项目利益相关方的动态治理关系研究
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摘要
项目是推动经济成长的重要力量之一,是现代企业参与全球化市场竞争的重要载体,对于经济社会发展意义重大。当前,国家和地方、政府和企业积极推动各类项目上马,不断加大对项目的支持和投入力度,这在极大推动了项目立项和发展的同时,也使项目风险问题更加凸显,时有发生的施工安全事故和违规操作情况显示了项目风险控制的复杂性和必要性,亟需各方采取有效方法和手段进行控制。随着组织间分工合作更加普遍,越来越多的项目需要多个企业和政府部门进行协作,这在很大程度上突破了以往项目仅局限于项目团队和单个企业内的范畴,但是,传统的以项目经理为主要责任人的项目管理研究和以单个企业为背景的多项目管理研究,无法有效地为提高这种多组织合作项目的成功率提供有力的理论和方法支持。针对这对情况,项目治理作为项目利益相关方控制项目风险的有效途径而备受瞩目。
项目治理的本质就是建立项目目标、确定项目执行、项目监控和信息披露等规则。这些规则中最重要同时也最困难的是项目涉及到多个利益相关方,而每个相关方均有其各自的利益和限制。这些利益相关方之间彼此关联,构成了一种动态社会网络关系,即一种涉及业主、施工方、监理方等利益相关方的多组织规制(institution)动态社会网络系统。这种随项目生命周期发展变化的利益相关方之间的治理关系不仅将影响整个相关方社会网络的功能,也会影响网络中各个个体的行为。因此,科学合理的开展相关方治理关系社会网络研究对提高利益相关方之间的合作水平、提高项目成功率意义重大。当前,从这一角度开展的项目利益相关方治理关系研究尚处于起步阶段,国内外所取得的研究成果还比较有限,论文期望从项目治理视角出发,对项目利益相关方动态治理关系问题进行探索和考察,以期取得有价值的研究成果。
自利益相关方理论提出以来,学者们开展了长期系统而深入的研究,项目利益相关方领域中涌现出众多成果。随着研究的不断发展,许多不同学科的思想和理论越来越多的融入到该领域研究当中,尤其是系统分析、网络建模、计算机仿真等技术手段的发展和成熟,为项目利益相关方研究开辟了一条新的路径,使得该领域中的很多具体问题可以得到更为深入细致的考察。利益相关方是一个宏大的研究主题,具有较高的理论探索和实际应用价值,论文综合了文献调查、理论演绎、建模仿真、案例研究技术手段,对多阶段的相关方动态治理关系展开研究,对项目利益相关方领域中一系列未被研究过的具体问题进行考察和分析,并对某些已经研究过的重要问题从不同的角度和层面进一步深入探索。
一个项目组织包括功能上相互依存的各个利益相关方,每个利益相关方都努力实现一系列的项目治理目标。经过多重选择(进入)、合作、退出、再次合作等过程,在特定阶段内,项目治理利益相关方(业主、供应商、政府、金融机构等)之间会呈现一种相对稳定的合作关系。随着项目进程的推进,项目利益相关方之间的治理关系也会不断变化,项目利益相关方需要对这些变化做出有效和快速的反应。一个项目利益相关方之间的动态治理关系本质上可以看作是一种多类系统要素协同作用的动态系统,因此研究重点是发掘系统中的关键可控要素,分析、预测其发展趋势,进而寻找控制项目治理风险的途径。论文采用自底向上的思路对项目利益相关方动态治理关系问题进行研究,从相关方动态治理关系的本质出发,分析相关方的治理关系特征及治理决策依据,通过对相关方治理关系动态变化过程的考察,探究相关方对于动态治理关系的认知和决策规则,籍此为考察多项目阶段内相关方动态治理关系提供研究方法。
基于上述研究思路,论文首先分析项目利益相关方动态治理关系的内涵、表达方法、影响因素及其实现过程。采用社会学领域中有关社会网络的思想和方法,解释了相关方治理关系动态变化的内涵,提出了动态相关方治理关系社会网络构建方法,最终得到相关方社会网络特征的定量描述指标。使用动态社会网络分析(Social Network Analysis,SNA)方法对利益相关方动态治理关系的内在机理进行考查,以研究相关方动态治理关系的变动过程及社会网络中各个相关方的治理行为。通过分析,论文取得了一系列研究成果,具体包括以下方面：
1.将项目利益相关方之间的治理关系提炼为一种动态的社会网络关系。论文依据项目治理的本质特征,借鉴社会网络分析的思想和PRINCE2项目管理结构化理论体系,设计了对利益相关方动态治理关系进行表达与分析的统一过程,剖析不同项目生命周期中的项目治理风险以及应对思路,解决了用一个统一的框架来研究不同项目利益相关方间动态治理关系的可行性问题,进而丰富和完善了项目治理理论体系。
2.提出了基于SNA的相关方动态治理关系社会网络构建方法。项目利益相关方间的相互关系构成了社会网络,并随着项目生命周期的发展而不断变化,社会网络的结构属性及相关方的个体属性共同作用于相关方的项目治理行为,并受到不同相关方行为的影响。论文借鉴了社会学领域中社会网络分析的方法和工具,基于社会网络构建的原理,提出了基于SNA的相关方动态治理关系社会网络构建方法,为研究相关方治理关系的动态性及社会网络中各个相关方的治理行为提供了研究工具,并得到了相关方治理关系社会网络特征的定量描述指标。
3.揭示了相关方动态治理关系与治理策略选择的关联性。相关方动态治理关系的实现过程就是相关方为获得更大的治理收益或防范项目治理风险而不断调整自身行为(治理策略)、进而引起相关方治理关系社会网络发生变化的过程。论文基于AHP方法分析相关方治理关系动态变化系统,并分析关键影响因素对动态变化过程的影响情况,提出了四类影响相关方动态治理关系的关键要素。根据我国项目治理的现实情况,提出了影响项目治理绩效的多种动态性。借鉴系统思考的有关理论和方法,提出相关方动态治理关系与治理策略选择的关联性分析模型,使其更具有针对性和可操作性。
4.提出了项目利益相关方动态治理关系的系统基模分析方法。项目利益相关方治理关系系统可视为一个受项目目标和不确定性等因素共同影响的动态系统,目前的研究无法对这些动态要素进行有效的整合。论文提出了多种项目利益相关方治理关系动态变化过程分析的系统基模,研究特定的动态性如何影响项目治理系统的整体绩效,可为考察相关方治理行为与寻找风险规避方案提供重要依据。
5.创造了基于动态社会网络模型的项目治理系统流图研究方法。该方法能够实现项目利益相关方动态治理关系与项目治理风险的定量关联,体现利益相关方治理行为与社会网络变动相互作用的实质,为实现基于相关方动态治理关系的项目治理风险控制提供解决方法。
在激烈的市场竞争中,如何预测与分析当前乃至未来多个阶段内的项目利益相关方治理关系成为研究的重点,依据多个项目阶段的特征尽早发现潜在的项目治理风险,及时做出响应对于规避项目风险、提高项目成功率意义重大。针对项目利益相关方之间存在动态网络治理关系及治理决策规则多样的特点,近十几年来迅速兴起的计算机仿真技术对于研究多阶段治理关系的状态及特点提供了新的路径。由此,论文对项目利益相关方的动态治理关系进行了模拟研究,在理论建模的基础上,综合使用系统模拟平台MATLAB、社会网络构建平台UCINET、系统动力学仿真平台VENSIM,对所关注的问题进行模拟和分析,从而对不同项目发展阶段中项目利益相关方间的治理关系形态和规律进行考察,并得到如下研究成果：
1.运用系统仿真技术构建了项目利益相关方动态治理关系的仿真模型。根据项目系统中多种不确定性要素协同作用的现实情况,借鉴和使用系统分析与评价的理论方法和工具,论文综合运用社会网络分析和系统仿真的工具,对利益相关方之间的动态治理关系进行了仿真模型的构建研究。
2.设计了全项目生命周期条件下利益相关方动态治理关系系统仿真方案。为了使相关方动态治理关系系统的研究方法和工具能够在项目中进行应用,针对相关方治理关系社会网络发展变动的内在规律性,论文借鉴和使用了系统理论及统计数学中有关系统仿真与概率分布的思想和方法,突破了静态社会网络分析的研究局限,得到相关方治理关系社会网络从形成、发展直至消退过程中的利益相关方治理关系动态变化迭代算法,为利益相关方在项目不同阶段有针对性的控制治理风险提供解决方案,使研究更具有现实意义和应用价值。
3.通过案例分析与应用进一步说明项目利益相关方动态治理关系的实现过程在项目实践中的可行性。论文选取了实际项目进行案例研究,选取的案例项目涉及利益相关方众多,关系复杂,项目工期紧、任务重。论文中得到的利益相关方动态治理关系社会网络的构建过程、相关方动态治理关系的实现过程和动态治理关系的系统仿真分析,均可以在案例项目中进行有效运用,更具体的表明了论文研究成果在项目实践中的可行性。
