公路超限车辆补偿费率定价研究
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摘要
近年来,我国公路交通实现了跨越式发展,但我国公路货物运输中的超限运输行为却愈演愈烈。超限运输车辆不但对公路路网造成破坏,降低公路运输效率,诱发公路交通事故,加剧公路沿线环境污染,同时也严重扰乱了公路货运市场秩序。自2001年以来,计重收费政策在我国逐步推广实施,实现对超限运输的惩罚性收费,保证了公路收费的公平性。作为计重收费政策中关键组成部分的超限补偿费率的制定对遏制公路超限运输至关重要,但目前国内所实行的超限补偿费率的定价过程存在一定程度的随意性和主观性,缺乏充足的科学理论依据,影响计重收费实施的公平性和实施效果。
本文对公路超限补偿费率的定价问题进行系统探索。考虑不同超限程度车辆对公路破坏、环境影响程度等差别,设计了公路超限补偿费率定价方案；通过系统地分析测算公路超限运输效益以及各类成本,以社会总收益最大为优化目标建立了公路超限补偿费率的定价模型,并设计了相应的求解算法；进一步分析公路超限运输行为中公路管理部门与运输业者之间的博弈关系,利用双层规划原理建立了公路超限补偿费率定价的双层规划模型,并设计了求解公路超限补偿费率定价双层规划模型的遗传算法；最后以湖南省高速公路为实例背景,对提出的两个定价模型和相应求解算法进行了验证。主要研究工作如下：
(1)构建了包括安全成本、环境成本、效率成本和道路破坏成本为主体的公路超限运输外部成本构成体系,提出了基于交通工程学、经济学、元胞自动机等理论的超限运输安全成本、环境成本、效率成本和道路破坏成本的测算方法。
(2)分析货物运输业者出行决策的影响因素,建立了包含货物运输业者超限程度选择以及出行线路选择的两层巢式逻辑决策模型,设计了相应的求解算法,确定了货物运输业者超限程度和出行线路选择与公路超限补偿费率的关系,为公路超限补偿费率的优化提供数据基础。
(3)按货物运输业者超限程度对公路超限运输外部成本的影响关系,设计了公路超限补偿费率定价方案形式,根据公路超限补偿费率定价的效益、公平、惩罚和平衡原则,以社会总收益最大为目标建立了公路超限补偿费率定价模型,提出了相应求解算法。
(4)分析公路管理者制定公路超限补偿费率与路网运输业者出行选择之间的主从决策关系；在此基础上,利用双层规划原理建立了公路超限补偿费率定价的双层规划模型,并设计了遗传算法对其进行求解,得出超限补偿费率定价方案。
(5)以湖南省现有高速公路网络以及OD需求量为基础,挖掘出与超限运输相关的数据,以此构建公路超限补偿费率定价的数学规划模型和双层规划模型,利用所提出算法确定了湖南省公路超限补偿费率,验证了模型和算法的有效性。
Recently, the highway traffic has reached the leap development, but meanwhile, the overload transportation is becoming more and more serious. This phenomenon not only caused the disastrous destruction of the highway network, induced massive traffic accidents, cut the efficiency of highway transportation, intensified the environment pollution along the highway, but also caused serious disruption to the road freight market order. Hence, the toll-by-weight policy has been promoted since the beginning of this century so as to hold back the overload transportation and ensures the fairness of tolls by charging more to the overload transportation. The compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy is very important to ensure the effect of holding back the overload transportation. But at present of nowadays' china, the pricing of the compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy has arbitrary and subjective to some extent and lack of adequate basis for scientific theories.
This essay based on the massive correlative study from domestic and overseas. Through analyzing and summarizing of the some provinces' present methods of pricing the compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy, this essay considered the difference influence of the extent of the overload transportation to the destruction of highway and environment. On this basis, comprehensively analyzing the benefit and many kinds of costs of overload transportation, a model with the aim of maximizing the social welfare was designed. At the same time, a type of algorithm for the model is given. However, this model did not consider the reaction of the carriers to the different compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy. Therefore, through the analysis of the game relations between transportation management departments and carriers, based on the bi-level model theory, a bi-level model for pricing compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy was gained. And then a type of genetic algorithm was given for solving the bi-level model. Finally, based the highway of Hunan province, an example was given to test and verify these models and algorithms. Specific research of this essay was summarized as following:
(1) The external costs, caused by road overloading transportation, were constructed. It includes road safety costs, environmental costs, efficiency and the cost of damage to roads. Quantitative methods for calculating these costs were brought up based on the theories of traffic engineering, economics, cellular automata.
(2) On the basis of analyzing the factors to the travel decision-making for freight transporter, a type of nested logit mode which includes the selection of the extent of overloading transportation and travel route was designed. At the same time, the algorithm for solving this model was given to the relation between the extent of overloading transportation, travel route and road overloading vehicle compensation rate. The results provided basic data for optimizing road overloading vehicle compensation rate.
(3) According to the relation between external cost and the extent of overloading transportation, a form of road overloading vehicle compensation rate was designed. Under the principles of benefit, fairness, punishment and equilibrium, a pricing model with the aim maximizing the social welfare was designed and its algorithm was given.
