角板对客车车身基本结构静动态性能的影响
|
摘要
我国的大中型客车车身骨架绝大多数是由型钢焊接而成的。受载后,高应力出现在型钢杆件的接头处。在接头处加焊角板是提高骨架强度和刚度以及提高轻量化水平的重要措施。然而,目前客车生产企业在生产实际中,对所添加角板的位置和参数仅凭经验,带有盲目性。因此,探讨接头角板对客车车身基本结构静态和动态性能的影响,寻找其影响规律,对指导客车车身设计是很有意义的。
本文采用有限元分析法,使用ANSYS软件逐步探讨接头角板及其位置对客车车身基本结构静动态承载性能的影响。这些基本结构包括空间三杆结构,平面框架结构和箱型框架结构。此外,还研究了角板对客车基本结构轻量化的影响。通过有限元计算分析和归纳,得出以下结论:
1)在接头处添加角板可以显著提高接头不规则的空间三杆结构的承载能力。对于主杆与两支杆接头无法平齐的情况,采取封闭主杆端面开口和添加角板的方法能够非常显著地提高该形式空间三杆结构的刚度和强度,应力减小系数达到80%以上。
2)在接头处添加角板有效提高平面框架结构和箱型框架结构的承载性能,平面框架应力减小系数达到30%以上,箱型框架应力减小系数达到70%以上。
3)采用分块Lanczos法分析客车车身基本结构的固有频率是可行的。ANSYS计算结果与解析法分析结果相比:截面相同的杆件,误差随着杆件长度的增加而减小;长度相同的杆件,误差随着杆件截面的增大而增大;截面、长度相同的杆件,单元划分精度对误差的影响小于1%
4)在接头处添加角板,客车基本结构各阶振型特征不产生改变,但对固有频率产生影响。相对于其他振型特征,角板对框架结构各阶垂直弯曲固有频率的影响较大,但不超过5.5%。
5)对客车车身基本结构加角板并减小杆件壁厚的轻量化改进方案是合理可行的,在本文所计算的例子中,减重效果达到7.5%以上。
6)对空间三杆结构静态性能进行了电测试验,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了所建有限元模型的合理性,也证明了有限元计算的可靠性。本文研究结果对客车车身结构的优化设计具有一定的参考和借鉴价值。对农业机械结构及其它工程结构设计等也有普遍的参考意义。
The large-bus manufactured by our factory what’s body frame is mostly welded by section steel.The high stress will appears on the joints of section steel when it is loaded.Adding bracket on joints is the import measure to improve the load-carrying capacity and lightening of bus body frame.Actually,in the factory adding bracket joint all by experience,the method is cecity.Therefore, discuss the influence of adding bracket joint and its place on on static and dynamic performance of bus basic structure, in order to seek its law. So it can offer theoretical basis for bus body design.
This thesis analyses the influence of adding bracket joint and its place on on static and dynamic performance of bus basic structure step by step through ANSYS software based on the finite element analysis.These structure include space bar stucture,frame stucture and box- stucture. From the calculation and experimental analysis, the following results can be summed up:
1) Adding bracket joints can apparently raise the rigidity of space bar stucture with irregular joints.Obturateing the end hatch of main-bar and adding bracket joints of space bar stucture and can apparently raise the rigidity for it.The maximum equivalent stress drops by more than 80%.
2) Adding bracket joints can apparently raise the rigidity of frame stucture, the maximum equivalent stress drops by more than 30% for the frame-stucture.the maximum equivalent stress drops by more than 70% for the box-stucture.
3)It is feasible to analysis the natural frequency of bus basic stucture by Lanczos method. contrast the result of ANSYS software and analytical method,the following results can be summed up:for the bar with same size section,the error decrease with the length of bar increase.For the bar with same length,the error increase with the section of bar increase. For the bar with same length and section,the influence of the precision of element meshing is less than 1%.
4) Adding bracket joints on bus basic structure,the vibration-type of bus basic structure is not change,but it make effect for the natural frequency of bus basic structure. Relative to other vibration-type, adding bracket joints make more effect on bend of frame stucture,less then 5%.
5) It is feasible to lightning the body stuctrue by adding bracket joints and reduces the thickness of bar,the weight reduces more then 7.5%.
6) Makes a electric measurement experiment for the static performance of space bar stucture, the calculation results accords with the experimental data well. It proves the rationality of models and the Reliability of FEM calculating.
The research findings can offer the reference for optimization design of bus body.It also can be widely referred in agricultural mechanical structure and other engineering structural design etc.
