lower model decision-makers separately. The game process of planners and travelers is described by bi-level programming model. Quasi-dynamic traffic assignment model and quasi-dynamic stochastic user equilibrium model are used respectively to describe traveler's route choice behavior for different optimization problems under dynamic demand circumstance. Because of Non-linear and solving difficulty characteristics of bi-level programming, advanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) are applied for upper level problem solving to get a better solution. The research has been supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2006CB705505) and National Basic Research Program of China (No.2005CB724205)
(2) Special Events parking fare optimization model is established and parking demand for different parking lots is control by parking fare. Based on special events Parking-Ride/Walk multi-trip characteristics analysis, traffic network conversion is implemented. The after-parking links are converted to attractiveness of parking lot, because the travel prices of these links are relatively stable. In this way, the original parking choice problem can be described by trip distribution/traffic assignment model. Based on network conversion, Logit-based effectiveness model is applied to describe the behavior of travel and parking choice. The effectiveness model takes into account driving time, parking fees, bus fees, walk costs and other factors. This model is the lower level model of bi-level programming model. By Analysis of special events total travel time object, parking fares and parking capacity constraints, the upper level model is established. The proposed parking fare optimization model is solved by Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) and lower level assignment model is solved by Convex Combination Method (CCM).
(3) Special events Parking Guidance Information (PGI) optimization model is established. Based on the the parking fare plan research, we studied the incomplemention guidance information optimization method, which aims to make system travel-time minimum. By considering parking lots as dummy links, the original traffic network with parking lots can be converted into a new expanded common network. In this way, the shortest path algorithm and traffic assignment can implement effectively in the network. The reaction rate of guidance information is used to describe traveler's response of information, which is the basis of parking time prediction. The stochastic user equilibrium model is used to describe the route choice behavior and as the lower level. Bi-level programming-based PGI optimization model was proposed and the upper level is resolved by QEA.
(4) Special events temporary one-way optimization model is developed. Based on the asymmetric traffic demand characteristics of special events evacuation, the traffic network temporary one-way is configured by optimization model. The route choice behavior under dynamic demand circumstance is described using Quasi-Dynamic User Optimal traffic assignment model, which is also the lower model of bi-level programming model. Based on the object and constraints of background traffic and evacuation traffic, the network one-way Mathematic Programming is established, which is also the upper level model of the bi-level programming model. An algorithm based on DPSO and Frank-Wolf (FW) is designed to solve the proposed model.
(5) The special events traffic organization and management Decision Support System is developed. Based on system needs analysis and module division, the database as well as data table needed for the system are designed. Special events traffic Organization and Management Decision Support System by Visual C#. NET and ArcGIS Engine. The parking fare optimization model, PGI optimization model and network one-way optimization model are implemented in corresponding module.
(1)研究了双层规划模型在大型活动交通组织和管理方案制定中的建模方法以及模型的求解算法。为避免大型活动交通组织和管理过程中可能出现的诡异现象,研究了交通网络设计的双层规划优化方法在交通组织和管理方案优化建模种的应用。在优化模型中,将交通组织优化问题的规划者和出行者分别考虑成上层模型和下层模型的决策者,利用双层规划模型描述交通组织管理方案制定过程中规划者和出行者的博弈过程。针对不同优化问题,分别用准动态交通分配模型、准动态随机用户均衡模型描述需求波动情形的出行者的路径选择行为。针对双层规划非线性、难求解的特点,采用粒子群算法和量子进化算法求解双层规划优化问题。
(2)基于双层规划模型框架,建立了大型活动停车票价优化模型,实现了停车票价对不同类型停车场的需求调控。分析了大型活动小汽车出行方式的停车-换乘/步行多方式出行的特性,对小汽车出行方式的出行网络进行了转换,将停车场后一段费用相对稳定的路段转化为停车场的吸引度,使得原出行停车场选择问题可以用出行分布/交通分配模型描述。在此基础之上,采用基于Logit效用模型描述出行者选择停车场的行为,考虑了驾驶时间、停车费用、公交费用和行走费用等主要因素,并以此作为双层规划模型的下层模型。分析了大型*本论文研究得到国家973项目“城市交通系统的组织优化与控制”(2006CB705505)和973项目“城市生命体承载系统的健康识别和调控理论与方法研究”(2005CB724205)支持。活动出行总时间组成部分,以及停车票价和停车场容量约束,以此作为双层规划的上层模型。设计了基于离散粒子群的算法求解双层规划模型上层问题并采用凸组合算法求解下层问题。
(3)基于双层规划模型框架,建立了大型活动停车诱导信息优化模型。在停车场票价规划的基础上,探索了大型活动不完全诱导信息发布的优化方法。在原有停车场网络基础上,将停车场转化为虚拟的路段,得到一个新的扩展网络,扩展后的普通网络能有效实施最短路径算法和交通分配算法。应用诱导信息反应转移率模型描述出行对信息的反应,以此作为出行者对停车时间的估计基础,并用准动态随机用户均衡模型描述出行路径选择行为,作为双层规划模型的下层模型。建立了停车诱导信息优化的双层规划模型,并使用量子进化算法求解优化模型。
(4)基于双层规划模型框架,建立了大型活动疏散网络临时单行优化模型。针对大型活动散场时交通需求不对称的特点,建立双层规划模型优化疏散网络的单行设置。采用准动态用户最优交通分配模型描述需求波动条件下的用户路径选择行为,以此作为双层规划模型的下层模型；分析了背景交通和疏散交通的出行约束,建立了单行问题的数学规划模型,以此作为双层规划模型的上层模型。设计了粒子群算法求解此类网络优化问题。
(5)设计并实现了大型活动交通组织决策支持系统原型。对大型活动交通组织和管理决策支持系统进行了需求分析和模块划分,并设计了系统所需要的数据表。基于Visual C#.NET和ArcGIS Engine开发了基于GIS的决策支持系统,实现了停车票价优化模块、停车诱导信息优化模块和疏散网络的单行优化模块。
During special events there are increased traffic demand and traffic flow around the stadium road network in a short period, resulting in traffic congestion and parking shortage. The temporary traffic problem can't be solved by constructing roads and parking facilities. It is effective to develop reasonable traffic organization and management plan to relieve the traffic supply and demand conflict by using other roads and parking resources. How to develop reasonable and efficient traffic organization and management plan according to demand and supply is worth studying. In this dissertation, interaction between traffic planners and participators is considered when we develop traffic organization and management optimization model for special events. An optimization approach based on bi-level programming system was proposed. It was applied in parking fare optimization problem, parking guidance information optimization problem and evacuation network one-way optimization problems for special events. The main study works in this dissertation are as following:
