虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与绘制方法研究
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摘要
军队信息化进程的加快,电磁环境日益复杂,电磁空间的斗争空前加剧,对军事活动产生着深刻的影响。在电磁空间斗争这条无形的战线上,对电磁环境的描述一直是制约指挥人员实施准确、高效指挥的关键环节。科学、准确、直观地描述电磁环境,不但有助于指挥人员对战场电磁态势准确判断、科学决策,合理部署和调配战场电子对抗力量,而且对于联合作战指挥员准确把握战场态势也至关重要,因此当前迫切需要在虚拟战场中形象直观准确地描述电磁环境。
本文围绕虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与绘制方法展开研究。研究了电磁环境的三维数据建模和多层等值面几何建模方法;为了增强信息表现能力,分别研究了电磁环境多层等值面融合绘制和直接体绘制方法;为了提高表现效率,研究了基于图形硬件的加速技术以及体数据分块多分辨率构造和模型网格多分辨率动态简化算法。本文对其中的一些理论和算法问题进行了深入分析和探讨,取得了一些创新性的研究成果。具体来说,论文的主要工作和贡献体现在以下几方面:
针对虚拟战场中三维电磁环境数据建模,提出了一个球形规则网格体数据组织模型,并设计了一个通用的硬件加速电磁环境计算框架。从电波传播模型出发,提出了电磁环境在三维战场空间中的球形规则网格体数据描述模型,构建起电磁环境在虚拟战场中的统一的三维数据表达。为了加快三维电磁环境体数据的构造,设计了硬件加速的电磁环境计算方法,通过抽象电磁环境数据模型的输入、输出和计算功能,构建了虚拟战场中电磁环境的硬件加速通用计算框架。
提出了一种硬件加速的电磁环境多层等值面几何建模与动态简化方法。为了同时表达更多电磁信息,提出了硬件加速的多层等值面构建算法,实现了在一次执行中同时提取多个等值面的目的,加快了多层等值面的提取效率。设计了一种视点相关且体积保持的电磁环境等值面多分辨率动态简化算法,该方法考虑面积加权和模型网格显著度,这样不仅保持了等值面模型的几何外观特征,而且还能够保持网格的区域特征信息。采用自上而下的方式构建了三角形折叠操作树林,并设计了三角形折叠树的折叠状态子集,实现了基于视点的动态选取绘制不同区域多分辨率模型的算法。
提出了两种多层等值面半透明融合绘制算法。针对快速漫游和大视角浏览多层等值面的需要,提出了分层伪排序算法,实现了多层等值面的近似快速排序,解决了大量模型面片排序带来的效率下降问题;为了提高多层等值面的绘制质量,提出了一种基于桶排序和slicemap技术的多遍Depth Peeling算法,解决了多层等值面片元分布不均匀的问题,提高了绘制复杂等值面的能力。
提出了一种基于混合八叉树且支持自由漫游的硬件加速的电磁环境直接体绘制方法。针对大范围的电磁环境球形规则网格体数据,提出了混合八叉树剖分组织方式,解决了体数据各方向大小不一致的剖分问题,进而提出了一种多分辨率的电磁环境球形直接体绘制算法,通过虚拟八叉树策略构建分块的紧致包围盒,提高体绘制效率。为了解决传统硬件加速光线投射直接体绘制算法不能正确处理视锥体裁剪的问题,提出了一种视锥体裁减修正的方法,实现了直接体绘制的自由漫游观察,并针对单个电磁设备的圆柱规则网格体数据,提出了光线投射圆柱直接体绘制算法,实现了圆柱规则网格体数据的绘制。
设计并实现了一个虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与表现的原型系统-EMSimVis。该系统对虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与表现的相关技术进行了验证,并在相关项目中得到了应用。
The acceleration of military information evolution, the increasingly complex battlefield electromagnetic environment, and unprecedented intensified struggle in electromagnetic space have a profound impact on military activities. In the invisible struggle front of electromagnetic space, the description of electromagnetic environment is the key factor of restricting commanders to implement command accurately and efficiently. Scientific, accurate and intuitive description of the electromagnetic environment not only helps commanders to determine the battlefield electromagnetic situation accurately and scientifically, and to deploy and prepare the warfare electronic forces reasonably, but also is important for joint operation commanders to grasp the battlefield situation accurately. Therefore, nowdays the need of visual and accurate representation of electromagnetic environment in virtual battlefield is urgent.
This thesis focuses on the research of 3D modeling and rendering of electromagnetic environment in virtual battlefield. The data modeling and multi-isosurface mesh modeling method of electromagnetic environment is studied; in order to enhance the representation, the multi-isosurface blend rendering and direct volume rendering method is studied; in order to improve the rendering performance, the acceleration technology based on graphics hardware and the algorithms of volume data multi-resolution construction and model mesh multi-resolution dynamic simplification are studied. Some corresponding theories and application problems are analyzed and discussed thoroughly and a number of innovative research results are made. In detail, the main contributions of this thesis are described as follows:
In order to model the data of electromagnetic environment in virtual battlefield, a Spherical Regular Grids volume data structure is proposed and a common framework for hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment computing is presented. Based on the radio propagation model, the Spherical Regular Grids volume data structure is proposed to construct uniform numeric description of the electromagnetic environment volume data in virtual battlefield. In order to speed up the construction of 3D electromagnetic environment volume data, the method of hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment calculation is designed through abstracting the input, output and computing kernel of electromagnetic environment data model. And the common framework for hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment computing in virtual battlefield is built.