本文采用有限元分析法,使用ANSYS软件逐步探讨接头角板及其位置对客车车身基本结构静动态承载性能的影响。这些基本结构包括空间三杆结构,平面框架结构和箱型框架结构。此外,还研究了角板对客车基本结构轻量化的影响。通过有限元计算分析和归纳,得出以下结论:
1)在接头处添加角板可以显著提高接头不规则的空间三杆结构的承载能力。对于主杆与两支杆接头无法平齐的情况,采取封闭主杆端面开口和添加角板的方法能够非常显著地提高该形式空间三杆结构的刚度和强度,应力减小系数达到80%以上。
2)在接头处添加角板有效提高平面框架结构和箱型框架结构的承载性能,平面框架应力减小系数达到30%以上,箱型框架应力减小系数达到70%以上。
3)采用分块Lanczos法分析客车车身基本结构的固有频率是可行的。ANSYS计算结果与解析法分析结果相比:截面相同的杆件,误差随着杆件长度的增加而减小;长度相同的杆件,误差随着杆件截面的增大而增大;截面、长度相同的杆件,单元划分精度对误差的影响小于1%
4)在接头处添加角板,客车基本结构各阶振型特征不产生改变,但对固有频率产生影响。相对于其他振型特征,角板对框架结构各阶垂直弯曲固有频率的影响较大,但不超过5.5%。
5)对客车车身基本结构加角板并减小杆件壁厚的轻量化改进方案是合理可行的,在本文所计算的例子中,减重效果达到7.5%以上。
6)对空间三杆结构静态性能进行了电测试验,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了所建有限元模型的合理性,也证明了有限元计算的可靠性。本文研究结果对客车车身结构的优化设计具有一定的参考和借鉴价值。对农业机械结构及其它工程结构设计等也有普遍的参考意义。
The large-bus manufactured by our factory what’s body frame is mostly welded by section steel.The high stress will appears on the joints of section steel when it is loaded.Adding bracket on joints is the import measure to improve the load-carrying capacity and lightening of bus body frame.Actually,in the factory adding bracket joint all by experience,the method is cecity.Therefore, discuss the influence of adding bracket joint and its place on on static and dynamic performance of bus basic structure, in order to seek its law. So it can offer theoretical basis for bus body design.
This thesis analyses the influence of adding bracket joint and its place on on static and dynamic performance of bus basic structure step by step through ANSYS software based on the finite element analysis.These structure include space bar stucture,frame stucture and box- stucture. From the calculation and experimental analysis, the following results can be summed up:
1) Adding bracket joints can apparently raise the rigidity of space bar stucture with irregular joints.Obturateing the end hatch of main-bar and adding bracket joints of space bar stucture and can apparently raise the rigidity for it.The maximum equivalent stress drops by more than 80%.
2) Adding bracket joints can apparently raise the rigidity of frame stucture, the maximum equivalent stress drops by more than 30% for the frame-stucture.the maximum equivalent stress drops by more than 70% for the box-stucture.
3)It is feasible to analysis the natural frequency of bus basic stucture by Lanczos method. contrast the result of ANSYS software and analytical method,the following results can be summed up:for the bar with same size section,the error decrease with the length of bar increase.For the bar with same length,the error increase with the section of bar increase. For the bar with same length and section,the influence of the precision of element meshing is less than 1%.
4) Adding bracket joints on bus basic structure,the vibration-type of bus basic structure is not change,but it make effect for the natural frequency of bus basic structure. Relative to other vibration-type, adding bracket joints make more effect on bend of frame stucture,less then 5%.
5) It is feasible to lightning the body stuctrue by adding bracket joints and reduces the thickness of bar,the weight reduces more then 7.5%.
6) Makes a electric measurement experiment for the static performance of space bar stucture, the calculation results accords with the experimental data well. It proves the rationality of models and the Reliability of FEM calculating.
The research findings can offer the reference for optimization design of bus body.It also can be widely referred in agricultural mechanical structure and other engineering structural design etc.
引文
[1]杨沿平,唐杰.我国汽车轻量化技术现状及研发重点[J].汽车与配件,2006(42) :34-36.
[2]马鸣图,柏建仁.汽车轻量化材料及相关技术的研究进展[J].新材料产业,2006(6) :19-21.
[3]顾力强,林忠钦,黄洪钟.SH6600轻型乘用车车身结构的有限元分析[J].机械科学与技术,1998,17(11):928-930.
