基于自适应光学高分辨率微型成像系统关键技术研究
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摘要
自适应光学技术是一种以光学波前像差为研究对象、实时校正光学系统像差的新技术，它使光学成像系统能适应使用条件的变化而保持良好性能。该技术的发展正好在眼科医疗方面使人眼像差校正以及高分辨率活体人眼视网膜成像成为可能。论文以自适应光学原理、视光学理论为基础，研究微型成像系统中相关原理、关键技术、软硬件技术等。结合微机械薄膜变形镜的校正范围和校正能力，研究人眼像差的动态特性、组合特性，并以此指导、优化变形镜的像差校正控制模型，提高像差校正性能；在获得自适应光学视网膜图像基础上运用图像后处理复原技术静态消除残余像差对图像的影响，获得高清晰、高分辨率视网膜图像，最终建立达到临床应用要求的眼底视网膜高分辨率成像系统。论文主要研究内容如下：
（1）研究了人眼像差特性和像差组合特性。采用基于Zernike模式人眼波前像差表示模型；系统分析了人眼像差波动特性、Zernike人眼像差与人眼光学质量的影响关系、瞳孔直径变化对人眼像差及光学质量的影响；分析了Zernike模式相关性，提出了Zernike模式像差线性共轭组合模型，重点研究分析组合模型对光学质量的影响。
（2）研究了Hartmann-Shack（H-S）波前传感器的像差测量原理和波前重构算法。根据波前传感器结构特征和实际人眼H-S光斑图畸变以及各种噪声影响的特点，提出了一种动态定位光斑区域、动态分割区域内部阈值以及锁定最优探测窗口的自适应光斑质心探测方法。根据Zernike模式波前重构模型，为了满足自适应光学系统中的实时性要求和自适应光学图像复原时的高精度要求，分别提出基于SVD的波前重构算法和基于LGRE的的波前重构算法。
（3）研究微机械薄膜变形镜的影响函数、波前拟合及像差校正。以奇异值分解为基础对变形镜影响函数进行主成分分析，采用对影响函数矩阵低秩近似的方法滤除校正性能较差的镜面模式像差，建立了变形镜补偿像差的电压控制信号求解通用模型，以此模型分析了OKO和BMC两种变形镜的性能，考察变形镜对Zernike模式像差和Thibos模型人眼像差的拟合、校正能力，为成像系统选择变形镜提供理论方法。
（4）建立了自适应光学系统闭环控制模型。基于自动控制理论，提出了自适应光学连续系统模型和自适应光学采样系统模型，并分析了在连续系统模型的纯积分、PI、Smith预补偿等控制器以及采样系统模型的最少拍控制器下的闭环系统性能；基于现代控制理论，提出了基于状态空间分析的自适应光学离散系统模型、自适应光学状态空间模型和基于Kalman滤波的LQG优化控制模型。设计了基于纯积分、PI、Smith预补偿、最少拍控制器的像差校正算法，进行仿真和实验，实现了高带宽动态像差校正；进一步设计了基于LQG优化控制的像差校正控制算法，并通过仿真验证了算法的可行性。
（5）为进一步提高图像质量，对自适应光学系统得到的图像进行图像复原处理。充分利用成像的残余波前信息，论文提出了自适应光学图像Semi-IBD复原算法，算法采用相对准确的图像和PSF初始估计，引入了内外循环迭代的频域收敛准则、PSF频域带宽约束和PSF空间可支持域自动调整方法。采用该算法对模拟退化视网膜图像和实际受试者视网膜图像进行处理，结果表明Semi-IBD复原算法能有效地提高图像质量。
（6）搭建了基于自适应光学高分辨率微型成像系统样机并经国家有关机构检测。设计自适应光学微型成像系统的光学系统、系统结构、电气系统、软件系统等；完成了成像系统的性能测试和实验；实现了自适应光学技术和眼底成像技术结合的工程化工作。经国家有关机构检测，成像系统在人眼视网膜上分辨尺寸约为2.36μm，视场角约为±3.0°×±3.0°，实际放大倍率约为8.03。对人眼像差测量、校正的频率为11~15Hz，残余像差RMS值低于0.1λ，可以获得的高分辨率眼底视网膜图像。
The adaptive optics (AO) is a new technology which views the optical wavefront aberration asresearch object, corrects the aberration of optics system real-timely and allows the optical imagingsystem performs well in different working conditions. The development of the technology makes itpossible to correct human eye aberration and image vivo human eye retina with high resolution. Basedon the AO principle and visual optics theory, the related principles, key technologies, software andhardware technologies etc. in micro-imaging system were studied. Combined with the correction rangeand capability of micromachined membrane deformable mirror (MMDM), the dynamic andcombination characteristics of the human eye aberration were studied, based on which the aberrationcorrection control model were optimized to improve the performance. On the basis of the obtained AOretina images, the image restoration technique was employed to eliminate the influence of aberration onimage quality staticly to obtain retina images of high resolution. Finally, a set of high resolution retinaimaging system which can achieve the clinical application requirement effectively was established. Themain research contents are listed as follows:
(1) The characteristics of human eye aberration and aberration combination were studied. Therepresentation model of human eye aberration was established with Zernike modes. The dynamiccharacteristics of human eye aberration, relationship between Zernike aberration and optical quality ofhuman eye, and influence of different pupil diameter on human eye aberration and optical quality wereanalyzed systematically. The linear conjugated combination models of Zernike modes were proposedthrough analysis of the correlation among Zernike modes, and influence of the novel model on opticalquality was studied emphatically.