A method of hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment multi-isosurface modeling and dynamic simplification is proposed. In order to represent more electromagnetic information, the algorithm of hardware-accelerated multi-isosurface extraction is proposed. And the technique of simultaneous extraction multi-layer of isosurface at one time is achieved, which speeds up the multi-isosurface modeling. The view-dependent and volume preserved electromagnetic environment isosurface multi-resolution dynamic simplification algorithm is presented. This algorithm considers the area-weighted and mesh salient. Therefore, the simplification algorithm not only maintains the isosurface geometry characteristic, but also maintains the regional characteristic of the mesh. The triangle collapse woods is built using top-down approach, and the triangle collapse state subset is designed to implement the dynamic selection multi-resolution mesh at different region based on view-point.
Two multi-isosurface semi-transparent rendering algorithms are proposed. In order to fast roam and wide angle view the multi-isosurface, pseudo-sorting algorithm is proposed to achieve the multi-isosurface in approximate order quickly, and avoids the sort operation on a large number of faces. In order to improve multi-isosurface rendering quality, the improved multi-pass Depth Peeling algorithm based on bucket sort and slicemap is proposed to solve the problems of multi-isosurface fragment uneven distribution. And the complex isosurface rendering ability is improved.
A hardware-accelerated and free roaming supported electromagnetic environment direct volume rendering method based on hybrid octree is proposed. For the large-scale electromagnetic environment Spherical Regular Grids volume data, the hybrid octree divided structure is proposed to solve the problem of dividing the volume data which has variant dimension size. And the multi-resolution ray casting spherical direct volume rendering is proposed. The virual octree structure is designed to construct the tight volume rendering bounding box, so the volume rendering is accelerated. In order to solve the problem that the traditional hardware-accelerated direct volume rendering algorithm can not correctly handle the issue of view frustum crossing the bounding box, the correctional method of the view frustum cull is proposed. And the free roaming of volume rendering is realized.For the Cylindrical Regular Grids volume data of a single electromagnetic device, the ray casting cylindrical direct volume rendering algorithm is proposed. And the visualization of the Cylindrical Regular Grids volume data is achieved.
A prototype system of electromagnetic environment 3D modeling and rendering in virtual battlefield named EMSimVis is designed and implemented, which gives a experimental support to electromagnetic environment modeling and rendering in virtual battlefield. And some parts of this system are applied in related projects.
本文围绕虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与绘制方法展开研究。研究了电磁环境的三维数据建模和多层等值面几何建模方法;为了增强信息表现能力,分别研究了电磁环境多层等值面融合绘制和直接体绘制方法;为了提高表现效率,研究了基于图形硬件的加速技术以及体数据分块多分辨率构造和模型网格多分辨率动态简化算法。本文对其中的一些理论和算法问题进行了深入分析和探讨,取得了一些创新性的研究成果。具体来说,论文的主要工作和贡献体现在以下几方面:
针对虚拟战场中三维电磁环境数据建模,提出了一个球形规则网格体数据组织模型,并设计了一个通用的硬件加速电磁环境计算框架。从电波传播模型出发,提出了电磁环境在三维战场空间中的球形规则网格体数据描述模型,构建起电磁环境在虚拟战场中的统一的三维数据表达。为了加快三维电磁环境体数据的构造,设计了硬件加速的电磁环境计算方法,通过抽象电磁环境数据模型的输入、输出和计算功能,构建了虚拟战场中电磁环境的硬件加速通用计算框架。
提出了一种硬件加速的电磁环境多层等值面几何建模与动态简化方法。为了同时表达更多电磁信息,提出了硬件加速的多层等值面构建算法,实现了在一次执行中同时提取多个等值面的目的,加快了多层等值面的提取效率。设计了一种视点相关且体积保持的电磁环境等值面多分辨率动态简化算法,该方法考虑面积加权和模型网格显著度,这样不仅保持了等值面模型的几何外观特征,而且还能够保持网格的区域特征信息。采用自上而下的方式构建了三角形折叠操作树林,并设计了三角形折叠树的折叠状态子集,实现了基于视点的动态选取绘制不同区域多分辨率模型的算法。
提出了两种多层等值面半透明融合绘制算法。针对快速漫游和大视角浏览多层等值面的需要,提出了分层伪排序算法,实现了多层等值面的近似快速排序,解决了大量模型面片排序带来的效率下降问题;为了提高多层等值面的绘制质量,提出了一种基于桶排序和slicemap技术的多遍Depth Peeling算法,解决了多层等值面片元分布不均匀的问题,提高了绘制复杂等值面的能力。
提出了一种基于混合八叉树且支持自由漫游的硬件加速的电磁环境直接体绘制方法。针对大范围的电磁环境球形规则网格体数据,提出了混合八叉树剖分组织方式,解决了体数据各方向大小不一致的剖分问题,进而提出了一种多分辨率的电磁环境球形直接体绘制算法,通过虚拟八叉树策略构建分块的紧致包围盒,提高体绘制效率。为了解决传统硬件加速光线投射直接体绘制算法不能正确处理视锥体裁剪的问题,提出了一种视锥体裁减修正的方法,实现了直接体绘制的自由漫游观察,并针对单个电磁设备的圆柱规则网格体数据,提出了光线投射圆柱直接体绘制算法,实现了圆柱规则网格体数据的绘制。
设计并实现了一个虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与表现的原型系统-EMSimVis。该系统对虚拟战场中电磁环境三维建模与表现的相关技术进行了验证,并在相关项目中得到了应用。
The acceleration of military information evolution, the increasingly complex battlefield electromagnetic environment, and unprecedented intensified struggle in electromagnetic space have a profound impact on military activities. In the invisible struggle front of electromagnetic space, the description of electromagnetic environment is the key factor of restricting commanders to implement command accurately and efficiently. Scientific, accurate and intuitive description of the electromagnetic environment not only helps commanders to determine the battlefield electromagnetic situation accurately and scientifically, and to deploy and prepare the warfare electronic forces reasonably, but also is important for joint operation commanders to grasp the battlefield situation accurately. Therefore, nowdays the need of visual and accurate representation of electromagnetic environment in virtual battlefield is urgent.