(1) Bi-level programming model system framework as well as its solving algorithm are researched in special events traffic organization and management. To avoid Braess strange phenomenon in traffic network organization and management process, the bi-level programming of traffic network design optimization problem is used for traffic organization and management optimization. In the model, traffic planners and travelers of optimization problems are considered as the upper model and the lower model decision-makers separately. The game process of planners and travelers is described by bi-level programming model. Quasi-dynamic traffic assignment model and quasi-dynamic stochastic user equilibrium model are used respectively to describe traveler's route choice behavior for different optimization problems under dynamic demand circumstance. Because of Non-linear and solving difficulty characteristics of bi-level programming, advanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) are applied for upper level problem solving to get a better solution. The research has been supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2006CB705505) and National Basic Research Program of China (No.2005CB724205)
(2) Special Events parking fare optimization model is established and parking demand for different parking lots is control by parking fare. Based on special events Parking-Ride/Walk multi-trip characteristics analysis, traffic network conversion is implemented. The after-parking links are converted to attractiveness of parking lot, because the travel prices of these links are relatively stable. In this way, the original parking choice problem can be described by trip distribution/traffic assignment model. Based on network conversion, Logit-based effectiveness model is applied to describe the behavior of travel and parking choice. The effectiveness model takes into account driving time, parking fees, bus fees, walk costs and other factors. This model is the lower level model of bi-level programming model. By Analysis of special events total travel time object, parking fares and parking capacity constraints, the upper level model is established. The proposed parking fare optimization model is solved by Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) and lower level assignment model is solved by Convex Combination Method (CCM).
(3) Special events Parking Guidance Information (PGI) optimization model is established. Based on the the parking fare plan research, we studied the incomplemention guidance information optimization method, which aims to make system travel-time minimum. By considering parking lots as dummy links, the original traffic network with parking lots can be converted into a new expanded common network. In this way, the shortest path algorithm and traffic assignment can implement effectively in the network. The reaction rate of guidance information is used to describe traveler's response of information, which is the basis of parking time prediction. The stochastic user equilibrium model is used to describe the route choice behavior and as the lower level. Bi-level programming-based PGI optimization model was proposed and the upper level is resolved by QEA.
(4) Special events temporary one-way optimization model is developed. Based on the asymmetric traffic demand characteristics of special events evacuation, the traffic network temporary one-way is configured by optimization model. The route choice behavior under dynamic demand circumstance is described using Quasi-Dynamic User Optimal traffic assignment model, which is also the lower model of bi-level programming model. Based on the object and constraints of background traffic and evacuation traffic, the network one-way Mathematic Programming is established, which is also the upper level model of the bi-level programming model. An algorithm based on DPSO and Frank-Wolf (FW) is designed to solve the proposed model.
(5) The special events traffic organization and management Decision Support System is developed. Based on system needs analysis and module division, the database as well as data table needed for the system are designed. Special events traffic Organization and Management Decision Support System by Visual C#. NET and ArcGIS Engine. The parking fare optimization model, PGI optimization model and network one-way optimization model are implemented in corresponding module.
引文
[1]崔洪军,陆建,刘孔杰,等.大型活动交通组织管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008.
[2]章辉,大型活动交通需求预测和疏散方案研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007.
[3]Fornal C J, Rylander G F, Letourneau M J. Milwaukee, WI, USA's summerfest advanced parking guidance system [J]. Institute of Transportation Engineers,2006,76(6):34,41-44.
[4]Amodei R, Bard E, Brong B, et. al.1996 Atlanta centennial olympic games and paralympic games event study[R]. FHWA-RD-97-107,1997.
[5]ORTA. Nothing better than this (transport for the Sydney 2000 Olympic and paralympics games) [R]. Sydney, Australia,2001.
[6]"Athens 2004" Transportation Authority. Athens 2004 Olympic Games transportation Plan[R]. Athens, Greece,2002
[7]FHWA. Managing travel for planned special events[R]. Washington D C,2003.
[8]李洪武,蔡先华,陆建.GIS技术在大型活动交通管理中的应用研究[J].现代城市研究,2007(2)：51-56.
[9]陈茜,王炜.大型活动中突发事件对交通流的时空影响[J].交通运输工程学报,2009,9(3)：81-85.
[10]北京工业大学.奥运交通规划理论与方法[R].北京,2005.
[1l]安志强.奥运观众交通预测及组织规划研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2004.
[12]罗铭.交通需求管理及其在北京奥运交通中的应用研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2004.
[13]陈小鸿,吴娇蓉,林航飞.2010上海世博会管控区交通管理模式与交通组织方案[J].交通与运输,2008(6)：10-12.
[14]杨东援.“上海世博会”城市交通方案[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(1)：19-21.
[15]晏克非.“深化、细化’2010年世博会交通组织预案的若干建议[J].交通与运输,2010(1)：4-6.
[16]马小毅.2010年广州亚运交通发展战略规划[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2008,8(4)：16-21.
[17]龙小强,闫攀宇.2010年广州亚运会交通管理措施研究[J].综合运输,2009(7)：61-65.
[18]张亮.流量不对称“十”字交叉口信号相位设计方法研究[J].交通信息与安全,2009,27(2)：71-75.
[19]Yang F, Yan X P, Xu K. Evacuation flow assignment based on improved MCMF algorithm [C]//First International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems, Wuhan, 2008:637-640.
[20]洪锋.大型活动期间交通需求预测方法研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2004.