综上,论文从项目治理视角对利益相关方的动态治理关系进行了系统研究,将现有利益相关方的二元关系研究拓展到网络关系研究,将支持各项目利益相关方独立行为的、基于属性要素的点式研究,拓展到支持利益相关方之间关联行为的、基于关联关系的网络研究,取得了具有理论意义和应用价值的研究成果。项目利益相关方动态治理关系研究不仅具有重要的理论意义和现实意义,而且具有长远的研究价值和广阔的探索空间,今后的研究方向为对不同行业相关方动态治理关系的特殊性、相关方数据获取支持系统构建等相关问题做进一步探讨。
As one of the important driving force of economic growth, project is an important carrier for modern enterprises participating in global market competition, being of great significance to economic and social development. At present, our country, each region, government and enterprises are actively launching various projects and continuously increasing support and investment into projects. While promoting project initiation and development to a large extent, this also highlights the problem of project risks. Frequent construction accidents and operational violation have shown the complexity and necessity of project risk control, which are in urgent need of effective control method. As labor division is becoming more and more popular among different organizations, more and more projects are in need of cooperation of many enterprises and governmental departments, which to a large extent outbreaks the traditional domain that project is only the business of project team and a single enterprise. However, the traditional project management study (project manager as main responsible person) and multi-project management study (background by a single company) have failed in effectively providing powerful theory and methodology support to increase success rate of such multi-organizational cooperation projects. Targeting at this situation, as an effective approach of controlling project risks for project stakeholders, project governance has drawn wide attention.
Essence of project governance means the rules e.g. objective establishment, implementation definition, project monitoring and information disclosure, etc. Among these rules, the most important and most difficult ones refer to several stakeholders, yet each of them all has his own interest and restriction. These stakeholders associate with each other, establishing a dynamic social network, i.e. a dynamic social network of multi-organizational institution in which owners, constructors, supervisors and other stakeholders are all involved. This governance relationship varies with evolution of project lifecycle, not only influencing functions of the overall social network of stakeholders, but also influencing individual behavior within the network. Therefore, scientific and reasonable research of governance relationships social network is of significance to improve cooperation standard among stakeholders and project success rate. Currently, study from this point of view is still at initial stage, and research results abroad are also quite limited. This essay expects to discuss and investigate dynamic governance among project stakeholders from the perspective of project governance, so as to achieve valuable research results.
