城市道路系统拥挤收费模型研究
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摘要
随着经济增长和城市化进程的加快,交通拥堵日益成为制约我国城市发展的一大问题。作为解决交通拥堵问题的一种手段,征收拥挤收费引起了一些学者的关注和讨论。但是目前已有文献对于交通拥挤收费的研究主要限于对独立概念的阐述,或者关注于交通需求是否弹性或者车型识别问题,对于如何实施收费以及收费费率如何确定等核心问题缺乏讨论。因此本文主要结合收费费率如何确定的问题,就收费区域的大小进行研究,此外还对拥挤收费可行性进行了探讨,对拥挤收费的实施具有参考意义。
在国内外理论研究的基础上,本文采用理论分析、技术比较等研究方法,分别从概念、原理、方法等方面对拥挤收费模型进行了系统而深入的研究,具体如下:
阐述了交通拥挤的概念及判定依据,讨论了拥挤收费在经济学上的理论出发点,依照城市土地资源的稀缺特性以及开发引起的利润追逐特点,论证了拥挤收费的有效性,并按照双层规划优化理论建立数学模型。
论文的重点是研究基于动态流量分配的模型及算法。模型中主要考虑拥挤收费的两个核心问题:
1)收费范围的确定,包括确定收费区域的大小以及收费站点的位置;
2)收费费率的确定,主要研究动态收费的取法。
论文最后依托北京市快速骨干路网进行了例证模拟,利用MATLAB软件平台编写了计算程序。虽然由于条件限制,数据量不足,但结论仍然具有参考价值。
With the growth of economic and the acceleration in the process of urbanization, traffic jams are becoming big problems that restrict the development of china’s cities. As one of means to solve the problem, congestion pricing has aroused concern and discussion between scholars. Limited to describe alone concept, or the problem of how to identify kinds of vehicles or whether traffic demand being flexible, however, the study on congestion pricing in exiting literature shortfalls in core issues, such as how to implement congestion pricing, and how to determine the range of regional for congestion pricing. On the base of discussion to the toll rate, the main goal of this thesis is studying how to determine the range of regional for traffic pricing, at the same time, the thesis also discuss the feasibility study about congestion pricing. This work will be help in implementing the strategy.
According to investigation of the domestic and foreign commonly-used theory, this thesis systemically researches the models of congestion pricing in concept, principle and method by theoretical analysis and technological comparing research. The main aspects are as follows:
The concept and estimation basis of traffic congestion are formulated; the principles of economics used in congestion pricing are formulated; because land resources are becoming scarce, congestion pricing is demonstrated to be effective; at last, a mathematical model is founded on basis of optimization theory of bi-level programming.
Researching the model and solving algorithm based on traffic flow dynamic distribution is the focus of this thesis. Two core issues of congestion pricing will be considered in the model:
1) How to determine the range of regional for congestion pricing. It means a clear size of the regional and concrete position of the tollgate will be in question.
2) How to determine the toll rate. It is mainly in quest of an algorithm for dynamic pricing.
At last, an example root from Beijing city’s expressway network is used to simulate the mathematical model, and a program that make use of MATLAB to compute the model is compiled. Because lack of conditions, the data isn’t sufficient, however, the conclusion is still available.
在国内外理论研究的基础上,本文采用理论分析、技术比较等研究方法,分别从概念、原理、方法等方面对拥挤收费模型进行了系统而深入的研究,具体如下:
阐述了交通拥挤的概念及判定依据,讨论了拥挤收费在经济学上的理论出发点,依照城市土地资源的稀缺特性以及开发引起的利润追逐特点,论证了拥挤收费的有效性,并按照双层规划优化理论建立数学模型。
论文的重点是研究基于动态流量分配的模型及算法。模型中主要考虑拥挤收费的两个核心问题:
1)收费范围的确定,包括确定收费区域的大小以及收费站点的位置;
2)收费费率的确定,主要研究动态收费的取法。
论文最后依托北京市快速骨干路网进行了例证模拟,利用MATLAB软件平台编写了计算程序。虽然由于条件限制,数据量不足,但结论仍然具有参考价值。
With the growth of economic and the acceleration in the process of urbanization, traffic jams are becoming big problems that restrict the development of china’s cities. As one of means to solve the problem, congestion pricing has aroused concern and discussion between scholars. Limited to describe alone concept, or the problem of how to identify kinds of vehicles or whether traffic demand being flexible, however, the study on congestion pricing in exiting literature shortfalls in core issues, such as how to implement congestion pricing, and how to determine the range of regional for congestion pricing. On the base of discussion to the toll rate, the main goal of this thesis is studying how to determine the range of regional for traffic pricing, at the same time, the thesis also discuss the feasibility study about congestion pricing. This work will be help in implementing the strategy.