(4) Through the analysis of the game relations between transportation management departments and transporter, based on the bi-level model theory,a bi-level model for pricing compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy was designed, and a type of genetic algorithm was given for solving this bi-level model.
(5) Based on the highway network of Hunan province and its OD data, the useful data for this essay was selected. These data was used for testing and verifying the effectiveness of the models and algorithm which this essay gave. Finally, a better pricing program of compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy for Hunan province was gained.
本文对公路超限补偿费率的定价问题进行系统探索。考虑不同超限程度车辆对公路破坏、环境影响程度等差别,设计了公路超限补偿费率定价方案；通过系统地分析测算公路超限运输效益以及各类成本,以社会总收益最大为优化目标建立了公路超限补偿费率的定价模型,并设计了相应的求解算法；进一步分析公路超限运输行为中公路管理部门与运输业者之间的博弈关系,利用双层规划原理建立了公路超限补偿费率定价的双层规划模型,并设计了求解公路超限补偿费率定价双层规划模型的遗传算法；最后以湖南省高速公路为实例背景,对提出的两个定价模型和相应求解算法进行了验证。主要研究工作如下：
(1)构建了包括安全成本、环境成本、效率成本和道路破坏成本为主体的公路超限运输外部成本构成体系,提出了基于交通工程学、经济学、元胞自动机等理论的超限运输安全成本、环境成本、效率成本和道路破坏成本的测算方法。
(2)分析货物运输业者出行决策的影响因素,建立了包含货物运输业者超限程度选择以及出行线路选择的两层巢式逻辑决策模型,设计了相应的求解算法,确定了货物运输业者超限程度和出行线路选择与公路超限补偿费率的关系,为公路超限补偿费率的优化提供数据基础。
(3)按货物运输业者超限程度对公路超限运输外部成本的影响关系,设计了公路超限补偿费率定价方案形式,根据公路超限补偿费率定价的效益、公平、惩罚和平衡原则,以社会总收益最大为目标建立了公路超限补偿费率定价模型,提出了相应求解算法。
(4)分析公路管理者制定公路超限补偿费率与路网运输业者出行选择之间的主从决策关系；在此基础上,利用双层规划原理建立了公路超限补偿费率定价的双层规划模型,并设计了遗传算法对其进行求解,得出超限补偿费率定价方案。
(5)以湖南省现有高速公路网络以及OD需求量为基础,挖掘出与超限运输相关的数据,以此构建公路超限补偿费率定价的数学规划模型和双层规划模型,利用所提出算法确定了湖南省公路超限补偿费率,验证了模型和算法的有效性。
Recently, the highway traffic has reached the leap development, but meanwhile, the overload transportation is becoming more and more serious. This phenomenon not only caused the disastrous destruction of the highway network, induced massive traffic accidents, cut the efficiency of highway transportation, intensified the environment pollution along the highway, but also caused serious disruption to the road freight market order. Hence, the toll-by-weight policy has been promoted since the beginning of this century so as to hold back the overload transportation and ensures the fairness of tolls by charging more to the overload transportation. The compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy is very important to ensure the effect of holding back the overload transportation. But at present of nowadays' china, the pricing of the compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy has arbitrary and subjective to some extent and lack of adequate basis for scientific theories.
This essay based on the massive correlative study from domestic and overseas. Through analyzing and summarizing of the some provinces' present methods of pricing the compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy, this essay considered the difference influence of the extent of the overload transportation to the destruction of highway and environment. On this basis, comprehensively analyzing the benefit and many kinds of costs of overload transportation, a model with the aim of maximizing the social welfare was designed. At the same time, a type of algorithm for the model is given. However, this model did not consider the reaction of the carriers to the different compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy. Therefore, through the analysis of the game relations between transportation management departments and carriers, based on the bi-level model theory, a bi-level model for pricing compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy was gained. And then a type of genetic algorithm was given for solving the bi-level model. Finally, based the highway of Hunan province, an example was given to test and verify these models and algorithms. Specific research of this essay was summarized as following:
(1) The external costs, caused by road overloading transportation, were constructed. It includes road safety costs, environmental costs, efficiency and the cost of damage to roads. Quantitative methods for calculating these costs were brought up based on the theories of traffic engineering, economics, cellular automata.
(2) On the basis of analyzing the factors to the travel decision-making for freight transporter, a type of nested logit mode which includes the selection of the extent of overloading transportation and travel route was designed. At the same time, the algorithm for solving this model was given to the relation between the extent of overloading transportation, travel route and road overloading vehicle compensation rate. The results provided basic data for optimizing road overloading vehicle compensation rate.
(3) According to the relation between external cost and the extent of overloading transportation, a form of road overloading vehicle compensation rate was designed. Under the principles of benefit, fairness, punishment and equilibrium, a pricing model with the aim maximizing the social welfare was designed and its algorithm was given.
(4) Through the analysis of the game relations between transportation management departments and transporter, based on the bi-level model theory,a bi-level model for pricing compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy was designed, and a type of genetic algorithm was given for solving this bi-level model.
(5) Based on the highway network of Hunan province and its OD data, the useful data for this essay was selected. These data was used for testing and verifying the effectiveness of the models and algorithm which this essay gave. Finally, a better pricing program of compensation rate of the toll-by-weight policy for Hunan province was gained.
引文
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