[21]Zhang Y C. Modeling traffic impect under special events[D]. Akron:University of Akron, 2003.
[22]Dhahri A D. High capacity transit model for evacuations and special events with application to Mecca[D]. Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh,1999.
[23]Matthew G K, Konstantinos K, Anthony S. A decision support system for special ebents public transport network planning:the case of the Athens 2004 summer Olympics[C]// Transportation Research Record Annual Meeting CD-ROM,2004.
[24]Matthew G K, Konstantinos K, Anthony S. Paratransit service optimization for special events[C]//Transportation Research Record Annual Meeting CD-ROM,2005.
[25]Jay G, Joslin A. Special event transportation service planning and operations strategies for transit[R]. National Center for Transit Research,2006.
[26]Sattayhatewa P, Smith R L. Development of parking choice models for special events[J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2003,1858: 31-38.
[27]Sarasua W A, Malisetty P, Chowdhury M A. Optimal parking reallocation for special events: a geographic information system analysis[C]//Proceedings of the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D C,2006,06-2788.
[28]Yang J S. Duluth Entertainment Convention Center (DECC) special events traffic flow study[R]. Minneapolis,2003.
[29]Yang H, Bell M G H. Transport bi-level programming problems:recent methodological advances[J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001(35):1-4.
[30]高自友,张好智,孙会君.城市道路交通网络设计问题中双层规划模型-方法及应用[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2004,4(1)：34-44.
[31]Chen M Y, Alfa A S. Algorithms for solving Fisk's stochastic traffic assignlnent model [J]. Transportation Research Part B,1991,25:404-412.
[32]David G A. Exact local solution of the continuous network design Problem via stochastic user equilibrium assignment[J].Transportation Research B,1994,28:61-75.
[33]Maher M J, Zhang X, Vliet D V. A bi-level programming approach for trip matrix estimation and traffic control problems with stochastic user equilibrium link flows[J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:23-40.
[34]Lam W H K, Huang H J. A combined trip distribution and assignment model for multiple user classes[J]. Transportation Research B,1992,26:275-287. [35] Huang H J, Wang S, Bell M G H. A bi-level formulation and quasi-newton algorithm for stochastic equilibrium network design problem with elastic demand[J]. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,2001,14:40-53. [36] Lo H K, Tung Y K. Network with degradable links:capacity analysis and design[J]. Transportation Research Part B,2003,37:344-363.[37]杨文国,高自友.部分路段上一氧化碳排放量限制的用户平衡配流模型及算法[J].公路交通科技,2003,20：159-162.[38]杨文国,高自友.考虑环境因素的广义用户平衡和广义系统最优配流模型[J].中国公路学报,2003,16：72-76.[39] Shan L L, Gao Z Y. A combined model of network and land use in urban transportation[C] //Proceedings of ICTTS 2000, Beijing,2000. [40] Lin J J, Feng C M. A bi-level programming model for the land-use network design problem[J]. The Annals of Regional Science,2003,37:93-105.[41]赵彤,高自友.交通离散网络设计与土地使用问题的组合模型及求解算法[J].土木工程学报,2003,36：5-10.[42]刘灿齐.交通枢纽选址与网络设计同时优化的模型与算法[J].公路交通科技,2003,20：113-116.[43]赵彤,高自友.环境污染限制及最优信号控制条件下的综合离散网络设计问题[J].土木工程学报,2006,39：102-106[44]严新平,吕能超,刘正林,等.大型活动前后车道单行优化的双层规划[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(1)：112-117.[45] Yan X P, Lu N C, Liu Z L, et al. Quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm for transportation network design optimization[C]//The 2nd International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, Jinzhou,2008: 189-192. [46] Friesz T L, Shah S. An overview of nontraditional formulations of static and dynamic equilibrium network design [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:5-21.[47]连爱萍,高自友.动态交通分配与信号控制的组合模型及算法研究[J].自动化学报,2005,31：727-736.[48] Sun H J, Gao Z Y, Wu J J. A bi-level programming model and solution algorithm for the location of logistics distribution centers[J], Applied Mathematical Modelling,2008,32(4): 610-616.[49]蔡金,高自友.求解城市交通连续平衡网络设计问题的混合算法[J].北方交通大学学报,2002,26：71-76.
[50]Ceylan H, Bell M G H. Traffic signal timing optimization based on genetic algorithm approach, including drives'routing [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2004,38:329-342.
[51]Ceylan H, Bell M G H. Genetic algorithm solution for the stochastic equilibrium transportation networks under congestion [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2005,39: 169-185.
[52]Daganzo C F. The cell transmission model:a simple dynamic representation of highway traffic[J]. Transportation Research Part B,1994,28(4):269-287.
[53]Merchant D K, Nemhauser G L. A model and an algorithm for the dynamic traffic assignment problems [J]. Transportation Science,1978,12:183-199.
[54]Carey M. A constraint qualification for a dynamic traffic assignment model[J]. Transportation Science,1986,20:55-88.
[55]Carey M. Optimal time-varying flows on congested network[J]. Operations Research,1987, 35:58-69.
[56]Luque F J, Friesz T L. Dynamic traffic assignment considered as a continuous time optimal control problem [C]//Presented at the TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting, Washington D C,1980.
[57]Ran B, Boyce D E, LeBlance L J. A new class of instantaneous dynamic user optimal traffic assignment models [J]. Operation.Research,1993,41:192-202.
[58]Lam H K W, Huang H J. Dynamic user optimal traffic assignment model for many to one travel demand [J]. Transportation Research.1995,29:243-259.
[59]Fisk C. Some developments in equilibrium traffic assignment [J]. Transportation Research Part B,1980,14:243-255
[60]Ran B, Boyce D E. Dynamic urban transportation network models:theory and implications for intelligent vehicle highway systems[M]. Springer, New York,1994.
[61]Ran B, Boyce D E. Modeling dynamic transportation networks-an intelligent transportation system oriented approach [M]. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg,1996.
[62]Ran B, Boyce D E. A link-based variational inequality formulation of ideal dynamic user-optimal route choice problem[J]. Transportation Research Part B,1996,30(1):31-46.