Ever since stakeholder theory was put forward for the first time, scholars have developed systematic and in-depth study for a long term, so numerous results have sprung up from this area. With constant research development, more and more thoughts and theories of diversified branches are emerging into this research area, especially advancement and maturity of technical approaches e.g. systematic analysis, network modeling, computer simulation, etc., which has paved a brand new route for stakeholder research, by which many concrete problems in this area could be investigated more deeply and more carefully. Stakeholder is a grand topic for research, with high value both in theoretical exploration and practical application. With integration of literature survey, theoretical deduction, modeling simulation and technical methods for case study, this essay has studied the dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders at multiple stages, and has further explored some already-studied problems of importance from different point of view and at different level.
A project organization includes each stakeholder functionally depending on each other, who are all striking for a series of governance objectives. After processes of multiple choice (entry), cooperation, exit, re-cooperation, etc., so within specific period, a relatively permanent cooperative relationship would be presented among stakeholders (owners, suppliers, government, financial institutions, etc.). As project is progressing, the governance relationship among stakeholders is also varying constantly, and they need to make effective and speed reactions to these variations. The dynamic governance relationship of a project organization and its stakeholders could be substantially seen as a dynamic system, so the key point of our research is that how do related elements interact with each other to achieve the expected project performance. This essay studies governance relationships of project stakeholders from bottom to top:analyzing characteristics of governance relationship and basis of governance decision-making from essence of the relationships; exploring stakeholders'recognition of dynamic governance and decision-making principles through investigation of this dynamic variation process; modeling the relationships by using dynamic social network modeling principles and systematic simulation techniques, so as to providing research method for investigating such relationship of multi-projects within a certain period.
Based on the above research thoughts, this essay first analyzes connotation, presentation method, influencing factors and realization process of dynamic governance relationships among stakeholders. With adaptation of thoughts and methods related to social network in sociology, it explains connotation of this dynamic change comes up with how to construct a dynamic governance social network, finally acquires the quantitative indicators describing characteristics of stakeholders'social network. It adopts SNA (Social Network Analysis) approaches to investigate internal mechanism of this dynamic variation, to study this variation process and governance behavior of each stakeholder in its social network. Through analysis, this essay has achieved a series of results, which specifically including the following aspects:
1. Abstracts the governance relationships among stakeholders into a dynamic social network relationship. Based on substantive characteristics of project governance, the essay has drawn lessons from thoughts of social network analysis and PRTNCE2structuration theory system of project management, designed a unified process presenting and analyzing this dynamic governance relationship, anatomized governance risks and countermeasure thoughts during different project lifecycles, resolved a feasibility issue that studying stakeholders'dynamic governance relationship of different projects under a unified framework, and enriched and completed the theoretical system of project governance for a further step.