According to investigation of the domestic and foreign commonly-used theory, this thesis systemically researches the models of congestion pricing in concept, principle and method by theoretical analysis and technological comparing research. The main aspects are as follows:
The concept and estimation basis of traffic congestion are formulated; the principles of economics used in congestion pricing are formulated; because land resources are becoming scarce, congestion pricing is demonstrated to be effective; at last, a mathematical model is founded on basis of optimization theory of bi-level programming.
Researching the model and solving algorithm based on traffic flow dynamic distribution is the focus of this thesis. Two core issues of congestion pricing will be considered in the model:
1) How to determine the range of regional for congestion pricing. It means a clear size of the regional and concrete position of the tollgate will be in question.
2) How to determine the toll rate. It is mainly in quest of an algorithm for dynamic pricing.
At last, an example root from Beijing city’s expressway network is used to simulate the mathematical model, and a program that make use of MATLAB to compute the model is compiled. Because lack of conditions, the data isn’t sufficient, however, the conclusion is still available.
引文
[1]马祖琦.伦敦中心区“交通拥挤收费政策”——背景、经验与启示.国外城市规划. 2004, Vol 19
[2] YangH, HuangHJ. Analysis of the time-varying pricing of a bottleneck with elastic demand using optimal control theory. Transportation Research. 1997, 31: 19-22
[3] Li Zhichun, Guqiang. Research on model and algorithm of road use pricing under elastic demand. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering. 2001, 1: 37-40
[4] HuangHJ, YangH. Optimal utilization of a transport system with auto/transit parallel modes. Optimal Control Applications and Methods. 1999, 3: 10-14
[5] Hai Yang, Qianh Meng. Departure time route choice and congestion toll in aqueuing network with elastic demand. Transportation Research. 1998, 7: 42-43
[6] WieBW, TobinRL. Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks. Transportation Research. 1998, 10: 15-18
[7] Yang H, W. H. K. Lam. Optimal Road Tolls Under Conditions of Queuing and Congestion. Transportation Research Part A, 1996. Vol 30
[8] Yang H, Bell M G H. Traffic restraint, road pricing and network equivibrium. Transportation Research Part B, 1997. Vol 31
[9] May A. D, D. S. Milne. Effects of Alternative Road Pricing Systems on Network Performance. Transportation Research Part A, 2000. Vol 34
[10] Verhoef E. T. Second-best congestion pricing in general networks. Heuristics algorithms for finding second-best optimal toll levels and toll points. Transportation Research Part B, 2002. Vol 36
[11] Li M, ZF. The role of speed-flow relationship in congestion pricing implementation with an application to Singapore. Transportation Research Part B, 2002, Vol 36
[12]黄海军.公共与个体竞争交通系统的定价研究.管理科学学报. 1998, 6: 57-60
[13]吴子啸,黄海军.瓶颈道路使用收费的理论及模型.系统工程理论与实践[J]. 2000, 20(1): 130-133
[14]晏克非.基于车辆动态导航的拥挤定价.交通运输工程学报. 2001, 9: 38-41
[15]李志纯,谷强,史峰.弹性需求下拥挤道路收费的模型与算法研究.交通运输工程. 2001, 3: 26-29
[16]谷强,李志纯.混合交通平衡下的道路收费策略.重庆交通学院学报. 2002, 1: 9-11
[17]杨莹莹.混合交通平衡条件下拥挤道路使用收费模型研究[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学, 2004, 3
[18]陈来荣.城市道路拥挤收费关键问题研究[博士学位论文].北京:北京工业大学, 2005, 4
[19]吴兆峰.城市交通需求管理多时段、多用户次优拥挤定价模型研究[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学, 2007, 4
