固井封固理论与应用技术
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摘要
固井封固技术是钻井、完井过程中至关重要的技术环节,直接关系到后续的钻井、完井、以及压裂、酸化、射孔等一系列增产措施能否顺利实施。随着油田开发的不断深入,特别是调整井的注水开发,由于注采不均衡的影响,地下的原始压力系统已发生了很大变化,在纵向剖面上,高压、常压和欠压层相间存在。纵向上的多压力层系并存、渗流流量增加、层间矛盾突出,这些复杂的地质情况给油水井的封固造成了很大困难,固井质量难于保证,严重地制约了开发方案的有效实施。另外,为了提高油气井的产能,特别是为了一些低压、低渗透的油气藏、稠油藏的开发需要,一些增产措施相继被采用,如通过大幅度增加爆炸能量来提高射孔弹的穿深等,这势必在一定程度上对套管与井眼间的水泥环带来很大的损伤,影响水泥环与套管和地层两界面的密封胶结质量。
为此,本文从水泥石胀缩性能、固井顶替机理、固井后水气窜规律、水渗流对固井质量的影响因素、射孔对水泥环损伤等方面入手,采用理论与实验相结合的方法,针对影响固井封固效果的因素进行实验研究,探索提高固井质量的有效途径。
本文的研究内容包括:
(1)水泥胀缩规律:设计建立了环状线性膨胀测试系统和水泥环应变测量系统;进行了水渗透、非渗透环境下不同硬度地层对水泥石胀缩及强度发展的影响实验。
(2)固井顶替机理:分析了水泥浆的非Newton流体的流变特性,给出本构方程;研究水泥浆在井眼内的流动及顶替流动特性;分区段讨论“U”型管效应产生的原因;设计建立了当量模拟井筒,通过实验研究套管偏心度、井径扩大率、顶替排量等因素对固井顶替效率的影响。
(3)固井后环空水气窜规律:研制了胶凝强度测试仪和气窜模拟仪;进行了井壁渗透性对水泥浆“失重”影响实验,井壁渗透性对水泥浆气窜影响实验,温度对水泥浆气窜影响实验;提出了“压稳系数”的概念,定量地描述了固井后高压层的压稳程度。
(4)水渗流对固井质量影响:研制了水渗流模拟装置;利用该装置进行了环空静液柱压力与地层孔隙压力差对固井质量的影响实验,渗流流量对固井质量影响实验,给出了水渗流影响固井质量的临界流速,为现场钻关控制提供了依据。
(5)水泥环抗冲击性能:设计建立了实弹射孔装置和验窜装置;引用“弹性模量”、“破碎吸收能”、“动态断裂韧性”来描述水泥石材料的抗射孔冲击能力;利用Hopkinson装置测量非金属材料的动态力学性能。
(6)应用技术:根据上述机理研究的结果,进行了高抗窜水泥浆体系、加重隔离液体系、抗冲击韧性水泥浆体系、膨胀水泥浆体系等应用技术研究。研制开发的抗窜、增韧、膨胀水泥浆体系,满足现场施工要求,有利于改善固井质量。
论文研究成果揭示了水泥浆候凝过程中的胀缩机理,深入阐述了水气窜的控制机理及渗流对固井质量的影响,提出了改善水泥石抗射孔冲击能力的方法,不仅为进一步提高油田固井,特别是调整井固井质量提供了理论和实验依据,而且丰富、完善了油井固井技术。所研制开发的水泥浆和前置液体系以及相应的配套技术措施,可以提高压稳程度和顶替效率,改善固井质量,延长油井寿命,提高油气田开发效益。
Cementing and channeling resisting, are key technologies in drilling and completion of oil and gas wells. They are related to the successful implementation of drilling, completion, fracturing, acid treatment and perforation. Large area high-pressure water injection, especially in adjusting wells, the original pressure system was changed, and forms one or more high pressure layers, normal pressure layers and underpressured layers at different depths in a well. Casing shears and unbalanced injection-production system further complicates the situation.
Water seepage increases quickly. All these complicated geological conditions are serious obstacles to satisfactory cementing of oil & water wells. It slows down the effective implementation of production programs. In addition, in order to improve productivity of oil and gas wells, especially in low pressure, low permeability oil and gas reservoirs, some stimulation treatments were carried out. In order to extend the perforation range a charge with more explosive energy than ever used before was used. The resulting impact affected bond quality of cement sheath and cement sheath between borehole wall and casing.