2. Puts forward construction method of the social network of dynamic governance relationships among project stakeholders based on SNA. Interrelation among stakeholders constructs a social network, which constantly various with development of project lifecycle. Attributes of this social network and individual attributes of stakeholders jointly work on project governance behaviors of stakeholders. Depending on approaches and tools of social network analysis in sociology, this essay puts forward the construction method of dynamic governance social network based on SNA, providing a tool for studying variation of this dynamic governance relationship and stakeholder behaviors within the social network, as well as acquiring quantitative indicators describing characteristics of project governance social network.
3. Reveals correlation between dynamic governance relationships and choice of governance strategies. Stakeholders would constantly adjust their own behaviors (governance strategies) for larger governance income or risk prevention, which will further cause changes of the social network of stakeholders. This process is just the dynamic variation of stakeholder governance relationships. Depending on AHP method, this essay analyzes the dynamic variation system of stakeholder governance relationship, and also analyzes influence upon this dynamic variation process from essential influencing factors, thus bringing forward four types of key elements influencing stakeholder dynamic governance relationship. Background by current situation of project governance in China, it comes up with multiple dynamics influencing project governance performance. Depending on relevant theories and approaches of systematic thinking, it creates a model for correlation analysis between stakeholder dynamic governance relationships and governance strategy selection, which is of better operability and more accurate directions.
4. Comes up with system archetypes for analyzing dynamic variation process of stakeholder governance relationships. The system of stakeholder governance relationship can be seen as a dynamic system under joint influence of project objective and uncertainty, etc., yet current research fail in effective integration of these dynamic elements. This essay provides with system archetypes for dynamic variation analysis of multiple projects, learning how specific dynamics would influence overall performance of the project governance system, which could provide important basis for investigation of stakeholder governance behaviors and hunting for risk aversion schemes.
5. Creates flow graph method for analyzing project governance system based on dynamic social network model. Through this method, quantitative correlation between stakeholder dynamic governance relationships and governance risks could be realized, and essence of the interaction between stakeholder governance behaviors and social network variation could be presented, providing resolutions for project governance risk control based on dynamic governance relationships among stakeholders.
Under fierce market competition, it has grown into a study focus that how to predict and analyze project stakeholder governance relationships at present and even in several future stages. It means significantly to aversion of project risks and improvement of project success rate that based on characteristics of multiple project stages, latent governance risks shall be discovered as early as possible and be responded timely. Targeting at the dynamic network governance relationships existing among stakeholders and diversified characteristics of governance decision-making principles, computer simulation that has burgeoned in recent ten years paves a new route for studying state and features of governance relationship at different stages. Therefore, this essay has made a simulation research of dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders, on the basis of theoretical modeling, comprehensively applying system simulation platform MATLAB, social network construction platform UCINET, system dynamics simulation platform VENSIM, so that investigates the governance relationship patterns and laws under different project stage. Research results gained are as follows:
1. Establishes a simulation model of dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders with application of system simulation technique. According to synergy of various uncertain elements within the project system, which is the practical situation, with employment of theoretical methods and tools of systematic analysis and evaluation, this essay makes a construction research of the simulation model of dynamic governance relationships among stakeholders under integration of tools of social network analysis and system simulation.
2. Designs a system simulation scheme of dynamic governance relationship in condition of complete project lifecycle. In order to apply research methods and tools of dynamic governance relationship in projects, targeting at inherent law of development and variation of governance relationships social networks, the essay adopts thoughts and methods related to system simulation and probability distribution in system theory and statistical mathematics, which breaks through research restrictions of static social network analysis, and acquires iterative algorithm for this dynamic variation in the governance relationships social network, from its formation, to development and to recession. This provides a resolution for stakeholders to better target governance risk control, improving realistic significance and application value of this research.
3. Through case analysis and application, further illustrates feasibility of realization process of this dynamic governance relationships in project implementation. Cases selected for research are all real projects, referring to a huge amount of stakeholders, which creates complicated relationships, pressed implementation period and heavy loads. Construction process of dynamic governance relationships social network, realization process of dynamic variation and system simulation analysis of dynamic governance relationships can be effectively applied in case projects, which demonstrates more specifically feasibility of essay results in real projects.