[63]Chen H K. Dynamic travel choice models:a variational inequality approach [M], Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1999.
[64]Sheffi Y, Mahmassani H, Powell W. NETVAC:a transportation network evacuation model [R]. Center of Transportation Studies, MIT,1980.
[65]HAN L D, Yuan F. Evacuation modeling and operations using dynamic traffic assignment and most desirable destination approaches [C]//Proceedings of the 84th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C,2005.
[66]Ran B, Lee D H, Shin S, et al. A rolling horizon implementation for an analytical dynamic traffic assignment model [C]//Proceeding of the 77th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,1998.
[67]Barrett B, Ran B, Pillai R. Developing a dynamic traffic management modeling framework for hurricane evacuation[C]//Proceeding of the 79th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,2000.
[68]Chiu Y C, Rao P K, Mirchandani P B. Dynamic traffic management for evacuation [C]//Proceeding of the 84th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,2005.
[69]高自友,任华玲.城市动态交通流分配模型与算法[J].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[70]Wolshon B, Urbina E, Levitan M. National review of hurricane evacuation plans and policies:a comparison and contrast of state practices[J]. Transportation Research Part A, 2003,37(3):257-275.
[71]Wolshon B, Lambert L. Design of reversible roadway entry and termination points: comparative review of the state of practice[C]//Proceedings of the 84th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D C,2005.
[72]Lim E, Wolshon B. Modeling and performance assessment of contraflow evacuation termination points[C]//The 84th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington,D C,2005.
[73]Theodoulou G, Wolshon B. Alternative methods to increase the effectiveness of freeway contraflow evacuation [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Record,2004:48-56.
[74]Shekhar S, Kim S. Contraflow transportation network reconfiguration for evacuation route planning[R]. http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/Research Reports/year.html?Page=15-55, 2006.
[75]Kim S, Shekhar S. Contraflow network reconfiguration for evacuation planning:a summary of results [C]//Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international workshop on geographic information systems, Bremen,2005, New York:ACM Press,2005:250-259.
[76]Tuydes H, Ziliaskopoulos A. Network re-design to optimize evacuation contraflow [C] //Proceedings of the 83th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C, 2004.
[77]Meng Q, Hoo H L K. Model and algorithm for the optimal contraflow scheduling problem [C]//Proceedings of the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C,2007.
[78]张好智,高自友.可变车道的道路交通网络设计优化方法[J].中国管理科学,2007,15(2)：86-91.
[79]段广云,沈振宇.高速公路交通信息发布系统实际应用中的若干问题及对策[J].公路交通技术,2004,12(6)：107-109.
[80]鲁丛林.诱导条件下的驾驶员反应行为的博弈模型[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2005(1)：58-59.
[81]Abbas M, McCoy P. Optimizing variable message sign locations on freeways using genetic algorithms [C]//Transportation Research Board 78th Annual Meeting Proceedings, Washington D C,1999.
[82]倪富健,刘志超.可变交通信息牌的最优分布模型[J],信息与控制,2003,32(5)：385-398.
[83]Chatterjee K, Hounsell N, Firmin P, et al. Driver response to variable message sign information in London [J]. Transportation Research Part C,2002(10):149-169.
[84]干宏程.VMS诱导信息影响下的路径选择行为分析[J].系统工程,2008,26(3)：11-16.
[85]傅立平,李硕,Henderson J.可变信息标志系统(CMS)选址优化模型[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2005,5(5)：101-120.
[86]Zhou Y F, Wu J P. The research on drivers'route choice behavior in the presence of dynamic traffic information[C]//The 9th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2006:1304-1309.
[87]Sheffi Y. Urban transportation networks:equilibrium analysis with mathematical programming methods[M]. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,1985.
[88]刘灿齐.现代交通规划学[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[89]李桂玲.双层规划中几个问题的研究[D].青岛：山东科技大学,2005.
[90]张小宁.双层优化交通模型及其算法[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(2)：169-173
[91]Jeroslone R C. The polynomial hierarchy and simple modle for competitive analysis[J]. Mathematical Programming,1985,32:146-164.
[92]Bard J F. Some properties of the bilevel programming problem[J]. Jornal of Optimization Theory and Applications,1991,68:371-378.
[93]Kennedy J, Eberhart R C. Particle Swarm Optimization[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Sercice Center, 1995:1942-1948.
[94]Kennedy J, Eberhart R C.A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm[C] //Proceedings of the world multiconference on systemics, cybernetics and informatics, Orlando,1997, Piscatawary, New Jersey:IEEE Sercice Center,1997:4104-4109.
[95]Li N, Qin Y Q, Sun D B,et al. Particle swarm optimization with mutation operator[C]//The 3rd International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, August 2004, Shanghai, China,2251-2256.
[96]Clerc M, Kennedy J. The particle swarm-explosion, stability, and convergence in a multidimensional complex space[C]//IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,2002, 6(1):58-73.
[97]Han K H, Park K H, Lee C H, et al. Parallel quantum-inspired genetic algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Seoul,2001:1442-1429.
[98]Han K H, Kim I H. Quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm for a class of combinatorial optimization[J], IEEE Transaction, On Evolutionary Computation,2002,6(6):580-893.
[99]朱顺应,杨涛.城市交通需求管理理论研究初探.重庆交通学院学报[J].1997,16(1)：107-114.
[100]江薇.城市交通需求管理策略及其评价技术研究[D].南京：东南大学,2004.
[101]赵佳琪,姜桂艳.大型活动的交通组织与管理研究[J].交通标准化,2009,199(6)：60-63.
[102]崔洪军,陆建.大型活动散场交通流时空消散规律[J].中国公路学报,2007,20(2)：103-107
[103]陆化普,史其信,殷亚峰.交通影响评价的基本思想与方法[J].城市规划,1996,(4)：34-38
[104]陈茜,王炜.大型活动中突发事件对交通流的时空影响[J].交通运输工程学报,2009,9(3)： 81-85.
[105]姜桂艳,李继伟,赵佳琪.大型活动交通影响评价方法[J].城市交通,2008,6(5)：59-64.