[4]王芊.汽车轻量化是发展方向[N].科学时报,2006.
[5]邓泽英.车身轻量化材料的应用.重型汽车.2000.4 :16-18.
[6]李红玉.新车新材料[J].轻型汽车技术,1997(2).
[7]王怀.大客车车身骨架有限元分析与轻量化改进设计[M].江苏大学学位论文,2003.
[8]范叶,杨沿平,孟先春等.汽车轻量化技术及其实施途径[J].汽车工业研究,2006(7).
[9]徐建全,陈铭年,林大同.试论客车结构轻量化[J].机电技术,2004.
[10]陈铭年.旅游客车杆连接的真实形状对变形和应力计算的影响[J].福建农业大学学报(自然科学版),1994,23(4):449-454.
[11]陈家起,程志华.客车车身新材料的开发和应用[J].客车技术与研究,1995,2.
[12]李红玉.新车新材料[J].轻型汽车技术,1997(2).
[13]陈铭年,Beermann H J,庄继德.客车结构杆连接的真实形状对结构计算的影响[J].汽车工程.1996, 18 (1):44-50.
[14]黄天泽.大客车车身[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,1988.
[15] D.D.Chang.Effects of flexible connections on body structural rsponse[C]. SAE Transactions 83, 233-244,1974.
[16] J.D.Collins,G.C.Hart,T.K.Hasselman and B.Kennedy.Statistical identification of structures. [M]AIAA Jnl 12,2,185-190 (1974).
[17] M.K.Rao,M.P.Zebrowski and H.C.Crabb. Automotive body joint analysis for improved vehicle response[M].Proceedings of International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation , Vol. 2 ,pp.953-973, 1983.
[18] M. M.凯墨尔,J. A.沃尔夫著,陈砺志译.现代汽车结构分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1987.
[19]T.Sakurai and Y.Kamada . Structural joint stiffness of automotive body[C] . SAE Conference, 1988.
[20] Beermann H J.English translation edited by Guy Tidbury. The Analysis of commercial vehicle structures [M].LONDON: Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1989.
[21]林中山,轿车车身的接头型式对其刚度的影响[J].国外汽车,1989,(2):15-19.
[22]刘文泉,车身薄板骨架接头的刚度[J].国外汽车,1989,(5):22-26.
[23] Y.Sunami,T.Yugawa and Y.Yoshida.Analyis of the joint rigidity of the automotive body structure-out-of-plane bending of plane-joint structure[M].JSAE Review 11,3,59-66,1990.
[24]霍尔斯特-皮佩特著,吴贤明译.汽车车身技术[M].北京:科学普及出版社,1993.
[25] Nikolaidis E, Lee K. A 3-D .Joint model for automotive structures[C].SAE 921088.
[26] Kellar S G,Patil S P,Zhou J H.Systematic design of automotive body structure joints using CAE and DOE[J].Automotive Body Design&Engineering,1993:87-95.
[27] Lee Y W, Kwon Y W, Kwon S Y, et al. A study on the improvement of the structural joint stiffness for aluminum BIW[C].SAE 970583.
[28]蒋光福..EQI40车身接头刚度分析[J].二汽科技,1992, (5) :4-14.
[29]沈小原、许海明.车架接头刚度的试验确定[J].试验技术与试验机,1996,36(3):126-128.
[30]陈铭年,旅游客车杆连接的真实形状对变形和应力计算的影响[J].福建农业大学学报,1994,23(4):449-454.
[31]陈铭年,混合法用于旅游客车平面框架的接头分析[J],福建农业大学学报,1997,26(1):98-101
[32]陈铭年,客车骨架杆系接头子结构分析初探[J],福建农业大学学报,1997,26(3):382-383
[33] M M K Lee,T Pine,T B Jones. An experimental and finite element study of the torsional behaviour of T-joints in automotive structure[J].Proceedings of TheInstitution of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Automobile Engineering.Proceed i ngs Part D. 2001, 215 (2):231-240.
[34] M M K Lee,T Pine,T B Jones. Automotive box section design under torsion Part1:finite element modeling strategyLJI.Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Automobile Engineering. Proceedings Part D. 2000,214(4) :347-359.
[35] M M K Lee,T Pine,T B Jones. Automotive box section design under torsion Part2:behaviour and implications on weight reduction[J]. Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Automobile Engineering. Proceedings Part D.2000, 214 (5):473-487.