To sum up the above, this essay has made a systematic research of dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders from the point of view-----project governance. The current research of binary relationship extended to research of social network, point research supporting independent behavior of each stakeholder on the basis of attribute elements extended to the network research of associated behavior among stakeholders on the basis of associated relationships, both of these have achieved research results with theoretical significance and application value. Study on dynamic relationships among project stakeholders in project governance is not only of important theoretical and practical significance, but also has long-term research value and broad space of exploration. The future research may be particularity of relationships among the project stakeholders in some specific industry, information system construction for data acquisition and other related issues.
项目治理的本质就是建立项目目标、确定项目执行、项目监控和信息披露等规则。这些规则中最重要同时也最困难的是项目涉及到多个利益相关方,而每个相关方均有其各自的利益和限制。这些利益相关方之间彼此关联,构成了一种动态社会网络关系,即一种涉及业主、施工方、监理方等利益相关方的多组织规制(institution)动态社会网络系统。这种随项目生命周期发展变化的利益相关方之间的治理关系不仅将影响整个相关方社会网络的功能,也会影响网络中各个个体的行为。因此,科学合理的开展相关方治理关系社会网络研究对提高利益相关方之间的合作水平、提高项目成功率意义重大。当前,从这一角度开展的项目利益相关方治理关系研究尚处于起步阶段,国内外所取得的研究成果还比较有限,论文期望从项目治理视角出发,对项目利益相关方动态治理关系问题进行探索和考察,以期取得有价值的研究成果。
自利益相关方理论提出以来,学者们开展了长期系统而深入的研究,项目利益相关方领域中涌现出众多成果。随着研究的不断发展,许多不同学科的思想和理论越来越多的融入到该领域研究当中,尤其是系统分析、网络建模、计算机仿真等技术手段的发展和成熟,为项目利益相关方研究开辟了一条新的路径,使得该领域中的很多具体问题可以得到更为深入细致的考察。利益相关方是一个宏大的研究主题,具有较高的理论探索和实际应用价值,论文综合了文献调查、理论演绎、建模仿真、案例研究技术手段,对多阶段的相关方动态治理关系展开研究,对项目利益相关方领域中一系列未被研究过的具体问题进行考察和分析,并对某些已经研究过的重要问题从不同的角度和层面进一步深入探索。
一个项目组织包括功能上相互依存的各个利益相关方,每个利益相关方都努力实现一系列的项目治理目标。经过多重选择(进入)、合作、退出、再次合作等过程,在特定阶段内,项目治理利益相关方(业主、供应商、政府、金融机构等)之间会呈现一种相对稳定的合作关系。随着项目进程的推进,项目利益相关方之间的治理关系也会不断变化,项目利益相关方需要对这些变化做出有效和快速的反应。一个项目利益相关方之间的动态治理关系本质上可以看作是一种多类系统要素协同作用的动态系统,因此研究重点是发掘系统中的关键可控要素,分析、预测其发展趋势,进而寻找控制项目治理风险的途径。论文采用自底向上的思路对项目利益相关方动态治理关系问题进行研究,从相关方动态治理关系的本质出发,分析相关方的治理关系特征及治理决策依据,通过对相关方治理关系动态变化过程的考察,探究相关方对于动态治理关系的认知和决策规则,籍此为考察多项目阶段内相关方动态治理关系提供研究方法。
基于上述研究思路,论文首先分析项目利益相关方动态治理关系的内涵、表达方法、影响因素及其实现过程。采用社会学领域中有关社会网络的思想和方法,解释了相关方治理关系动态变化的内涵,提出了动态相关方治理关系社会网络构建方法,最终得到相关方社会网络特征的定量描述指标。使用动态社会网络分析(Social Network Analysis,SNA)方法对利益相关方动态治理关系的内在机理进行考查,以研究相关方动态治理关系的变动过程及社会网络中各个相关方的治理行为。通过分析,论文取得了一系列研究成果,具体包括以下方面：
1.将项目利益相关方之间的治理关系提炼为一种动态的社会网络关系。论文依据项目治理的本质特征,借鉴社会网络分析的思想和PRINCE2项目管理结构化理论体系,设计了对利益相关方动态治理关系进行表达与分析的统一过程,剖析不同项目生命周期中的项目治理风险以及应对思路,解决了用一个统一的框架来研究不同项目利益相关方间动态治理关系的可行性问题,进而丰富和完善了项目治理理论体系。
2.提出了基于SNA的相关方动态治理关系社会网络构建方法。项目利益相关方间的相互关系构成了社会网络,并随着项目生命周期的发展而不断变化,社会网络的结构属性及相关方的个体属性共同作用于相关方的项目治理行为,并受到不同相关方行为的影响。论文借鉴了社会学领域中社会网络分析的方法和工具,基于社会网络构建的原理,提出了基于SNA的相关方动态治理关系社会网络构建方法,为研究相关方治理关系的动态性及社会网络中各个相关方的治理行为提供了研究工具,并得到了相关方治理关系社会网络特征的定量描述指标。
3.揭示了相关方动态治理关系与治理策略选择的关联性。相关方动态治理关系的实现过程就是相关方为获得更大的治理收益或防范项目治理风险而不断调整自身行为(治理策略)、进而引起相关方治理关系社会网络发生变化的过程。论文基于AHP方法分析相关方治理关系动态变化系统,并分析关键影响因素对动态变化过程的影响情况,提出了四类影响相关方动态治理关系的关键要素。根据我国项目治理的现实情况,提出了影响项目治理绩效的多种动态性。借鉴系统思考的有关理论和方法,提出相关方动态治理关系与治理策略选择的关联性分析模型,使其更具有针对性和可操作性。