[106]路静,代义军.大型活动的静态交通组织方法研究与应用[J].交通与运输,2009(12)：43-46.
[107]Goyal S K, Gomes L F A M. A model for allocating car parking spaces in universities[J]. Transportation Research B,1984,18(3):267-269.
[108]Florian M, Los M. Impact of the supply of parking spaces on parking lot choice[J]. Transportation Research Part B,1980,14(1):155-163.
[109]Nour E M S, El-Reedy T Y, Ismail H K. A Combined parking and traffic assignment model[J]. Traffic Engineering and Control,1981,22(10):524-530.
[110]Gur Y J, Beimborn E A. Analysis of parking in urban centers:equilibrium assignment approach [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,1984,957:55-62.
[111]严海,杨晓光,严宝杰.特殊活动的停车选择模型研究[J].中国公路学报,2005,18(2)：90-93.
[112]Li Z C, Huang H J, William H K L, et al. A model for evaluation of transport policies in multimodal networks with road and parking capacity constraints [J]. Journal of Mathematical Modeling and Algorithms,2007,6(2):239-257.
[113]Thompson R G, Takada K, Kobayakawa S. Optimization of parking guidance and information systems display configurations [J]. Transportation Research Part C,2001(9): 69-85.
[114]Spencer M E, West J. Parking guidance system:San Jose, California[J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2004:34-39.
[115]Li D P, Chen J, Yan K F. Bi-level objective model of display optimization for urban parking guidance message signs[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science),2009,21: 203-206.
[116]Lappin J, Bottom J. Understanding and predicting traveler response to information:A Literature Review[R]. U.S. Department of Transportation,2001.
[117]伍速锋.交通信息效用解析研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006.
[118]Hester A E, Fisher D L, Collura J. Drivers'parking decisions:advanced parking management systems[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2002,128:49-57.
[119]Bonsall P, Palmer I. Modelling drivers'car parking behavior using data from a travel choice simulator[J]. Transportation Research Part C,2004,12(5):321-347.
[120]Wan Q, Wang W, Wang J Y, et al. A dynamic network model of parking search[C] //Proceedings of the 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C, 2007.
[121]Yang F, Liu H X, He R R, et al. Bi-level formulation for optimal traffic information dissemination [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D C,2003:21-28.
[122]Chen J, Liu H, Wang W, et al. Un-balanced information display for urban parking guidance[C]//Proceedings of the 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C,2007.
[123]崔洪军,陆建.大型活动交通管理措施及在十运会开幕式中的运用[J].现代城市研究,2006(5)：70-75
[124]苏跃江,王凤群,王晓原.中心城区单向交通组织方法研究[J].交通标准化,2009,202(8)：118-125.
[125]李荣波.关于单向交通通行能力的探讨[J].中国市政工程,1998(3)：1-2,6.
[126]魏广奇.城市单向道路定向方法研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学,2005.
[127]朱桃丽.城市道路单向交通方案设计研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2007.
[128]张春荣,陈森发,朱玉全.一种动态交通分配的快速算法及应用.东南大学学报(自然科学版),2001,31(6)：91-93.
[129]Church R L, Sexton R. Modeling small area evacuation:can existing transportation infrastructure impede public safety [R]. California Department of Transportation, Testbed Center for Interoperability,2002.
[130]Sattayhatewa P, Ran B. Developing a dynamic traffic management model for nuclear power plant evacuation [C]//Proceeding of the 79th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,2000.
[131]Hobeika A G, Kim C. Comparison of traffic assignments in evacuation modeling [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 1998,45(2):192-198.
[132]Han A F. TEVACS:Decision support system for evacuation planning in taiwan[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering 1990,116(6):821-830.
[133]Hobeika A G, Kim S, Beckwith R E. A decision support system for developing evacuation plans around nuclear power [J]. Interfaces 1994,24(5):22-35.
[134]Pidd M, Siva F N, Eglese R W. A simulation model for emergency evacuation [J]. European Journal of Operational Research,1996,90:413-419.
[135]Sisiopiku V P, Jones S, Sullivan A, et al. Regional traffic simulation for emergency preparedness [R]. Technical Report 03226 to the University Transportation Center for Alabama,2004.
[136]Cova T J, Johnson J P. A network flow model for lane-based evacuation routing[J]. Transportation Research Part A,2003,37:579-604.
[137]湛永松,卢兆明.CG与GIS支持下的城市应急系统研究[J].中国传媒大学学报(自然科学版),2008(1)：28-33.
[138]王炜,蔡先华,陆建.GIS在城市大型活动交通运行组织管理中的应用研究[J].中国交通信息产业,2007(3)：138-140.
[139]蔡先华,陆建.基于GIS的大型活动交通组织模拟系统研究[J].测绘科学,2007(6)：187-188+190+211.
[140]蒋光胜.大城市突发事件交通组织与疏散对策研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2006.
[2]章辉,大型活动交通需求预测和疏散方案研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007.
[3]Fornal C J, Rylander G F, Letourneau M J. Milwaukee, WI, USA's summerfest advanced parking guidance system [J]. Institute of Transportation Engineers,2006,76(6):34,41-44.
[4]Amodei R, Bard E, Brong B, et. al.1996 Atlanta centennial olympic games and paralympic games event study[R]. FHWA-RD-97-107,1997.
[5]ORTA. Nothing better than this (transport for the Sydney 2000 Olympic and paralympics games) [R]. Sydney, Australia,2001.
[6]"Athens 2004" Transportation Authority. Athens 2004 Olympic Games transportation Plan[R]. Athens, Greece,2002
[7]FHWA. Managing travel for planned special events[R]. Washington D C,2003.
[8]李洪武,蔡先华,陆建.GIS技术在大型活动交通管理中的应用研究[J].现代城市研究,2007(2)：51-56.
[9]陈茜,王炜.大型活动中突发事件对交通流的时空影响[J].交通运输工程学报,2009,9(3)：81-85.
[10]北京工业大学.奥运交通规划理论与方法[R].北京,2005.
[1l]安志强.奥运观众交通预测及组织规划研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2004.
