基于Flash技术的电子地图集设计与实现
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摘要
随着计算机技术的不断发展以及数字技术在地图领域的不断渗透,各类地图新品种层出不穷。三维动态地图、交通导航地图、多媒体地图、互联网地图等电子地图产品得到了迅速推广。电子地图(集)的发展完全改变了以往纸质地图的制作方式和表现方法,并在社会各个领域中得到广泛应用。
地图介质的转变势必将对地图的设计原则、方法产生影响。在电子地图集的设计研究中,“用户界面设计”、“多媒体的使用”、“动态注记”、“图形冲突”和“屏幕地图的交互功能”等,都是需要解决的核心问题。
本文立足于“用户为中心”的理念,以Flash技术为平台,对电子地图集开发制作新途径进行探索。在地图制图可视化原理、人机交互原理以及平面设计原理的指导下,对图集的界面布局、色彩设置、图标按钮设计等进行了深入探讨;同时,结合Flash自身的技术特点,对地图动画、地图数据库、多媒体要素集成等几个方面分别进行了阐述。
最后,通过实例《中国热带气旋气候图集》电子版的制作,将Flash技术与制图技术充分融合,运用多种表现手段更科学、直观、高效地对地图中的数据进行显示。
使用Flash制作电子地图集从根本上改变了传统地图信息传递的单一形式,使其对于非专业用户而言更加容易接受和应用。同时也填补了我国在大型专题电子地图集制作方面的不足。
With the development of computer technology and the permeation of digital techniquein cartography, new map products have emerged in endlessly, such as 3D dynamicatlas, traffic navigation atlas, multimedia atlas, internet atlas, etc. Electronic atlas haschanged the compilation and representing way of the traditional paper atlas and beenwidely used in the society.
Map design is tend to be greatly influenced by the transformation of map medium.The design of user interface, integration of multimedia elements, dynamic annotation,graphic conflicts and interaction of screen map are all main problems which need tobe solved in the process of electronic atlas design.
Based on the user-oriented conception, this paper suggests the approach to producingelectronic atlas with Flash. By studying the principles of cartographic visualization,man-computer interaction and graphic design, the paper elaborates the interfacelayout, color of the system and icons of the atlas first. Then, with the advantages ofFlash, cartographic animation, map database and multimedia integration are discussedindependently.
Finally, in the Climatological Atlas for Tropical Cyclones Affecting China(electronicversion), Flash, combined with cartographic technology, uses multiple ways torepresent geodatas more scientifically, directly and efficiently.
Electronic atlas based on Flash has changed the simple way the traditional atlastransfers information in, which makes it easier to accept and implement especially fornon-expert users, and has also made up for the lack of national thematic electronicatlas in our country.
地图介质的转变势必将对地图的设计原则、方法产生影响。在电子地图集的设计研究中,“用户界面设计”、“多媒体的使用”、“动态注记”、“图形冲突”和“屏幕地图的交互功能”等,都是需要解决的核心问题。
本文立足于“用户为中心”的理念,以Flash技术为平台,对电子地图集开发制作新途径进行探索。在地图制图可视化原理、人机交互原理以及平面设计原理的指导下,对图集的界面布局、色彩设置、图标按钮设计等进行了深入探讨;同时,结合Flash自身的技术特点,对地图动画、地图数据库、多媒体要素集成等几个方面分别进行了阐述。
最后,通过实例《中国热带气旋气候图集》电子版的制作,将Flash技术与制图技术充分融合,运用多种表现手段更科学、直观、高效地对地图中的数据进行显示。
使用Flash制作电子地图集从根本上改变了传统地图信息传递的单一形式,使其对于非专业用户而言更加容易接受和应用。同时也填补了我国在大型专题电子地图集制作方面的不足。
With the development of computer technology and the permeation of digital techniquein cartography, new map products have emerged in endlessly, such as 3D dynamicatlas, traffic navigation atlas, multimedia atlas, internet atlas, etc. Electronic atlas haschanged the compilation and representing way of the traditional paper atlas and beenwidely used in the society.
Map design is tend to be greatly influenced by the transformation of map medium.The design of user interface, integration of multimedia elements, dynamic annotation,graphic conflicts and interaction of screen map are all main problems which need tobe solved in the process of electronic atlas design.
Based on the user-oriented conception, this paper suggests the approach to producingelectronic atlas with Flash. By studying the principles of cartographic visualization,man-computer interaction and graphic design, the paper elaborates the interfacelayout, color of the system and icons of the atlas first. Then, with the advantages ofFlash, cartographic animation, map database and multimedia integration are discussedindependently.
Finally, in the Climatological Atlas for Tropical Cyclones Affecting China(electronicversion), Flash, combined with cartographic technology, uses multiple ways torepresent geodatas more scientifically, directly and efficiently.