4.提出了项目利益相关方动态治理关系的系统基模分析方法。项目利益相关方治理关系系统可视为一个受项目目标和不确定性等因素共同影响的动态系统,目前的研究无法对这些动态要素进行有效的整合。论文提出了多种项目利益相关方治理关系动态变化过程分析的系统基模,研究特定的动态性如何影响项目治理系统的整体绩效,可为考察相关方治理行为与寻找风险规避方案提供重要依据。
5.创造了基于动态社会网络模型的项目治理系统流图研究方法。该方法能够实现项目利益相关方动态治理关系与项目治理风险的定量关联,体现利益相关方治理行为与社会网络变动相互作用的实质,为实现基于相关方动态治理关系的项目治理风险控制提供解决方法。
在激烈的市场竞争中,如何预测与分析当前乃至未来多个阶段内的项目利益相关方治理关系成为研究的重点,依据多个项目阶段的特征尽早发现潜在的项目治理风险,及时做出响应对于规避项目风险、提高项目成功率意义重大。针对项目利益相关方之间存在动态网络治理关系及治理决策规则多样的特点,近十几年来迅速兴起的计算机仿真技术对于研究多阶段治理关系的状态及特点提供了新的路径。由此,论文对项目利益相关方的动态治理关系进行了模拟研究,在理论建模的基础上,综合使用系统模拟平台MATLAB、社会网络构建平台UCINET、系统动力学仿真平台VENSIM,对所关注的问题进行模拟和分析,从而对不同项目发展阶段中项目利益相关方间的治理关系形态和规律进行考察,并得到如下研究成果：
1.运用系统仿真技术构建了项目利益相关方动态治理关系的仿真模型。根据项目系统中多种不确定性要素协同作用的现实情况,借鉴和使用系统分析与评价的理论方法和工具,论文综合运用社会网络分析和系统仿真的工具,对利益相关方之间的动态治理关系进行了仿真模型的构建研究。
2.设计了全项目生命周期条件下利益相关方动态治理关系系统仿真方案。为了使相关方动态治理关系系统的研究方法和工具能够在项目中进行应用,针对相关方治理关系社会网络发展变动的内在规律性,论文借鉴和使用了系统理论及统计数学中有关系统仿真与概率分布的思想和方法,突破了静态社会网络分析的研究局限,得到相关方治理关系社会网络从形成、发展直至消退过程中的利益相关方治理关系动态变化迭代算法,为利益相关方在项目不同阶段有针对性的控制治理风险提供解决方案,使研究更具有现实意义和应用价值。
3.通过案例分析与应用进一步说明项目利益相关方动态治理关系的实现过程在项目实践中的可行性。论文选取了实际项目进行案例研究,选取的案例项目涉及利益相关方众多,关系复杂,项目工期紧、任务重。论文中得到的利益相关方动态治理关系社会网络的构建过程、相关方动态治理关系的实现过程和动态治理关系的系统仿真分析,均可以在案例项目中进行有效运用,更具体的表明了论文研究成果在项目实践中的可行性。
综上,论文从项目治理视角对利益相关方的动态治理关系进行了系统研究,将现有利益相关方的二元关系研究拓展到网络关系研究,将支持各项目利益相关方独立行为的、基于属性要素的点式研究,拓展到支持利益相关方之间关联行为的、基于关联关系的网络研究,取得了具有理论意义和应用价值的研究成果。项目利益相关方动态治理关系研究不仅具有重要的理论意义和现实意义,而且具有长远的研究价值和广阔的探索空间,今后的研究方向为对不同行业相关方动态治理关系的特殊性、相关方数据获取支持系统构建等相关问题做进一步探讨。
As one of the important driving force of economic growth, project is an important carrier for modern enterprises participating in global market competition, being of great significance to economic and social development. At present, our country, each region, government and enterprises are actively launching various projects and continuously increasing support and investment into projects. While promoting project initiation and development to a large extent, this also highlights the problem of project risks. Frequent construction accidents and operational violation have shown the complexity and necessity of project risk control, which are in urgent need of effective control method. As labor division is becoming more and more popular among different organizations, more and more projects are in need of cooperation of many enterprises and governmental departments, which to a large extent outbreaks the traditional domain that project is only the business of project team and a single enterprise. However, the traditional project management study (project manager as main responsible person) and multi-project management study (background by a single company) have failed in effectively providing powerful theory and methodology support to increase success rate of such multi-organizational cooperation projects. Targeting at this situation, as an effective approach of controlling project risks for project stakeholders, project governance has drawn wide attention.
