地图空间认知的眼动研究
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摘要
平面地图是地理空间的抽象表现形式,卫星地图则是能表达真实鸟瞰空间分布的影像地图。本研究从Googel map中截取校园局部范围的平面地图和卫星地图,制作成两类形式的地图实验材料,并采用眼动追踪技术,研究了空间能力和地图形式对基于地图的地理空间认知的影响。研究包括两个实验：实验一要求被试在学习平面地图和卫星地图后,完成在空间方位不变情况下的简单定位任务；实验二要求被试在学习平面地图和卫星地图后,完成在空间方位改变情况下的复杂定位任务。两个实验均采用2×2混合实验设计,自变量为空间能力(高、低)和地图形式(平面地图、卫星地图),因变量为定位正确率及注视时间、注视次数等相关眼动指标。
结果显示：(1)在简单定位任务中,高空间能力组的定位正确率显著高于低空间能力组；平面地图与卫星地图定位正确率不存在显著差异。在定位总注视时间上,空间能力主效应显著,高空间能力组定位总注视时间显著低于低空间能力组；地图形式主效应不显著。在定位总注视次数上,空间能力、地图形式主效应均不显著。(2)在复杂定位任务中,高空间能力组的定位正确率显著高于低空间能力组；平面地图与卫星地图定位正确率不存在显著差异。在定位任务总注视时间、第一次到达目标兴趣区总注视时间、再定位总注视时间及信息区的总注视时间、注视次数、回视次数等眼动指标上,空间能力主效应均显著,高空间能力组的表现显著优于低空间能力组。在定位任务总注视时间、第一次到达目标兴趣区总注视时间及信息区的总注视时间、信息区总注视时间与定位总注视时间百分比等眼动指标上,地图形式主效应显著,被试学习完卫星地图后完成定位任务的表现好于学习完平面地图后完成定位任务的表现。在再定位总注视时间上,空间能力与地图形式交互效应显著,低空间能力组在卫星地图定位任务中所用再定位时间显著低于平面地图定位任务中所用再定位时间。
综合实验研究结果及相关讨论,得出以下主要结论：(1)空间能力是基于地图的地理空间认知的重要影响因素,个体的空间能力水平越高,越能有效地借助于地图建构地理环境的“心理空间”。(2)不同类型地图对地理空间的不同表达模式会影响基于地图的地理空间认知过程。相对于平面地图来说,卫星地图对个体地理空间认知的促进效应更为明显。(3)卫星地图在帮助个体建构地理环境心理空间方面的优势,在低空间能力被试组表现尤为突出。
The flat map is an abstract expression of geographical space, while the maps that presented in actual satellite photography can express spatial distribution from a bird's-eye view accuratelly. This research is devoted to investigate the influence of spatial abilities and the ways of map expression on map learning, with the help of eye-tracker. The campus maps in this study are intersected from googel map. Our experimental research includes two experiments. In the first experiment, learners were asked to accomplish an easy positioning task under a fixed spatial location, and in the second experiment, learners were asked to accomplish a difficult positioning task under a changed spatial location. All these two experiments adopte 2x2 mixed experimental design, in which independent variables include spatial abilities (high, low) and the ways of map expression(flat map, satellite photography map), dependent variables included accuracy rate of positioning and eye movement indicator, such as fixation duration and fixation times.
Results:(1) In the easy positioning task, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a significant higher accuracy rate than the lower ones, and there is no significant discrepancy in accuracy rate between flat map and satellite photography map. In terms of fixation duration, the spatial abilities have remarkable main effect wlile the ways of map expression are not, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a significant shorter time than the lower ones. In terms of fixation times, both the spatial abilities and the ways of map expression have no main effect. (2) In the difficult positioning task, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a significant higher accuracy rate than the lower ones. There is no significant discrepancy in accuracy rate between flat map and satellite photography map. The spatial abilities have remarkable main effect in fixation duration of total positioning, fixation duration of finding the exact position fisrt time, fixation duration of repositioning, fixation duration, fixation times, and regression times of signal areas, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a good performence than the lower ones. the ways of map expression have remarkable main effect in fixation duration of total positioning, fixation durationof finding the exact position fisrt time, fixation duration of signal areas, the ratio of fixation duration of signal areas and total positioning fixation duration. The subjects have a good performence after learning the satellite map than the flat map. In terms of fixation duration of repositioning, the interaction between spatial abilities and the ways of map expression is remarkable, the subjects with low spatial abilities have a shorter fixation duration in positioning task after learning the satellite map than the flat map.
Conclusions:(1) The geospatial cognitive procession on maps is influnenced by spatial abilities. The higher the spatial ability is, the more powerful a mental sapce based on map is. (2) The ways of map expression influences the geospatial cognitive procession on maps. The satellite map is good than the flat map in help subject establishing powerful mental space. (3) The satellite map can give more help to subjects those who with low spatial abilities in geospatial cognitive procession on maps than subjects those who with high spatial abilities.