[12]罗铭.交通需求管理及其在北京奥运交通中的应用研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2004.
[13]陈小鸿,吴娇蓉,林航飞.2010上海世博会管控区交通管理模式与交通组织方案[J].交通与运输,2008(6)：10-12.
[14]杨东援.“上海世博会”城市交通方案[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(1)：19-21.
[15]晏克非.“深化、细化’2010年世博会交通组织预案的若干建议[J].交通与运输,2010(1)：4-6.
[16]马小毅.2010年广州亚运交通发展战略规划[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2008,8(4)：16-21.
[17]龙小强,闫攀宇.2010年广州亚运会交通管理措施研究[J].综合运输,2009(7)：61-65.
[18]张亮.流量不对称“十”字交叉口信号相位设计方法研究[J].交通信息与安全,2009,27(2)：71-75.
[19]Yang F, Yan X P, Xu K. Evacuation flow assignment based on improved MCMF algorithm [C]//First International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems, Wuhan, 2008:637-640.
[20]洪锋.大型活动期间交通需求预测方法研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2004.
[21]Zhang Y C. Modeling traffic impect under special events[D]. Akron:University of Akron, 2003.
[22]Dhahri A D. High capacity transit model for evacuations and special events with application to Mecca[D]. Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh,1999.
[23]Matthew G K, Konstantinos K, Anthony S. A decision support system for special ebents public transport network planning:the case of the Athens 2004 summer Olympics[C]// Transportation Research Record Annual Meeting CD-ROM,2004.
[24]Matthew G K, Konstantinos K, Anthony S. Paratransit service optimization for special events[C]//Transportation Research Record Annual Meeting CD-ROM,2005.
[25]Jay G, Joslin A. Special event transportation service planning and operations strategies for transit[R]. National Center for Transit Research,2006.
[26]Sattayhatewa P, Smith R L. Development of parking choice models for special events[J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2003,1858: 31-38.
[27]Sarasua W A, Malisetty P, Chowdhury M A. Optimal parking reallocation for special events: a geographic information system analysis[C]//Proceedings of the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D C,2006,06-2788.
[28]Yang J S. Duluth Entertainment Convention Center (DECC) special events traffic flow study[R]. Minneapolis,2003.
[29]Yang H, Bell M G H. Transport bi-level programming problems:recent methodological advances[J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001(35):1-4.
[30]高自友,张好智,孙会君.城市道路交通网络设计问题中双层规划模型-方法及应用[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2004,4(1)：34-44.
[31]Chen M Y, Alfa A S. Algorithms for solving Fisk's stochastic traffic assignlnent model [J]. Transportation Research Part B,1991,25:404-412.
[32]David G A. Exact local solution of the continuous network design Problem via stochastic user equilibrium assignment[J].Transportation Research B,1994,28:61-75.
[33]Maher M J, Zhang X, Vliet D V. A bi-level programming approach for trip matrix estimation and traffic control problems with stochastic user equilibrium link flows[J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:23-40.
[34]Lam W H K, Huang H J. A combined trip distribution and assignment model for multiple user classes[J]. Transportation Research B,1992,26:275-287. [35] Huang H J, Wang S, Bell M G H. A bi-level formulation and quasi-newton algorithm for stochastic equilibrium network design problem with elastic demand[J]. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,2001,14:40-53. [36] Lo H K, Tung Y K. Network with degradable links:capacity analysis and design[J]. Transportation Research Part B,2003,37:344-363.[37]杨文国,高自友.部分路段上一氧化碳排放量限制的用户平衡配流模型及算法[J].公路交通科技,2003,20：159-162.[38]杨文国,高自友.考虑环境因素的广义用户平衡和广义系统最优配流模型[J].中国公路学报,2003,16：72-76.[39] Shan L L, Gao Z Y. A combined model of network and land use in urban transportation[C] //Proceedings of ICTTS 2000, Beijing,2000. [40] Lin J J, Feng C M. A bi-level programming model for the land-use network design problem[J]. The Annals of Regional Science,2003,37:93-105.[41]赵彤,高自友.交通离散网络设计与土地使用问题的组合模型及求解算法[J].土木工程学报,2003,36：5-10.[42]刘灿齐.交通枢纽选址与网络设计同时优化的模型与算法[J].公路交通科技,2003,20：113-116.[43]赵彤,高自友.环境污染限制及最优信号控制条件下的综合离散网络设计问题[J].土木工程学报,2006,39：102-106[44]严新平,吕能超,刘正林,等.大型活动前后车道单行优化的双层规划[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(1)：112-117.[45] Yan X P, Lu N C, Liu Z L, et al. Quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm for transportation network design optimization[C]//The 2nd International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, Jinzhou,2008: 189-192. [46] Friesz T L, Shah S. An overview of nontraditional formulations of static and dynamic equilibrium network design [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:5-21.[47]连爱萍,高自友.动态交通分配与信号控制的组合模型及算法研究[J].自动化学报,2005,31：727-736.[48] Sun H J, Gao Z Y, Wu J J. A bi-level programming model and solution algorithm for the location of logistics distribution centers[J], Applied Mathematical Modelling,2008,32(4): 610-616.[49]蔡金,高自友.求解城市交通连续平衡网络设计问题的混合算法[J].北方交通大学学报,2002,26：71-76.
[50]Ceylan H, Bell M G H. Traffic signal timing optimization based on genetic algorithm approach, including drives'routing [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2004,38:329-342.
[51]Ceylan H, Bell M G H. Genetic algorithm solution for the stochastic equilibrium transportation networks under congestion [J]. Transportation Research Part B,2005,39: 169-185.
[52]Daganzo C F. The cell transmission model:a simple dynamic representation of highway traffic[J]. Transportation Research Part B,1994,28(4):269-287.
[53]Merchant D K, Nemhauser G L. A model and an algorithm for the dynamic traffic assignment problems [J]. Transportation Science,1978,12:183-199.
[54]Carey M. A constraint qualification for a dynamic traffic assignment model[J]. Transportation Science,1986,20:55-88.