Essence of project governance means the rules e.g. objective establishment, implementation definition, project monitoring and information disclosure, etc. Among these rules, the most important and most difficult ones refer to several stakeholders, yet each of them all has his own interest and restriction. These stakeholders associate with each other, establishing a dynamic social network, i.e. a dynamic social network of multi-organizational institution in which owners, constructors, supervisors and other stakeholders are all involved. This governance relationship varies with evolution of project lifecycle, not only influencing functions of the overall social network of stakeholders, but also influencing individual behavior within the network. Therefore, scientific and reasonable research of governance relationships social network is of significance to improve cooperation standard among stakeholders and project success rate. Currently, study from this point of view is still at initial stage, and research results abroad are also quite limited. This essay expects to discuss and investigate dynamic governance among project stakeholders from the perspective of project governance, so as to achieve valuable research results.
Ever since stakeholder theory was put forward for the first time, scholars have developed systematic and in-depth study for a long term, so numerous results have sprung up from this area. With constant research development, more and more thoughts and theories of diversified branches are emerging into this research area, especially advancement and maturity of technical approaches e.g. systematic analysis, network modeling, computer simulation, etc., which has paved a brand new route for stakeholder research, by which many concrete problems in this area could be investigated more deeply and more carefully. Stakeholder is a grand topic for research, with high value both in theoretical exploration and practical application. With integration of literature survey, theoretical deduction, modeling simulation and technical methods for case study, this essay has studied the dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders at multiple stages, and has further explored some already-studied problems of importance from different point of view and at different level.
A project organization includes each stakeholder functionally depending on each other, who are all striking for a series of governance objectives. After processes of multiple choice (entry), cooperation, exit, re-cooperation, etc., so within specific period, a relatively permanent cooperative relationship would be presented among stakeholders (owners, suppliers, government, financial institutions, etc.). As project is progressing, the governance relationship among stakeholders is also varying constantly, and they need to make effective and speed reactions to these variations. The dynamic governance relationship of a project organization and its stakeholders could be substantially seen as a dynamic system, so the key point of our research is that how do related elements interact with each other to achieve the expected project performance. This essay studies governance relationships of project stakeholders from bottom to top:analyzing characteristics of governance relationship and basis of governance decision-making from essence of the relationships; exploring stakeholders'recognition of dynamic governance and decision-making principles through investigation of this dynamic variation process; modeling the relationships by using dynamic social network modeling principles and systematic simulation techniques, so as to providing research method for investigating such relationship of multi-projects within a certain period.
Based on the above research thoughts, this essay first analyzes connotation, presentation method, influencing factors and realization process of dynamic governance relationships among stakeholders. With adaptation of thoughts and methods related to social network in sociology, it explains connotation of this dynamic change comes up with how to construct a dynamic governance social network, finally acquires the quantitative indicators describing characteristics of stakeholders'social network. It adopts SNA (Social Network Analysis) approaches to investigate internal mechanism of this dynamic variation, to study this variation process and governance behavior of each stakeholder in its social network. Through analysis, this essay has achieved a series of results, which specifically including the following aspects:
1. Abstracts the governance relationships among stakeholders into a dynamic social network relationship. Based on substantive characteristics of project governance, the essay has drawn lessons from thoughts of social network analysis and PRTNCE2structuration theory system of project management, designed a unified process presenting and analyzing this dynamic governance relationship, anatomized governance risks and countermeasure thoughts during different project lifecycles, resolved a feasibility issue that studying stakeholders'dynamic governance relationship of different projects under a unified framework, and enriched and completed the theoretical system of project governance for a further step.