Electronic atlas based on Flash has changed the simple way the traditional atlastransfers information in, which makes it easier to accept and implement especially fornon-expert users, and has also made up for the lack of national thematic electronicatlas in our country.
引文
[1]MacEachren.Time as a Cartographic Variable[C].// Hilary M..Hearnshaw &David J.Unwin.Visualization in GIS.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1994:115-130
[2]Goodchild M,Buttenfield B,Wood J.Introduction to Visualization Data Validity[C].//Hilary M.Hearnshaw & David J.Unwin.Visualization in GIS.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1994:141-149
[3]杜清运.电子地图:艺术与技术的完美结合[J].地理信息世界.2007,5(3):24-25
[4]Hartmut Asche.Mapping and map use in the age of information technology[R].1435-5205,1998
[5]Albert J.Geospatial information standards,a comparatively study of approaches in the standardization of geospatial information[J].Computer & Geoscience.1999,12(25):9-25
[6]廖克.迈进二十一世纪的地图学[J].地球信息科学.1999,(2):46-51
[7]McCormick B.H.,DeFanti T.A.,and Brown M.D.,et al.Visualization in Scientific Computing[J].Special Issue,Computer Graphics.1987,21(6)
[8]蔡孟裔,毛赞猷,田德森等.新编地图学教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[9]Atlas of Switzerland--lnteractive(2000):CD-ROM with accompanying textbook.Swiss Federal Office of Topography,Wabern
[10]廖克.现代地图学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003
[11]颜辉武,吴涛,费立凡等.基于Flash技术的网络地图发布研究与应用[J].测绘科学.2005,30(5):73-74
[12]Ingrid Kretschmer.Theoretical Cartography:Position and Tasks[J].International Yearbook of Cartography.20.1980:142-155
[13]Taylor,D.R.F.Geographic Information System:The Microcomputer and Modern Cartography[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1991
[14]龙毅,蒋成环等.电子地图的基础理论与框架体系[J].现代测绘.2005,28(3):7-11
[15]龙毅,温永宁等.电子地图学[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
[16]Menno-Jan Rraak,Ferjan Ormeling.Cartography:Visualization of Geospatial Data[M].Second Edition.England:Pearson Education,2003
[17]Cornelia Adriana Blok.Dynamic visualization variables in animation to support monitoring of spatial phenomena[D].Utrecht/Enschede:Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit 6eowetenschappen,Wniversiteit Utrecht/International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation,2005
[18]Mark Harrower.Visual Benchmarks:Representing Geographic Change with Map Animation[D].Penn State:The Penn State Department of Geography,2002
[19]艾廷华.动态符号与动态地图[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报.1998,23(1):47-51
[20]吴刚.笔式用户界面的可用性研究[D].北京,中国科学院软件研究所,2003
[21]Donald A.Norman.设计心理学[M].北京:中信出版社,2003
[22]殷莺.上海商业网点规划管理地理信息系统界面优化设计[D].上海,华东师范大学地理系,2006
[23]Staufer M J.Programme for Computer[M].New York:De Gruyter,1987
[24]王涛.地图符号设计新思考[J].地图,2004,(1),26
[25]艾廷华.电子新技术下的地图设计[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997,22(2):142-145
[26]阮晴,阮戟.视觉艺术与地图设计[J].地理空间信息.2004,2(2),39-40
[27]陈毓芬.电子地图的空间认知研究[J].地理科学进展(增刊).2001
[28]贾丽媛.显示器的色彩管理[J].印刷杂志.2001.1,33-36
[29]丁琳,刘岳,王全科.北京市电子地图集的设计与技术实现[J].地理研究.2001,20(2):220-228
[30]陈华斌,李伯楠,廖克等.多维动态地图中时态信息可视化[J].地理学报.2001,56(增刊):43-48
[31]Christopher R Weher,Barbam P Buttenfield.A cartographie animation of average yearly surface temperatures for the 48 contiguous United States:1897-1986[J].Cartographic & GeographicInformationSystem.1993,20(3): 141-150
[32]Alan M MacEachren,M J Kraak.Research challenges in geovisualization [J].Cartographic & Geographic Information System.2001,28(1):3-12
[33]Michael P.Peterson.Between Reality and Abstraction:Non-Temporal Applications of Cartographic Animation[E].http://maps,unomaha,edu/AnimArt/article,html.2008-2-22
[34]丁琳.屏幕地图系统设计的理论、方法和实践[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2000
[35]Hansruedi Bar,Rene Sieber.Atlas of Switzerland-multimedia Version:Concepts,Functionality and Interactive Techniques[C].18~(th)ICA/ACI International Cartographic Conference,Stockholm,1997
[36]郑束蕾,陈毓芬.多媒体电子地图集响应用户操作速度的研究[J].测绘科学.2005,30(6),47-51