[36] M.H.Kim,M.W.Suh, D.H.Bae,Development of an optimum design technique for the bus window pillar member[J] Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineering ,Journal of Automotive Engineering ,Proceedings Part D.2001,215(1):11-20
[37] M.W.Suh , J Suhr,W-H Yang ,Condensed joint matrix method for the joint structure of a vehicle body [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineering ,Journal of Automotive Engineering ,Proceedings Part D.20002,216(D1):35-41
[38] Yasuaki Tsurnmi,Hidekazu Nishigaki,Toshiaki Nakagawa,First Order Aanlysis for Automotive Body Structure Design Part 2: Jiont Analysis Considering Nonlinear Behavior [C].SAE 2004-01-1659.
[39]黄金陵,娄永强等.轿车车身结构概念模型中接头的模拟[J].机械工程学报,2000,36 (3): 78-81.
[40]邹素平.承载式客车车身骨架接头CAE建模方法研究[M].吉林工业大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.
[41]徐建全.接头角板对客车车身基本结构承载性能的影响[M].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2004,4.
[42]邓腾树.角板对客车车身基本结构刚度和强度的影响[M].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.
[43]袁佳,陈铭年.接头角板对客车三杆结构承载性能的影响[J].福建工程学院学报,2008,12 (6): 55-60.
[44]蒋孝煜.有限元基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1992.
[45]王彦伟,郑英.有限元法在车身设计中的应用[J].机械设计与制造,2001.5.
[46]黄国权.有限元法基础及ANSYS应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[47]谭建国.使用ANSYS6.0进行有限元分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[48]刘涛,杨凤鹏.精通ANSYS[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[49]博弈创作室.ANSYS 7.0基础教程与实例详解[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[50]龚曙光.ANSYS基础应用及范例解析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[51]张胜明.基于有限元软件ANSYS7.0的结构分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003,12.
[52]邵蕴秋.ANSYS有限元分析实例导航[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2004.
[53] ANSYS.INC. "ANSYS Element Reference".ANSYS help on line[Z].Release7.0.
[54]谢贻权,何福保.弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992.
[55]嘉木工作室.ANSYS 5.7有限元分析实例教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[56]吴立军,周瑜等.UG三维造型技术基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2004.
[57]单岩.UG三维造型应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2005.
[58] Beermam,H.J. Rechnesrische Analyse von Nutzfahrzeugtrawerken Verlag TüV Rheinland GmbH, K?ln(1986).
[59]刘鸿文.材料力学[M].第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,1992.
[60]沈浩,陈昌明,雷雨成等.客车车身模态分析及评价[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2):128-134.
[61]许灵珍,李熙山.用模态试验分析汽车结构动特性[J].河北工学院学报,1994.3.
[62]梁霖锋,潘翔,陈铭年.角板对8m客车顶盖骨架固有频率的影响[J].福建工程学院学报,2008,12 (6): 47-50.
[63]周芝庭等. JS6981型客车动态性能分析[J].计算机辅助工程,1999.2
[64]段进等. Ansys10.0结构分析从入门到精通. [M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2006.10.
[65]郑兆昌主编.机械振动.[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1980.
[66] GB 6792-86.客车车身骨架应力电测量方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1986.
[67]马力.应力状态与测点的贴片方位设计[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2002, 3(5):455-456.
[68]戴娟,汪大鹏,陈蕾等.电测应力试验中应变片的粘贴技巧[J].湖南工程学院学报(自然科学版),2003,13 (3) :55-57.
[69]吴宗岱,袁礼平.应变电测原理及技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1982.
[70]胡平,刘满,高以智.客车电加热预应力蒙皮残余应力的测试与有限元分析[J].汽车工程,1990, (4) : 26-31.
[71]李维民.客车骨架的电测技术与分析[J].江苏工学院学报,1991, 12 (4) : 77-82.
[72]贺智理,李增勤.应变电测技术在产品设计中的应用[J].电气化铁道,2003, (2) :32-34.
[73]丁锡洪主编.结构力学[M].北京:航空工业出版社,1991.
[74] Horst oehlschlaeger.Berechnung Verwindungsweicher Nutzfahrzeugrahmen auf Torsion unter Berücksirchtigung der knoten-Ansbildung[D].TU Braunschweig.1981.
[75]杨晓宇,吴清文,杨洪波,何惠阳.对有限元分析结果判定方法的探讨[J].机械设计与研究,2003,19(6):13-15.
[2]马鸣图,柏建仁.汽车轻量化材料及相关技术的研究进展[J].新材料产业,2006(6) :19-21.