(2) The aberration measurement principle and wavefront reconstruction algorithm of Hartmann-Shack (H-S) wavefront sensor were studied. An adaptive spot centroid detection method withpositioning spot regions dynamically, segmenting threshold levels dynamically and locking optimaldetection window was proposed according to the structure features of H-S wavefront sensor anddistortion characteristics of the actual human eye spot pattern. In view of the wavefront reconstructionmodel with Zernike modes, the SVD and LGRE based wavefront reconstruction algorithms wereproposed in order to meet the real-time requirement in AO system and high precision in AO imagerestoration respectively.
(3) The influence function, wavefront compensation and aberration correction of MMDM werestudied. According to the SVD based principal component analysis on influence function, the mirrormode aberration with poor correction performance was filtered by the method of low-rankapproximation of influence function matrix. The common solving model of voltage control signal for compensating aberration was established, based on which performances of OKO and BMC deformablemirror were analyzed. The compensation and correction ability of the deformable mirrors on Zernikemode aberration and Thibos model human eye aberration were further investigated, which provided thetheoretical method for choosing the deformable mirror for the imaging system.
(4) The closed-loop control model of AO system was established. According to the automatic controltheory, AO continuous and sampling system models were proposed. Performances of the closed-loopsystem of different controllers, namely pure integral, proportion integral and Smith pre-compensationcontroller based on the continuous system and dead beat controller based on the sampling system, wereanalyzed. According to the modern control theory, the state space analysis based AO discrete systemmodel, AO state space model and Kalman filter based LQG optimization control model were proposed.The aberration correction algorithms based on the pure integral, proportion integral, Smithpre-compensation and dead beat controller were designed and the dynamic aberration correction withhigh bandwidth was realized both in simulations and experiments. The aberration correction algorithmbased on the LQG optimal control was further designed, the feasibility of which was also verified bysimulation.
(5) The obtained images from AO system were restored for higher quality. The Semi-IBD restorationalgorithm, making full use of the residual aberration, for AO image was proposed. The new algorithm,utilizing the relative accurate initial estimate of image and PSF and employing frequency-domainconvergence criterion with internal and external circulation iterative, PSF frequency-domain bandwidthconstraint and PSF space support automatic adjustment, provided good performances in the tests forretina images with simulation degrading and ones from actual subjects.