In this article, the following properties will be described, the compression-dilatation properties of cement sheath, cementing displacement ratio, regularity of water-gas channeling, effecting factors of water seepage to cementing quality, perforation damage to the cement sheath. By integrating theory derivation with the testing data verification, this thesis focuses on the factors affecting cement quality, and searches for the methods of improving cementing quality.
The main content of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The compression- dilatation property of cement sheath:
Designed and built the ring linear dilatation test system and cement sheath strain test system. Tested the compression-dilatation properties and compressive strength of cementing stone in permeable and impervious conditions. Tested the effects of different layers to the compression-dilatation properties of cementing stone.
(2) The theory of cementing displacement:
Analysis of the rheological property of non-Newtonian fluid, and the flow and displacement properties of cementing slurry in casing and borehole. Wrote the constitutive equations; discussed the reason and theory of the“U”tube. Designed and made an equivalent modeling borehole, searched for the effects of casing eccentricity, borehole expanding rate, displacement capacity to the displacement ratio by test.
(3) Water-gas channeling regularity in an annular borehole after cementing;
Designed a gel strength test meter and gas channeling simulator, tested borehole permeability to weight loss, gas channeling of cementing slurry, and temperature to gas channeling of cementing slurry. Presents the concept of stable pressure coefficient and quantitatively describes the stable pressure in the high pressure layer.
(4) The effects of water seepage on cementing quality: Designed a water seepage simulator. By use of this simulator, studied the effects of pressure drawdown on the hydrostatic column, pressure in annular and formation pore and how this affects cementing quality. Studied the effects of water seepage flow rate on cementing quality, found the critical flow rate and provided the technical reference for controlling the formation pressure.
(5) Impact resistance of cementing sheath:
Designed the real bullet perforating simulation equipment; introduced the concepts of“dynamic elastic modulus”,“broken absorbed energy”and“dynamic fracture toughness”to describe the impact resistance of the cementing stone. This is the first time that the Hopkinson instrument has been used to test the dynamic mechanical properties of nonmetal materials.
(6) Application of the technology:
According to the results of the research, channeling resisting cementing slurry was developed together with a weight spacer, impact resistant cementing slurry and a dilatation cementing slurry. All the cementing additives were tested using well site experiments. They have satisfied the demand for cementing operations and are used to improve the cementing quality.
This thesis focuses on factors affecting cementing quality and presents the compression- dilatation theory of cementing stone. Developed the rules for water-gas channeling, water seepage and impact resistance of cementing stone are also explained in this thesis. Providing a technological guarantee for oil and water well cementing and especially for the adjusting of wells, but also, be helpful in cementing technologies. As a technological treatment, it improves the stable pressure and displacement ratio, and improves production.
为此,本文从水泥石胀缩性能、固井顶替机理、固井后水气窜规律、水渗流对固井质量的影响因素、射孔对水泥环损伤等方面入手,采用理论与实验相结合的方法,针对影响固井封固效果的因素进行实验研究,探索提高固井质量的有效途径。
本文的研究内容包括:
(1)水泥胀缩规律:设计建立了环状线性膨胀测试系统和水泥环应变测量系统;进行了水渗透、非渗透环境下不同硬度地层对水泥石胀缩及强度发展的影响实验。
(2)固井顶替机理:分析了水泥浆的非Newton流体的流变特性,给出本构方程;研究水泥浆在井眼内的流动及顶替流动特性;分区段讨论“U”型管效应产生的原因;设计建立了当量模拟井筒,通过实验研究套管偏心度、井径扩大率、顶替排量等因素对固井顶替效率的影响。
(3)固井后环空水气窜规律:研制了胶凝强度测试仪和气窜模拟仪;进行了井壁渗透性对水泥浆“失重”影响实验,井壁渗透性对水泥浆气窜影响实验,温度对水泥浆气窜影响实验;提出了“压稳系数”的概念,定量地描述了固井后高压层的压稳程度。
(4)水渗流对固井质量影响:研制了水渗流模拟装置;利用该装置进行了环空静液柱压力与地层孔隙压力差对固井质量的影响实验,渗流流量对固井质量影响实验,给出了水渗流影响固井质量的临界流速,为现场钻关控制提供了依据。
(5)水泥环抗冲击性能:设计建立了实弹射孔装置和验窜装置;引用“弹性模量”、“破碎吸收能”、“动态断裂韧性”来描述水泥石材料的抗射孔冲击能力;利用Hopkinson装置测量非金属材料的动态力学性能。
(6)应用技术:根据上述机理研究的结果,进行了高抗窜水泥浆体系、加重隔离液体系、抗冲击韧性水泥浆体系、膨胀水泥浆体系等应用技术研究。研制开发的抗窜、增韧、膨胀水泥浆体系,满足现场施工要求,有利于改善固井质量。
论文研究成果揭示了水泥浆候凝过程中的胀缩机理,深入阐述了水气窜的控制机理及渗流对固井质量的影响,提出了改善水泥石抗射孔冲击能力的方法,不仅为进一步提高油田固井,特别是调整井固井质量提供了理论和实验依据,而且丰富、完善了油井固井技术。所研制开发的水泥浆和前置液体系以及相应的配套技术措施,可以提高压稳程度和顶替效率,改善固井质量,延长油井寿命,提高油气田开发效益。
Cementing and channeling resisting, are key technologies in drilling and completion of oil and gas wells. They are related to the successful implementation of drilling, completion, fracturing, acid treatment and perforation. Large area high-pressure water injection, especially in adjusting wells, the original pressure system was changed, and forms one or more high pressure layers, normal pressure layers and underpressured layers at different depths in a well. Casing shears and unbalanced injection-production system further complicates the situation.