[37]Nicoline N.M.Emmer.Determining the effectiveness of animations to represent geo-spatial temporal data:a first approach[C].4~(th)AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science,Brno,2001
[2]Goodchild M,Buttenfield B,Wood J.Introduction to Visualization Data Validity[C].//Hilary M.Hearnshaw & David J.Unwin.Visualization in GIS.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1994:141-149
[3]杜清运.电子地图:艺术与技术的完美结合[J].地理信息世界.2007,5(3):24-25
[4]Hartmut Asche.Mapping and map use in the age of information technology[R].1435-5205,1998
[5]Albert J.Geospatial information standards,a comparatively study of approaches in the standardization of geospatial information[J].Computer & Geoscience.1999,12(25):9-25
[6]廖克.迈进二十一世纪的地图学[J].地球信息科学.1999,(2):46-51
[7]McCormick B.H.,DeFanti T.A.,and Brown M.D.,et al.Visualization in Scientific Computing[J].Special Issue,Computer Graphics.1987,21(6)
[8]蔡孟裔,毛赞猷,田德森等.新编地图学教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[9]Atlas of Switzerland--lnteractive(2000):CD-ROM with accompanying textbook.Swiss Federal Office of Topography,Wabern
[10]廖克.现代地图学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003
[11]颜辉武,吴涛,费立凡等.基于Flash技术的网络地图发布研究与应用[J].测绘科学.2005,30(5):73-74
[12]Ingrid Kretschmer.Theoretical Cartography:Position and Tasks[J].International Yearbook of Cartography.20.1980:142-155
[13]Taylor,D.R.F.Geographic Information System:The Microcomputer and Modern Cartography[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1991
[14]龙毅,蒋成环等.电子地图的基础理论与框架体系[J].现代测绘.2005,28(3):7-11
[15]龙毅,温永宁等.电子地图学[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
[16]Menno-Jan Rraak,Ferjan Ormeling.Cartography:Visualization of Geospatial Data[M].Second Edition.England:Pearson Education,2003
[17]Cornelia Adriana Blok.Dynamic visualization variables in animation to support monitoring of spatial phenomena[D].Utrecht/Enschede:Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit 6eowetenschappen,Wniversiteit Utrecht/International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation,2005
[18]Mark Harrower.Visual Benchmarks:Representing Geographic Change with Map Animation[D].Penn State:The Penn State Department of Geography,2002
[19]艾廷华.动态符号与动态地图[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报.1998,23(1):47-51
[20]吴刚.笔式用户界面的可用性研究[D].北京,中国科学院软件研究所,2003
[21]Donald A.Norman.设计心理学[M].北京:中信出版社,2003
[22]殷莺.上海商业网点规划管理地理信息系统界面优化设计[D].上海,华东师范大学地理系,2006
[23]Staufer M J.Programme for Computer[M].New York:De Gruyter,1987
[24]王涛.地图符号设计新思考[J].地图,2004,(1),26
[25]艾廷华.电子新技术下的地图设计[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997,22(2):142-145
[26]阮晴,阮戟.视觉艺术与地图设计[J].地理空间信息.2004,2(2),39-40
[27]陈毓芬.电子地图的空间认知研究[J].地理科学进展(增刊).2001
[28]贾丽媛.显示器的色彩管理[J].印刷杂志.2001.1,33-36
[29]丁琳,刘岳,王全科.北京市电子地图集的设计与技术实现[J].地理研究.2001,20(2):220-228
[30]陈华斌,李伯楠,廖克等.多维动态地图中时态信息可视化[J].地理学报.2001,56(增刊):43-48
[31]Christopher R Weher,Barbam P Buttenfield.A cartographie animation of average yearly surface temperatures for the 48 contiguous United States:1897-1986[J].Cartographic & GeographicInformationSystem.1993,20(3): 141-150
[32]Alan M MacEachren,M J Kraak.Research challenges in geovisualization [J].Cartographic & Geographic Information System.2001,28(1):3-12
[33]Michael P.Peterson.Between Reality and Abstraction:Non-Temporal Applications of Cartographic Animation[E].http://maps,unomaha,edu/AnimArt/article,html.2008-2-22
[34]丁琳.屏幕地图系统设计的理论、方法和实践[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2000
[35]Hansruedi Bar,Rene Sieber.Atlas of Switzerland-multimedia Version:Concepts,Functionality and Interactive Techniques[C].18~(th)ICA/ACI International Cartographic Conference,Stockholm,1997
[36]郑束蕾,陈毓芬.多媒体电子地图集响应用户操作速度的研究[J].测绘科学.2005,30(6),47-51
[37]Nicoline N.M.Emmer.Determining the effectiveness of animations to represent geo-spatial temporal data:a first approach[C].4~(th)AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science,Brno,2001