[20]潘小森.带公平因素的多时段、多方式拥挤定价模型研究[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学, 2007, 4
[21]李枫,沈嘉栋.城市交通拥挤收费的经济学分析[J].上海铁道大学学报. 1999, 20(2): 37-40
[22]陆化普.城市交通现代化管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 1999, 56-63
[23] Small K.A. Special issue: congestion pricing. Transportion, 1992, 19: 287-291
[24]邢丽霞.城市道路拥挤收费定价原理研究[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学, 2007, 5
[25]张毅媚,晏克非.城市交通拥挤机理的经济解析.同济大学学报(自然科学版). 2006, 3: 17-19
[26]伍世安.中国收费研究.北京:中国财政经济出版社, 1997: 24-28
[27]欧洲运输部长联合会经济合作与发展组织编.交通社会成本的内部化.北京:中国环境科学出版社, 1996: 57-66
[28]杨夫军.交通需求管理评价指标体系研究[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学, 2006, 4
[29]陈来荣,张北海,荣建.城市道路拥挤收费的技术实现.上海铁道大学学报. 1999, 20(2): 37-40
[30]陈守煜.模糊聚类循环迭代理论与模型.模糊系统与数学. 2004, 18(2): 57-61
[31] Wang Jian ming, Chen Shou yu. Group Decision Making—Based Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Model for Lectotype Optimization of Offshore Platforms. China Ocean Engineering. 2003, 17(1): 1-10
[32]马骏来.城市道路交通设施空间资源优化研究[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学, 2006, 6
[33] Morrison S A. A survey of road pricing. Transportation Research. 1986, 20: 87-97
[34] Wie, B.W.&Tobin, R. L. Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks [J]. Transportation Research Part B, 1998, 32: 313-327
[35] YanH., Lam, W.H.K. Optimal road tolls under conditions of queing and congestion [J]. Transportation Research Part A, 1996, 30: 319-332
[36] Bracken J, McGill J. Mathematical programs with optimization problems in the constraints. Operations Research, 1973, 21: 37-44.
[37]曹玉梅.二层二次规划问题的最优性条件[硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学, 2007, 5
[38] Kennedy J and Eberhart R C. Particle swarm optimization[R]. In: Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia, IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ. 1995, 4: 1942-1948
[39] Trelea I C. The particle optimization algorithm: convergence analysis and parameter selection [J]. Information Processing Letters, 2003, 85: 317-325
[40] Jiang M, Luo Y P and Yang S Y Stochastic convergence analysis and parameter selection of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm[J]. Information Processing Letters, 2007, 102: 8-16
[41]周旭,朱建林,向尕.集成化语言Matlab的Simulink仿真研究[J].湘潭大学自然科学学报. 2003, 22(1): 99-102.
[42]张志涌.精通MATLAB 6.5.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社. 2005: 5-7
[2] YangH, HuangHJ. Analysis of the time-varying pricing of a bottleneck with elastic demand using optimal control theory. Transportation Research. 1997, 31: 19-22
[3] Li Zhichun, Guqiang. Research on model and algorithm of road use pricing under elastic demand. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering. 2001, 1: 37-40
[4] HuangHJ, YangH. Optimal utilization of a transport system with auto/transit parallel modes. Optimal Control Applications and Methods. 1999, 3: 10-14
[5] Hai Yang, Qianh Meng. Departure time route choice and congestion toll in aqueuing network with elastic demand. Transportation Research. 1998, 7: 42-43
[6] WieBW, TobinRL. Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks. Transportation Research. 1998, 10: 15-18
[7] Yang H, W. H. K. Lam. Optimal Road Tolls Under Conditions of Queuing and Congestion. Transportation Research Part A, 1996. Vol 30
[8] Yang H, Bell M G H. Traffic restraint, road pricing and network equivibrium. Transportation Research Part B, 1997. Vol 31