[3]顾力强,林忠钦,黄洪钟.SH6600轻型乘用车车身结构的有限元分析[J].机械科学与技术,1998,17(11):928-930.
[4]王芊.汽车轻量化是发展方向[N].科学时报,2006.
[5]邓泽英.车身轻量化材料的应用.重型汽车.2000.4 :16-18.
[6]李红玉.新车新材料[J].轻型汽车技术,1997(2).
[7]王怀.大客车车身骨架有限元分析与轻量化改进设计[M].江苏大学学位论文,2003.
[8]范叶,杨沿平,孟先春等.汽车轻量化技术及其实施途径[J].汽车工业研究,2006(7).
[9]徐建全,陈铭年,林大同.试论客车结构轻量化[J].机电技术,2004.
[10]陈铭年.旅游客车杆连接的真实形状对变形和应力计算的影响[J].福建农业大学学报(自然科学版),1994,23(4):449-454.
[11]陈家起,程志华.客车车身新材料的开发和应用[J].客车技术与研究,1995,2.
[12]李红玉.新车新材料[J].轻型汽车技术,1997(2).
[13]陈铭年,Beermann H J,庄继德.客车结构杆连接的真实形状对结构计算的影响[J].汽车工程.1996, 18 (1):44-50.
[14]黄天泽.大客车车身[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,1988.
[15] D.D.Chang.Effects of flexible connections on body structural rsponse[C]. SAE Transactions 83, 233-244,1974.
[16] J.D.Collins,G.C.Hart,T.K.Hasselman and B.Kennedy.Statistical identification of structures. [M]AIAA Jnl 12,2,185-190 (1974).
[17] M.K.Rao,M.P.Zebrowski and H.C.Crabb. Automotive body joint analysis for improved vehicle response[M].Proceedings of International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation , Vol. 2 ,pp.953-973, 1983.
[18] M. M.凯墨尔,J. A.沃尔夫著,陈砺志译.现代汽车结构分析[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1987.
[19]T.Sakurai and Y.Kamada . Structural joint stiffness of automotive body[C] . SAE Conference, 1988.
[20] Beermann H J.English translation edited by Guy Tidbury. The Analysis of commercial vehicle structures [M].LONDON: Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1989.
[21]林中山,轿车车身的接头型式对其刚度的影响[J].国外汽车,1989,(2):15-19.
[22]刘文泉,车身薄板骨架接头的刚度[J].国外汽车,1989,(5):22-26.
[23] Y.Sunami,T.Yugawa and Y.Yoshida.Analyis of the joint rigidity of the automotive body structure-out-of-plane bending of plane-joint structure[M].JSAE Review 11,3,59-66,1990.
[24]霍尔斯特-皮佩特著,吴贤明译.汽车车身技术[M].北京:科学普及出版社,1993.
[25] Nikolaidis E, Lee K. A 3-D .Joint model for automotive structures[C].SAE 921088.
[26] Kellar S G,Patil S P,Zhou J H.Systematic design of automotive body structure joints using CAE and DOE[J].Automotive Body Design&Engineering,1993:87-95.
[27] Lee Y W, Kwon Y W, Kwon S Y, et al. A study on the improvement of the structural joint stiffness for aluminum BIW[C].SAE 970583.
[28]蒋光福..EQI40车身接头刚度分析[J].二汽科技,1992, (5) :4-14.
[29]沈小原、许海明.车架接头刚度的试验确定[J].试验技术与试验机,1996,36(3):126-128.
[30]陈铭年,旅游客车杆连接的真实形状对变形和应力计算的影响[J].福建农业大学学报,1994,23(4):449-454.
[31]陈铭年,混合法用于旅游客车平面框架的接头分析[J],福建农业大学学报,1997,26(1):98-101
[32]陈铭年,客车骨架杆系接头子结构分析初探[J],福建农业大学学报,1997,26(3):382-383
[33] M M K Lee,T Pine,T B Jones. An experimental and finite element study of the torsional behaviour of T-joints in automotive structure[J].Proceedings of TheInstitution of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Automobile Engineering.Proceed i ngs Part D. 2001, 215 (2):231-240.
[34] M M K Lee,T Pine,T B Jones. Automotive box section design under torsion Part1:finite element modeling strategyLJI.Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Automobile Engineering. Proceedings Part D. 2000,214(4) :347-359.
[35] M M K Lee,T Pine,T B Jones. Automotive box section design under torsion Part2:behaviour and implications on weight reduction[J]. Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Automobile Engineering. Proceedings Part D.2000, 214 (5):473-487.