[55]Carey M. Optimal time-varying flows on congested network[J]. Operations Research,1987, 35:58-69.
[56]Luque F J, Friesz T L. Dynamic traffic assignment considered as a continuous time optimal control problem [C]//Presented at the TIMS/ORSA Joint National Meeting, Washington D C,1980.
[57]Ran B, Boyce D E, LeBlance L J. A new class of instantaneous dynamic user optimal traffic assignment models [J]. Operation.Research,1993,41:192-202.
[58]Lam H K W, Huang H J. Dynamic user optimal traffic assignment model for many to one travel demand [J]. Transportation Research.1995,29:243-259.
[59]Fisk C. Some developments in equilibrium traffic assignment [J]. Transportation Research Part B,1980,14:243-255
[60]Ran B, Boyce D E. Dynamic urban transportation network models:theory and implications for intelligent vehicle highway systems[M]. Springer, New York,1994.
[61]Ran B, Boyce D E. Modeling dynamic transportation networks-an intelligent transportation system oriented approach [M]. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg,1996.
[62]Ran B, Boyce D E. A link-based variational inequality formulation of ideal dynamic user-optimal route choice problem[J]. Transportation Research Part B,1996,30(1):31-46.
[63]Chen H K. Dynamic travel choice models:a variational inequality approach [M], Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1999.
[64]Sheffi Y, Mahmassani H, Powell W. NETVAC:a transportation network evacuation model [R]. Center of Transportation Studies, MIT,1980.
[65]HAN L D, Yuan F. Evacuation modeling and operations using dynamic traffic assignment and most desirable destination approaches [C]//Proceedings of the 84th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C,2005.
[66]Ran B, Lee D H, Shin S, et al. A rolling horizon implementation for an analytical dynamic traffic assignment model [C]//Proceeding of the 77th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,1998.
[67]Barrett B, Ran B, Pillai R. Developing a dynamic traffic management modeling framework for hurricane evacuation[C]//Proceeding of the 79th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,2000.
[68]Chiu Y C, Rao P K, Mirchandani P B. Dynamic traffic management for evacuation [C]//Proceeding of the 84th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,2005.
[69]高自友,任华玲.城市动态交通流分配模型与算法[J].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[70]Wolshon B, Urbina E, Levitan M. National review of hurricane evacuation plans and policies:a comparison and contrast of state practices[J]. Transportation Research Part A, 2003,37(3):257-275.
[71]Wolshon B, Lambert L. Design of reversible roadway entry and termination points: comparative review of the state of practice[C]//Proceedings of the 84th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D C,2005.
[72]Lim E, Wolshon B. Modeling and performance assessment of contraflow evacuation termination points[C]//The 84th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington,D C,2005.
[73]Theodoulou G, Wolshon B. Alternative methods to increase the effectiveness of freeway contraflow evacuation [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Record,2004:48-56.
[74]Shekhar S, Kim S. Contraflow transportation network reconfiguration for evacuation route planning[R]. http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/Research Reports/year.html?Page=15-55, 2006.
[75]Kim S, Shekhar S. Contraflow network reconfiguration for evacuation planning:a summary of results [C]//Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international workshop on geographic information systems, Bremen,2005, New York:ACM Press,2005:250-259.
[76]Tuydes H, Ziliaskopoulos A. Network re-design to optimize evacuation contraflow [C] //Proceedings of the 83th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C, 2004.
[77]Meng Q, Hoo H L K. Model and algorithm for the optimal contraflow scheduling problem [C]//Proceedings of the 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C,2007.
[78]张好智,高自友.可变车道的道路交通网络设计优化方法[J].中国管理科学,2007,15(2)：86-91.
[79]段广云,沈振宇.高速公路交通信息发布系统实际应用中的若干问题及对策[J].公路交通技术,2004,12(6)：107-109.
[80]鲁丛林.诱导条件下的驾驶员反应行为的博弈模型[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2005(1)：58-59.
[81]Abbas M, McCoy P. Optimizing variable message sign locations on freeways using genetic algorithms [C]//Transportation Research Board 78th Annual Meeting Proceedings, Washington D C,1999.
[82]倪富健,刘志超.可变交通信息牌的最优分布模型[J],信息与控制,2003,32(5)：385-398.
[83]Chatterjee K, Hounsell N, Firmin P, et al. Driver response to variable message sign information in London [J]. Transportation Research Part C,2002(10):149-169.
[84]干宏程.VMS诱导信息影响下的路径选择行为分析[J].系统工程,2008,26(3)：11-16.
[85]傅立平,李硕,Henderson J.可变信息标志系统(CMS)选址优化模型[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2005,5(5)：101-120.
[86]Zhou Y F, Wu J P. The research on drivers'route choice behavior in the presence of dynamic traffic information[C]//The 9th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2006:1304-1309.
[87]Sheffi Y. Urban transportation networks:equilibrium analysis with mathematical programming methods[M]. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,1985.
[88]刘灿齐.现代交通规划学[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[89]李桂玲.双层规划中几个问题的研究[D].青岛：山东科技大学,2005.
[90]张小宁.双层优化交通模型及其算法[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(2)：169-173
[91]Jeroslone R C. The polynomial hierarchy and simple modle for competitive analysis[J]. Mathematical Programming,1985,32:146-164.
[92]Bard J F. Some properties of the bilevel programming problem[J]. Jornal of Optimization Theory and Applications,1991,68:371-378.
[93]Kennedy J, Eberhart R C. Particle Swarm Optimization[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Sercice Center, 1995:1942-1948.
[94]Kennedy J, Eberhart R C.A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm[C] //Proceedings of the world multiconference on systemics, cybernetics and informatics, Orlando,1997, Piscatawary, New Jersey:IEEE Sercice Center,1997:4104-4109.
[95]Li N, Qin Y Q, Sun D B,et al. Particle swarm optimization with mutation operator[C]//The 3rd International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, August 2004, Shanghai, China,2251-2256.
[96]Clerc M, Kennedy J. The particle swarm-explosion, stability, and convergence in a multidimensional complex space[C]//IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,2002, 6(1):58-73.