This thesis focuses on the research of 3D modeling and rendering of electromagnetic environment in virtual battlefield. The data modeling and multi-isosurface mesh modeling method of electromagnetic environment is studied; in order to enhance the representation, the multi-isosurface blend rendering and direct volume rendering method is studied; in order to improve the rendering performance, the acceleration technology based on graphics hardware and the algorithms of volume data multi-resolution construction and model mesh multi-resolution dynamic simplification are studied. Some corresponding theories and application problems are analyzed and discussed thoroughly and a number of innovative research results are made. In detail, the main contributions of this thesis are described as follows:
In order to model the data of electromagnetic environment in virtual battlefield, a Spherical Regular Grids volume data structure is proposed and a common framework for hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment computing is presented. Based on the radio propagation model, the Spherical Regular Grids volume data structure is proposed to construct uniform numeric description of the electromagnetic environment volume data in virtual battlefield. In order to speed up the construction of 3D electromagnetic environment volume data, the method of hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment calculation is designed through abstracting the input, output and computing kernel of electromagnetic environment data model. And the common framework for hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment computing in virtual battlefield is built.
A method of hardware-accelerated electromagnetic environment multi-isosurface modeling and dynamic simplification is proposed. In order to represent more electromagnetic information, the algorithm of hardware-accelerated multi-isosurface extraction is proposed. And the technique of simultaneous extraction multi-layer of isosurface at one time is achieved, which speeds up the multi-isosurface modeling. The view-dependent and volume preserved electromagnetic environment isosurface multi-resolution dynamic simplification algorithm is presented. This algorithm considers the area-weighted and mesh salient. Therefore, the simplification algorithm not only maintains the isosurface geometry characteristic, but also maintains the regional characteristic of the mesh. The triangle collapse woods is built using top-down approach, and the triangle collapse state subset is designed to implement the dynamic selection multi-resolution mesh at different region based on view-point.
Two multi-isosurface semi-transparent rendering algorithms are proposed. In order to fast roam and wide angle view the multi-isosurface, pseudo-sorting algorithm is proposed to achieve the multi-isosurface in approximate order quickly, and avoids the sort operation on a large number of faces. In order to improve multi-isosurface rendering quality, the improved multi-pass Depth Peeling algorithm based on bucket sort and slicemap is proposed to solve the problems of multi-isosurface fragment uneven distribution. And the complex isosurface rendering ability is improved.
A hardware-accelerated and free roaming supported electromagnetic environment direct volume rendering method based on hybrid octree is proposed. For the large-scale electromagnetic environment Spherical Regular Grids volume data, the hybrid octree divided structure is proposed to solve the problem of dividing the volume data which has variant dimension size. And the multi-resolution ray casting spherical direct volume rendering is proposed. The virual octree structure is designed to construct the tight volume rendering bounding box, so the volume rendering is accelerated. In order to solve the problem that the traditional hardware-accelerated direct volume rendering algorithm can not correctly handle the issue of view frustum crossing the bounding box, the correctional method of the view frustum cull is proposed. And the free roaming of volume rendering is realized.For the Cylindrical Regular Grids volume data of a single electromagnetic device, the ray casting cylindrical direct volume rendering algorithm is proposed. And the visualization of the Cylindrical Regular Grids volume data is achieved.
A prototype system of electromagnetic environment 3D modeling and rendering in virtual battlefield named EMSimVis is designed and implemented, which gives a experimental support to electromagnetic environment modeling and rendering in virtual battlefield. And some parts of this system are applied in related projects.
引文
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