[36] M.H.Kim,M.W.Suh, D.H.Bae,Development of an optimum design technique for the bus window pillar member[J] Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineering ,Journal of Automotive Engineering ,Proceedings Part D.2001,215(1):11-20
[37] M.W.Suh , J Suhr,W-H Yang ,Condensed joint matrix method for the joint structure of a vehicle body [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineering ,Journal of Automotive Engineering ,Proceedings Part D.20002,216(D1):35-41
[38] Yasuaki Tsurnmi,Hidekazu Nishigaki,Toshiaki Nakagawa,First Order Aanlysis for Automotive Body Structure Design Part 2: Jiont Analysis Considering Nonlinear Behavior [C].SAE 2004-01-1659.
[39]黄金陵,娄永强等.轿车车身结构概念模型中接头的模拟[J].机械工程学报,2000,36 (3): 78-81.
[40]邹素平.承载式客车车身骨架接头CAE建模方法研究[M].吉林工业大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.
[41]徐建全.接头角板对客车车身基本结构承载性能的影响[M].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2004,4.
[42]邓腾树.角板对客车车身基本结构刚度和强度的影响[M].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.
[43]袁佳,陈铭年.接头角板对客车三杆结构承载性能的影响[J].福建工程学院学报,2008,12 (6): 55-60.
[44]蒋孝煜.有限元基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1992.
[45]王彦伟,郑英.有限元法在车身设计中的应用[J].机械设计与制造,2001.5.
[46]黄国权.有限元法基础及ANSYS应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[47]谭建国.使用ANSYS6.0进行有限元分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[48]刘涛,杨凤鹏.精通ANSYS[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[49]博弈创作室.ANSYS 7.0基础教程与实例详解[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[50]龚曙光.ANSYS基础应用及范例解析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[51]张胜明.基于有限元软件ANSYS7.0的结构分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003,12.
[52]邵蕴秋.ANSYS有限元分析实例导航[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2004.
[53] ANSYS.INC. "ANSYS Element Reference".ANSYS help on line[Z].Release7.0.
[54]谢贻权,何福保.弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1992.
[55]嘉木工作室.ANSYS 5.7有限元分析实例教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[56]吴立军,周瑜等.UG三维造型技术基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2004.
[57]单岩.UG三维造型应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2005.
[58] Beermam,H.J. Rechnesrische Analyse von Nutzfahrzeugtrawerken Verlag TüV Rheinland GmbH, K?ln(1986).
[59]刘鸿文.材料力学[M].第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,1992.
[60]沈浩,陈昌明,雷雨成等.客车车身模态分析及评价[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2):128-134.
[61]许灵珍,李熙山.用模态试验分析汽车结构动特性[J].河北工学院学报,1994.3.
[62]梁霖锋,潘翔,陈铭年.角板对8m客车顶盖骨架固有频率的影响[J].福建工程学院学报,2008,12 (6): 47-50.
[63]周芝庭等. JS6981型客车动态性能分析[J].计算机辅助工程,1999.2
[64]段进等. Ansys10.0结构分析从入门到精通. [M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2006.10.
[65]郑兆昌主编.机械振动.[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1980.
[66] GB 6792-86.客车车身骨架应力电测量方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1986.
[67]马力.应力状态与测点的贴片方位设计[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2002, 3(5):455-456.
[68]戴娟,汪大鹏,陈蕾等.电测应力试验中应变片的粘贴技巧[J].湖南工程学院学报(自然科学版),2003,13 (3) :55-57.
[69]吴宗岱,袁礼平.应变电测原理及技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1982.
[70]胡平,刘满,高以智.客车电加热预应力蒙皮残余应力的测试与有限元分析[J].汽车工程,1990, (4) : 26-31.
[71]李维民.客车骨架的电测技术与分析[J].江苏工学院学报,1991, 12 (4) : 77-82.
[72]贺智理,李增勤.应变电测技术在产品设计中的应用[J].电气化铁道,2003, (2) :32-34.
[73]丁锡洪主编.结构力学[M].北京:航空工业出版社,1991.
[74] Horst oehlschlaeger.Berechnung Verwindungsweicher Nutzfahrzeugrahmen auf Torsion unter Berücksirchtigung der knoten-Ansbildung[D].TU Braunschweig.1981.
[75]杨晓宇,吴清文,杨洪波,何惠阳.对有限元分析结果判定方法的探讨[J].机械设计与研究,2003,19(6):13-15.