[97]Han K H, Park K H, Lee C H, et al. Parallel quantum-inspired genetic algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Seoul,2001:1442-1429.
[98]Han K H, Kim I H. Quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm for a class of combinatorial optimization[J], IEEE Transaction, On Evolutionary Computation,2002,6(6):580-893.
[99]朱顺应,杨涛.城市交通需求管理理论研究初探.重庆交通学院学报[J].1997,16(1)：107-114.
[100]江薇.城市交通需求管理策略及其评价技术研究[D].南京：东南大学,2004.
[101]赵佳琪,姜桂艳.大型活动的交通组织与管理研究[J].交通标准化,2009,199(6)：60-63.
[102]崔洪军,陆建.大型活动散场交通流时空消散规律[J].中国公路学报,2007,20(2)：103-107
[103]陆化普,史其信,殷亚峰.交通影响评价的基本思想与方法[J].城市规划,1996,(4)：34-38
[104]陈茜,王炜.大型活动中突发事件对交通流的时空影响[J].交通运输工程学报,2009,9(3)： 81-85.
[105]姜桂艳,李继伟,赵佳琪.大型活动交通影响评价方法[J].城市交通,2008,6(5)：59-64.
[106]路静,代义军.大型活动的静态交通组织方法研究与应用[J].交通与运输,2009(12)：43-46.
[107]Goyal S K, Gomes L F A M. A model for allocating car parking spaces in universities[J]. Transportation Research B,1984,18(3):267-269.
[108]Florian M, Los M. Impact of the supply of parking spaces on parking lot choice[J]. Transportation Research Part B,1980,14(1):155-163.
[109]Nour E M S, El-Reedy T Y, Ismail H K. A Combined parking and traffic assignment model[J]. Traffic Engineering and Control,1981,22(10):524-530.
[110]Gur Y J, Beimborn E A. Analysis of parking in urban centers:equilibrium assignment approach [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,1984,957:55-62.
[111]严海,杨晓光,严宝杰.特殊活动的停车选择模型研究[J].中国公路学报,2005,18(2)：90-93.
[112]Li Z C, Huang H J, William H K L, et al. A model for evaluation of transport policies in multimodal networks with road and parking capacity constraints [J]. Journal of Mathematical Modeling and Algorithms,2007,6(2):239-257.
[113]Thompson R G, Takada K, Kobayakawa S. Optimization of parking guidance and information systems display configurations [J]. Transportation Research Part C,2001(9): 69-85.
[114]Spencer M E, West J. Parking guidance system:San Jose, California[J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2004:34-39.
[115]Li D P, Chen J, Yan K F. Bi-level objective model of display optimization for urban parking guidance message signs[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science),2009,21: 203-206.
[116]Lappin J, Bottom J. Understanding and predicting traveler response to information:A Literature Review[R]. U.S. Department of Transportation,2001.
[117]伍速锋.交通信息效用解析研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006.
[118]Hester A E, Fisher D L, Collura J. Drivers'parking decisions:advanced parking management systems[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2002,128:49-57.
[119]Bonsall P, Palmer I. Modelling drivers'car parking behavior using data from a travel choice simulator[J]. Transportation Research Part C,2004,12(5):321-347.
[120]Wan Q, Wang W, Wang J Y, et al. A dynamic network model of parking search[C] //Proceedings of the 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C, 2007.
[121]Yang F, Liu H X, He R R, et al. Bi-level formulation for optimal traffic information dissemination [J]. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D C,2003:21-28.
[122]Chen J, Liu H, Wang W, et al. Un-balanced information display for urban parking guidance[C]//Proceedings of the 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D C,2007.
[123]崔洪军,陆建.大型活动交通管理措施及在十运会开幕式中的运用[J].现代城市研究,2006(5)：70-75
[124]苏跃江,王凤群,王晓原.中心城区单向交通组织方法研究[J].交通标准化,2009,202(8)：118-125.
[125]李荣波.关于单向交通通行能力的探讨[J].中国市政工程,1998(3)：1-2,6.
[126]魏广奇.城市单向道路定向方法研究[D].长沙：长沙理工大学,2005.
[127]朱桃丽.城市道路单向交通方案设计研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2007.
[128]张春荣,陈森发,朱玉全.一种动态交通分配的快速算法及应用.东南大学学报(自然科学版),2001,31(6)：91-93.
[129]Church R L, Sexton R. Modeling small area evacuation:can existing transportation infrastructure impede public safety [R]. California Department of Transportation, Testbed Center for Interoperability,2002.
[130]Sattayhatewa P, Ran B. Developing a dynamic traffic management model for nuclear power plant evacuation [C]//Proceeding of the 79th Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D C,2000.
[131]Hobeika A G, Kim C. Comparison of traffic assignments in evacuation modeling [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 1998,45(2):192-198.
[132]Han A F. TEVACS:Decision support system for evacuation planning in taiwan[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering 1990,116(6):821-830.
[133]Hobeika A G, Kim S, Beckwith R E. A decision support system for developing evacuation plans around nuclear power [J]. Interfaces 1994,24(5):22-35.
[134]Pidd M, Siva F N, Eglese R W. A simulation model for emergency evacuation [J]. European Journal of Operational Research,1996,90:413-419.
[135]Sisiopiku V P, Jones S, Sullivan A, et al. Regional traffic simulation for emergency preparedness [R]. Technical Report 03226 to the University Transportation Center for Alabama,2004.
[136]Cova T J, Johnson J P. A network flow model for lane-based evacuation routing[J]. Transportation Research Part A,2003,37:579-604.
[137]湛永松,卢兆明.CG与GIS支持下的城市应急系统研究[J].中国传媒大学学报(自然科学版),2008(1)：28-33.
[138]王炜,蔡先华,陆建.GIS在城市大型活动交通运行组织管理中的应用研究[J].中国交通信息产业,2007(3)：138-140.
[139]蔡先华,陆建.基于GIS的大型活动交通组织模拟系统研究[J].测绘科学,2007(6)：187-188+190+211.
[140]蒋光胜.大城市突发事件交通组织与疏散对策研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2006.