(6) The AO based high resolution micro imaging system prototype was developed and tested by therelevant state agencies. The optical, structure, electrical and software system of the imaging systemwere designed. Property tests and experiments were carried out and jobs for combining thetechnologies of AO and retina imaging were finished. Testing results form relevant state agenciessuggest that the distinguishing distance on the retina is about2.36μm, the field angle is about±3.0°×±3.0°, the fact enlargement ratio is about8.03, the frequency of measuring and correcting humaneye aberration is11~15Hz, the residual aberration is below0.1λ, the high resolution retinal images canbe obtained.
（1）研究了人眼像差特性和像差组合特性。采用基于Zernike模式人眼波前像差表示模型；系统分析了人眼像差波动特性、Zernike人眼像差与人眼光学质量的影响关系、瞳孔直径变化对人眼像差及光学质量的影响；分析了Zernike模式相关性，提出了Zernike模式像差线性共轭组合模型，重点研究分析组合模型对光学质量的影响。
（2）研究了Hartmann-Shack（H-S）波前传感器的像差测量原理和波前重构算法。根据波前传感器结构特征和实际人眼H-S光斑图畸变以及各种噪声影响的特点，提出了一种动态定位光斑区域、动态分割区域内部阈值以及锁定最优探测窗口的自适应光斑质心探测方法。根据Zernike模式波前重构模型，为了满足自适应光学系统中的实时性要求和自适应光学图像复原时的高精度要求，分别提出基于SVD的波前重构算法和基于LGRE的的波前重构算法。
（3）研究微机械薄膜变形镜的影响函数、波前拟合及像差校正。以奇异值分解为基础对变形镜影响函数进行主成分分析，采用对影响函数矩阵低秩近似的方法滤除校正性能较差的镜面模式像差，建立了变形镜补偿像差的电压控制信号求解通用模型，以此模型分析了OKO和BMC两种变形镜的性能，考察变形镜对Zernike模式像差和Thibos模型人眼像差的拟合、校正能力，为成像系统选择变形镜提供理论方法。
（4）建立了自适应光学系统闭环控制模型。基于自动控制理论，提出了自适应光学连续系统模型和自适应光学采样系统模型，并分析了在连续系统模型的纯积分、PI、Smith预补偿等控制器以及采样系统模型的最少拍控制器下的闭环系统性能；基于现代控制理论，提出了基于状态空间分析的自适应光学离散系统模型、自适应光学状态空间模型和基于Kalman滤波的LQG优化控制模型。设计了基于纯积分、PI、Smith预补偿、最少拍控制器的像差校正算法，进行仿真和实验，实现了高带宽动态像差校正；进一步设计了基于LQG优化控制的像差校正控制算法，并通过仿真验证了算法的可行性。
（5）为进一步提高图像质量，对自适应光学系统得到的图像进行图像复原处理。充分利用成像的残余波前信息，论文提出了自适应光学图像Semi-IBD复原算法，算法采用相对准确的图像和PSF初始估计，引入了内外循环迭代的频域收敛准则、PSF频域带宽约束和PSF空间可支持域自动调整方法。采用该算法对模拟退化视网膜图像和实际受试者视网膜图像进行处理，结果表明Semi-IBD复原算法能有效地提高图像质量。
（6）搭建了基于自适应光学高分辨率微型成像系统样机并经国家有关机构检测。设计自适应光学微型成像系统的光学系统、系统结构、电气系统、软件系统等；完成了成像系统的性能测试和实验；实现了自适应光学技术和眼底成像技术结合的工程化工作。经国家有关机构检测，成像系统在人眼视网膜上分辨尺寸约为2.36μm，视场角约为±3.0°×±3.0°，实际放大倍率约为8.03。对人眼像差测量、校正的频率为11~15Hz，残余像差RMS值低于0.1λ，可以获得的高分辨率眼底视网膜图像。
The adaptive optics (AO) is a new technology which views the optical wavefront aberration asresearch object, corrects the aberration of optics system real-timely and allows the optical imagingsystem performs well in different working conditions. The development of the technology makes itpossible to correct human eye aberration and image vivo human eye retina with high resolution. Basedon the AO principle and visual optics theory, the related principles, key technologies, software andhardware technologies etc. in micro-imaging system were studied. Combined with the correction rangeand capability of micromachined membrane deformable mirror (MMDM), the dynamic andcombination characteristics of the human eye aberration were studied, based on which the aberrationcorrection control model were optimized to improve the performance. On the basis of the obtained AOretina images, the image restoration technique was employed to eliminate the influence of aberration onimage quality staticly to obtain retina images of high resolution. Finally, a set of high resolution retinaimaging system which can achieve the clinical application requirement effectively was established. Themain research contents are listed as follows:
(1) The characteristics of human eye aberration and aberration combination were studied. Therepresentation model of human eye aberration was established with Zernike modes. The dynamiccharacteristics of human eye aberration, relationship between Zernike aberration and optical quality ofhuman eye, and influence of different pupil diameter on human eye aberration and optical quality wereanalyzed systematically. The linear conjugated combination models of Zernike modes were proposedthrough analysis of the correlation among Zernike modes, and influence of the novel model on opticalquality was studied emphatically.