2. Puts forward construction method of the social network of dynamic governance relationships among project stakeholders based on SNA. Interrelation among stakeholders constructs a social network, which constantly various with development of project lifecycle. Attributes of this social network and individual attributes of stakeholders jointly work on project governance behaviors of stakeholders. Depending on approaches and tools of social network analysis in sociology, this essay puts forward the construction method of dynamic governance social network based on SNA, providing a tool for studying variation of this dynamic governance relationship and stakeholder behaviors within the social network, as well as acquiring quantitative indicators describing characteristics of project governance social network.
3. Reveals correlation between dynamic governance relationships and choice of governance strategies. Stakeholders would constantly adjust their own behaviors (governance strategies) for larger governance income or risk prevention, which will further cause changes of the social network of stakeholders. This process is just the dynamic variation of stakeholder governance relationships. Depending on AHP method, this essay analyzes the dynamic variation system of stakeholder governance relationship, and also analyzes influence upon this dynamic variation process from essential influencing factors, thus bringing forward four types of key elements influencing stakeholder dynamic governance relationship. Background by current situation of project governance in China, it comes up with multiple dynamics influencing project governance performance. Depending on relevant theories and approaches of systematic thinking, it creates a model for correlation analysis between stakeholder dynamic governance relationships and governance strategy selection, which is of better operability and more accurate directions.
4. Comes up with system archetypes for analyzing dynamic variation process of stakeholder governance relationships. The system of stakeholder governance relationship can be seen as a dynamic system under joint influence of project objective and uncertainty, etc., yet current research fail in effective integration of these dynamic elements. This essay provides with system archetypes for dynamic variation analysis of multiple projects, learning how specific dynamics would influence overall performance of the project governance system, which could provide important basis for investigation of stakeholder governance behaviors and hunting for risk aversion schemes.
5. Creates flow graph method for analyzing project governance system based on dynamic social network model. Through this method, quantitative correlation between stakeholder dynamic governance relationships and governance risks could be realized, and essence of the interaction between stakeholder governance behaviors and social network variation could be presented, providing resolutions for project governance risk control based on dynamic governance relationships among stakeholders.
Under fierce market competition, it has grown into a study focus that how to predict and analyze project stakeholder governance relationships at present and even in several future stages. It means significantly to aversion of project risks and improvement of project success rate that based on characteristics of multiple project stages, latent governance risks shall be discovered as early as possible and be responded timely. Targeting at the dynamic network governance relationships existing among stakeholders and diversified characteristics of governance decision-making principles, computer simulation that has burgeoned in recent ten years paves a new route for studying state and features of governance relationship at different stages. Therefore, this essay has made a simulation research of dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders, on the basis of theoretical modeling, comprehensively applying system simulation platform MATLAB, social network construction platform UCINET, system dynamics simulation platform VENSIM, so that investigates the governance relationship patterns and laws under different project stage. Research results gained are as follows:
1. Establishes a simulation model of dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders with application of system simulation technique. According to synergy of various uncertain elements within the project system, which is the practical situation, with employment of theoretical methods and tools of systematic analysis and evaluation, this essay makes a construction research of the simulation model of dynamic governance relationships among stakeholders under integration of tools of social network analysis and system simulation.
2. Designs a system simulation scheme of dynamic governance relationship in condition of complete project lifecycle. In order to apply research methods and tools of dynamic governance relationship in projects, targeting at inherent law of development and variation of governance relationships social networks, the essay adopts thoughts and methods related to system simulation and probability distribution in system theory and statistical mathematics, which breaks through research restrictions of static social network analysis, and acquires iterative algorithm for this dynamic variation in the governance relationships social network, from its formation, to development and to recession. This provides a resolution for stakeholders to better target governance risk control, improving realistic significance and application value of this research.
3. Through case analysis and application, further illustrates feasibility of realization process of this dynamic governance relationships in project implementation. Cases selected for research are all real projects, referring to a huge amount of stakeholders, which creates complicated relationships, pressed implementation period and heavy loads. Construction process of dynamic governance relationships social network, realization process of dynamic variation and system simulation analysis of dynamic governance relationships can be effectively applied in case projects, which demonstrates more specifically feasibility of essay results in real projects.
To sum up the above, this essay has made a systematic research of dynamic governance relationship among stakeholders from the point of view-----project governance. The current research of binary relationship extended to research of social network, point research supporting independent behavior of each stakeholder on the basis of attribute elements extended to the network research of associated behavior among stakeholders on the basis of associated relationships, both of these have achieved research results with theoretical significance and application value. Study on dynamic relationships among project stakeholders in project governance is not only of important theoretical and practical significance, but also has long-term research value and broad space of exploration. The future research may be particularity of relationships among the project stakeholders in some specific industry, information system construction for data acquisition and other related issues.
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