Water seepage increases quickly. All these complicated geological conditions are serious obstacles to satisfactory cementing of oil & water wells. It slows down the effective implementation of production programs. In addition, in order to improve productivity of oil and gas wells, especially in low pressure, low permeability oil and gas reservoirs, some stimulation treatments were carried out. In order to extend the perforation range a charge with more explosive energy than ever used before was used. The resulting impact affected bond quality of cement sheath and cement sheath between borehole wall and casing.
In this article, the following properties will be described, the compression-dilatation properties of cement sheath, cementing displacement ratio, regularity of water-gas channeling, effecting factors of water seepage to cementing quality, perforation damage to the cement sheath. By integrating theory derivation with the testing data verification, this thesis focuses on the factors affecting cement quality, and searches for the methods of improving cementing quality.
The main content of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The compression- dilatation property of cement sheath:
Designed and built the ring linear dilatation test system and cement sheath strain test system. Tested the compression-dilatation properties and compressive strength of cementing stone in permeable and impervious conditions. Tested the effects of different layers to the compression-dilatation properties of cementing stone.
(2) The theory of cementing displacement:
Analysis of the rheological property of non-Newtonian fluid, and the flow and displacement properties of cementing slurry in casing and borehole. Wrote the constitutive equations; discussed the reason and theory of the“U”tube. Designed and made an equivalent modeling borehole, searched for the effects of casing eccentricity, borehole expanding rate, displacement capacity to the displacement ratio by test.
(3) Water-gas channeling regularity in an annular borehole after cementing;
Designed a gel strength test meter and gas channeling simulator, tested borehole permeability to weight loss, gas channeling of cementing slurry, and temperature to gas channeling of cementing slurry. Presents the concept of stable pressure coefficient and quantitatively describes the stable pressure in the high pressure layer.
(4) The effects of water seepage on cementing quality: Designed a water seepage simulator. By use of this simulator, studied the effects of pressure drawdown on the hydrostatic column, pressure in annular and formation pore and how this affects cementing quality. Studied the effects of water seepage flow rate on cementing quality, found the critical flow rate and provided the technical reference for controlling the formation pressure.
(5) Impact resistance of cementing sheath:
Designed the real bullet perforating simulation equipment; introduced the concepts of“dynamic elastic modulus”,“broken absorbed energy”and“dynamic fracture toughness”to describe the impact resistance of the cementing stone. This is the first time that the Hopkinson instrument has been used to test the dynamic mechanical properties of nonmetal materials.
(6) Application of the technology:
According to the results of the research, channeling resisting cementing slurry was developed together with a weight spacer, impact resistant cementing slurry and a dilatation cementing slurry. All the cementing additives were tested using well site experiments. They have satisfied the demand for cementing operations and are used to improve the cementing quality.
This thesis focuses on factors affecting cementing quality and presents the compression- dilatation theory of cementing stone. Developed the rules for water-gas channeling, water seepage and impact resistance of cementing stone are also explained in this thesis. Providing a technological guarantee for oil and water well cementing and especially for the adjusting of wells, but also, be helpful in cementing technologies. As a technological treatment, it improves the stable pressure and displacement ratio, and improves production.
引文
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