(2) The aberration measurement principle and wavefront reconstruction algorithm of Hartmann-Shack (H-S) wavefront sensor were studied. An adaptive spot centroid detection method withpositioning spot regions dynamically, segmenting threshold levels dynamically and locking optimaldetection window was proposed according to the structure features of H-S wavefront sensor anddistortion characteristics of the actual human eye spot pattern. In view of the wavefront reconstructionmodel with Zernike modes, the SVD and LGRE based wavefront reconstruction algorithms wereproposed in order to meet the real-time requirement in AO system and high precision in AO imagerestoration respectively.
(3) The influence function, wavefront compensation and aberration correction of MMDM werestudied. According to the SVD based principal component analysis on influence function, the mirrormode aberration with poor correction performance was filtered by the method of low-rankapproximation of influence function matrix. The common solving model of voltage control signal for compensating aberration was established, based on which performances of OKO and BMC deformablemirror were analyzed. The compensation and correction ability of the deformable mirrors on Zernikemode aberration and Thibos model human eye aberration were further investigated, which provided thetheoretical method for choosing the deformable mirror for the imaging system.
(4) The closed-loop control model of AO system was established. According to the automatic controltheory, AO continuous and sampling system models were proposed. Performances of the closed-loopsystem of different controllers, namely pure integral, proportion integral and Smith pre-compensationcontroller based on the continuous system and dead beat controller based on the sampling system, wereanalyzed. According to the modern control theory, the state space analysis based AO discrete systemmodel, AO state space model and Kalman filter based LQG optimization control model were proposed.The aberration correction algorithms based on the pure integral, proportion integral, Smithpre-compensation and dead beat controller were designed and the dynamic aberration correction withhigh bandwidth was realized both in simulations and experiments. The aberration correction algorithmbased on the LQG optimal control was further designed, the feasibility of which was also verified bysimulation.
(5) The obtained images from AO system were restored for higher quality. The Semi-IBD restorationalgorithm, making full use of the residual aberration, for AO image was proposed. The new algorithm,utilizing the relative accurate initial estimate of image and PSF and employing frequency-domainconvergence criterion with internal and external circulation iterative, PSF frequency-domain bandwidthconstraint and PSF space support automatic adjustment, provided good performances in the tests forretina images with simulation degrading and ones from actual subjects.
(6) The AO based high resolution micro imaging system prototype was developed and tested by therelevant state agencies. The optical, structure, electrical and software system of the imaging systemwere designed. Property tests and experiments were carried out and jobs for combining thetechnologies of AO and retina imaging were finished. Testing results form relevant state agenciessuggest that the distinguishing distance on the retina is about2.36μm, the field angle is about±3.0°×±3.0°, the fact enlargement ratio is about8.03, the frequency of measuring and correcting humaneye aberration is11~15Hz, the residual aberration is below0.1λ, the high resolution retinal images canbe obtained.
引文
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