结果显示：(1)在简单定位任务中,高空间能力组的定位正确率显著高于低空间能力组；平面地图与卫星地图定位正确率不存在显著差异。在定位总注视时间上,空间能力主效应显著,高空间能力组定位总注视时间显著低于低空间能力组；地图形式主效应不显著。在定位总注视次数上,空间能力、地图形式主效应均不显著。(2)在复杂定位任务中,高空间能力组的定位正确率显著高于低空间能力组；平面地图与卫星地图定位正确率不存在显著差异。在定位任务总注视时间、第一次到达目标兴趣区总注视时间、再定位总注视时间及信息区的总注视时间、注视次数、回视次数等眼动指标上,空间能力主效应均显著,高空间能力组的表现显著优于低空间能力组。在定位任务总注视时间、第一次到达目标兴趣区总注视时间及信息区的总注视时间、信息区总注视时间与定位总注视时间百分比等眼动指标上,地图形式主效应显著,被试学习完卫星地图后完成定位任务的表现好于学习完平面地图后完成定位任务的表现。在再定位总注视时间上,空间能力与地图形式交互效应显著,低空间能力组在卫星地图定位任务中所用再定位时间显著低于平面地图定位任务中所用再定位时间。
综合实验研究结果及相关讨论,得出以下主要结论：(1)空间能力是基于地图的地理空间认知的重要影响因素,个体的空间能力水平越高,越能有效地借助于地图建构地理环境的“心理空间”。(2)不同类型地图对地理空间的不同表达模式会影响基于地图的地理空间认知过程。相对于平面地图来说,卫星地图对个体地理空间认知的促进效应更为明显。(3)卫星地图在帮助个体建构地理环境心理空间方面的优势,在低空间能力被试组表现尤为突出。
The flat map is an abstract expression of geographical space, while the maps that presented in actual satellite photography can express spatial distribution from a bird's-eye view accuratelly. This research is devoted to investigate the influence of spatial abilities and the ways of map expression on map learning, with the help of eye-tracker. The campus maps in this study are intersected from googel map. Our experimental research includes two experiments. In the first experiment, learners were asked to accomplish an easy positioning task under a fixed spatial location, and in the second experiment, learners were asked to accomplish a difficult positioning task under a changed spatial location. All these two experiments adopte 2x2 mixed experimental design, in which independent variables include spatial abilities (high, low) and the ways of map expression(flat map, satellite photography map), dependent variables included accuracy rate of positioning and eye movement indicator, such as fixation duration and fixation times.
Results:(1) In the easy positioning task, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a significant higher accuracy rate than the lower ones, and there is no significant discrepancy in accuracy rate between flat map and satellite photography map. In terms of fixation duration, the spatial abilities have remarkable main effect wlile the ways of map expression are not, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a significant shorter time than the lower ones. In terms of fixation times, both the spatial abilities and the ways of map expression have no main effect. (2) In the difficult positioning task, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a significant higher accuracy rate than the lower ones. There is no significant discrepancy in accuracy rate between flat map and satellite photography map. The spatial abilities have remarkable main effect in fixation duration of total positioning, fixation duration of finding the exact position fisrt time, fixation duration of repositioning, fixation duration, fixation times, and regression times of signal areas, the subjects with high spatial abilities have a good performence than the lower ones. the ways of map expression have remarkable main effect in fixation duration of total positioning, fixation durationof finding the exact position fisrt time, fixation duration of signal areas, the ratio of fixation duration of signal areas and total positioning fixation duration. The subjects have a good performence after learning the satellite map than the flat map. In terms of fixation duration of repositioning, the interaction between spatial abilities and the ways of map expression is remarkable, the subjects with low spatial abilities have a shorter fixation duration in positioning task after learning the satellite map than the flat map.
Conclusions:(1) The geospatial cognitive procession on maps is influnenced by spatial abilities. The higher the spatial ability is, the more powerful a mental sapce based on map is. (2) The ways of map expression influences the geospatial cognitive procession on maps. The satellite map is good than the flat map in help subject establishing powerful mental space. (3) The satellite map can give more help to subjects those who with low spatial abilities in geospatial cognitive procession on maps than subjects those who with high spatial abilities.
引文
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③高俊.地图学四面体——数字化时代地图学的诠释[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1)：6-11.
④艾延华.适宜空间认知结果表达的地图形式[J].遥感学报,2008,12(2)：347-353.
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②蔡孟裔,毛赞酞,田德森等.新编地图学教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
③高俊.地图学四面体——数字化时代地图学的诠释[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1)：6-11.
④艾延华.适宜空间认知结果表达的地图形式[J].遥感学报,2008,12(2)：347-353.
[1]艾延华.适宜空间认知结果表达的地图形式.遥感学报,2008(12)：347-354.
[2]吕长超.大学生视觉空间认知能力与工作记忆广度的实验研究[D].兰州：西北大学,2008.
[3]毛艳莉.小学生数学问题解决中的“视觉-空间表征”[J].数学教育学报,2009(4)：99-102.
[4]钱红.空间能力性别差异研究进展[J].宁波大学学报[J].2002(6)：13-17.
[5]田学红.空间能力性别差异略论[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2003(3)：114-117.
[6]邓铸.眼动心理学的理论、技术及应用[J].南京师范大学报(社会科学版),2005,(1)：90-95.
[7]徐速.数学问题解决中视觉空间表征研究的综述[J].数学教育学报,2006(1)：35-38.
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