[9] May A. D, D. S. Milne. Effects of Alternative Road Pricing Systems on Network Performance. Transportation Research Part A, 2000. Vol 34
[10] Verhoef E. T. Second-best congestion pricing in general networks. Heuristics algorithms for finding second-best optimal toll levels and toll points. Transportation Research Part B, 2002. Vol 36
[11] Li M, ZF. The role of speed-flow relationship in congestion pricing implementation with an application to Singapore. Transportation Research Part B, 2002, Vol 36
[12]黄海军.公共与个体竞争交通系统的定价研究.管理科学学报. 1998, 6: 57-60
[13]吴子啸,黄海军.瓶颈道路使用收费的理论及模型.系统工程理论与实践[J]. 2000, 20(1): 130-133
[14]晏克非.基于车辆动态导航的拥挤定价.交通运输工程学报. 2001, 9: 38-41
[15]李志纯,谷强,史峰.弹性需求下拥挤道路收费的模型与算法研究.交通运输工程. 2001, 3: 26-29
[16]谷强,李志纯.混合交通平衡下的道路收费策略.重庆交通学院学报. 2002, 1: 9-11
[17]杨莹莹.混合交通平衡条件下拥挤道路使用收费模型研究[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学, 2004, 3
[18]陈来荣.城市道路拥挤收费关键问题研究[博士学位论文].北京:北京工业大学, 2005, 4
[19]吴兆峰.城市交通需求管理多时段、多用户次优拥挤定价模型研究[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学, 2007, 4
[20]潘小森.带公平因素的多时段、多方式拥挤定价模型研究[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学, 2007, 4
[21]李枫,沈嘉栋.城市交通拥挤收费的经济学分析[J].上海铁道大学学报. 1999, 20(2): 37-40
[22]陆化普.城市交通现代化管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 1999, 56-63
[23] Small K.A. Special issue: congestion pricing. Transportion, 1992, 19: 287-291
[24]邢丽霞.城市道路拥挤收费定价原理研究[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学, 2007, 5
[25]张毅媚,晏克非.城市交通拥挤机理的经济解析.同济大学学报(自然科学版). 2006, 3: 17-19
[26]伍世安.中国收费研究.北京:中国财政经济出版社, 1997: 24-28
[27]欧洲运输部长联合会经济合作与发展组织编.交通社会成本的内部化.北京:中国环境科学出版社, 1996: 57-66
[28]杨夫军.交通需求管理评价指标体系研究[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学, 2006, 4
[29]陈来荣,张北海,荣建.城市道路拥挤收费的技术实现.上海铁道大学学报. 1999, 20(2): 37-40
[30]陈守煜.模糊聚类循环迭代理论与模型.模糊系统与数学. 2004, 18(2): 57-61
[31] Wang Jian ming, Chen Shou yu. Group Decision Making—Based Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Model for Lectotype Optimization of Offshore Platforms. China Ocean Engineering. 2003, 17(1): 1-10
[32]马骏来.城市道路交通设施空间资源优化研究[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学, 2006, 6
[33] Morrison S A. A survey of road pricing. Transportation Research. 1986, 20: 87-97
[34] Wie, B.W.&Tobin, R. L. Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks [J]. Transportation Research Part B, 1998, 32: 313-327
[35] YanH., Lam, W.H.K. Optimal road tolls under conditions of queing and congestion [J]. Transportation Research Part A, 1996, 30: 319-332
[36] Bracken J, McGill J. Mathematical programs with optimization problems in the constraints. Operations Research, 1973, 21: 37-44.
[37]曹玉梅.二层二次规划问题的最优性条件[硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学, 2007, 5
[38] Kennedy J and Eberhart R C. Particle swarm optimization[R]. In: Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia, IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ. 1995, 4: 1942-1948
[39] Trelea I C. The particle optimization algorithm: convergence analysis and parameter selection [J]. Information Processing Letters, 2003, 85: 317-325
[40] Jiang M, Luo Y P and Yang S Y Stochastic convergence analysis and parameter selection of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm[J]. Information Processing Letters, 2007, 102: 8-16
[41]周旭,朱建林,向尕.集成化语言Matlab的Simulink仿真研究[J].湘潭大学自然科学学报. 2003, 22(1): 99-102.
[42]张志涌.精通MATLAB 6.5.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社. 2005: 5-7