城市战场三维可视化及应用研究
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摘要
本文简要分析了城市在未来战争的地位和城市战场环境的特点,简要地总结了三维城市战场环境的构成要素及主要建模对象,并以此为线索总结了城市战场空间数据的获取方法及数据的预处理方法。在此基础上,详细阐述了各主要建模对象的建模方法和理论。总结了目前常用的三维城市战场可视化技术,并对各可视化技术进行了详细的比较分析,选择Java3D作为本文城市战场三维可视化的开发环境,进而分类别讨论了在Java3D中如何实现各主要建模对象的可视化。
本文分析了目前在大规模城市三维可视化普遍存在难点和需要解决的问题。并提出了自己的数据组织方法和大场景显示时的数据动态载入机制。在大范围场景数据的入库管理方面,本文提出一种交互式可视化的数据入库方法,一定程度上解决了传统三维建模软件不能应对大范围场景建模问题。在大范围城市场景数据的显示方面,本文提出了一种基于多分辨率模型数据的多级数据分页动态装载机制,一定程度上解决了传统可视化软件随着数据量增大渲染负担加重的问题。
最后,在论文研究的基础上,设计了城市战场三维可视化的试验原形系统,并实现了二三维同步漫游、海量场景数据的可视化交互入库、大范围城市场景的显示、依二维地图定位、依数据库查询定位、作战方案的动画编辑与演示等功能。
This article analyzed the role cities will play in future battle and the city battle filed environment, summarized the main modeling target in 3D city battle filed environment, and in accordance, summarized the way of obtaining and proceeding spatial data of city battle field. Based on the job said above, this article summarized the main methods and technologies of 3D modeling in common use. And discussed the common ways of 3D visualization, and made a clear comparison among the ways, then choose Java3D as the developing environment of 3D visualization in this article. And specified how the main 3D modeling targets are visualized in Java3D environment.
This article summarized the main problems people meet in large-scale city data visualization, and put forward a newly way of data engagement and employment in the course of 3D displaying. To solve the problem of data engagement, this article put forward a interactive and viewable way of loading 3D data into the database. To solve the problem of large-scale city data displaying, this article put forward a way of multi-leveled LOD data based multi-leveled data flipping mechanism.
This article also designed a test system for large-scale city data displaying, and realized functions such as the co-tracing of 3D scene and 2D maps, positioning be 2D map clicks, positioning by DBMS queries, the interactive visualizing way of mass data loading to the DBMS, the displaying of mass city data, city action editing and showing etc.
本文分析了目前在大规模城市三维可视化普遍存在难点和需要解决的问题。并提出了自己的数据组织方法和大场景显示时的数据动态载入机制。在大范围场景数据的入库管理方面,本文提出一种交互式可视化的数据入库方法,一定程度上解决了传统三维建模软件不能应对大范围场景建模问题。在大范围城市场景数据的显示方面,本文提出了一种基于多分辨率模型数据的多级数据分页动态装载机制,一定程度上解决了传统可视化软件随着数据量增大渲染负担加重的问题。
最后,在论文研究的基础上,设计了城市战场三维可视化的试验原形系统,并实现了二三维同步漫游、海量场景数据的可视化交互入库、大范围城市场景的显示、依二维地图定位、依数据库查询定位、作战方案的动画编辑与演示等功能。
This article analyzed the role cities will play in future battle and the city battle filed environment, summarized the main modeling target in 3D city battle filed environment, and in accordance, summarized the way of obtaining and proceeding spatial data of city battle field. Based on the job said above, this article summarized the main methods and technologies of 3D modeling in common use. And discussed the common ways of 3D visualization, and made a clear comparison among the ways, then choose Java3D as the developing environment of 3D visualization in this article. And specified how the main 3D modeling targets are visualized in Java3D environment.
This article summarized the main problems people meet in large-scale city data visualization, and put forward a newly way of data engagement and employment in the course of 3D displaying. To solve the problem of data engagement, this article put forward a interactive and viewable way of loading 3D data into the database. To solve the problem of large-scale city data displaying, this article put forward a way of multi-leveled LOD data based multi-leveled data flipping mechanism.
This article also designed a test system for large-scale city data displaying, and realized functions such as the co-tracing of 3D scene and 2D maps, positioning be 2D map clicks, positioning by DBMS queries, the interactive visualizing way of mass data loading to the DBMS, the displaying of mass city data, city action editing and showing etc.
引文
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[4]美研制3D城市模型帮助军队减少巷战损失[EB].http://www.86vr.com/.
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[7]基于信息战条件下的城市战场环境研究[EB].www.defence.org.cn.
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[9]马大喜.关于三维城市模型数据获取的研究[J].科技情报开发与经济.2007,17(2).
[10]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003:28.
[11]傅咏冬.三维城市建模中正射影像图的处理技巧[J].测绘技术装备,2004,6(3).
[12]刘立娜.虚拟城市建设中建模与可视化的研究与实现[D].解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2006.
[13]付帅.城市三维景观建模技术比较研究[J].地理空间信息.2003,1(4).
[14]万刚,陈刚.虚拟城市中地物几何建模技术的研究[J],测绘学报,2002.
[15]刘扬.虚拟战场环境三维可视化关键技术与实现[D].首都师范大学,2005.
[16]邹平.城市建筑物三维可视化研究[D].华东师范大学,2005.
[17]都志辉等,Java 3D编程实践—网络上的三维动画[M],清华大学出版社,2002:2.
[18]施加松.硕士学位论文[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2006.
[19]陶定峰.虚拟战场环境生成技术研究[D].南京理工大学,2005.
[20]周扬.数字城市三维可视化技术及应用[D],硕士学位论文,信息工程大学.2002.4.
[21]Henry A Sowizral,Michael F Deering.The java 3D API and virtual reality[Z].Project in VR 1999.
[22]Lea R,Honda Y,Matsuda K,Hagsand O,Stenius M,1997,Issues in the design of a scalable shared virtual environment for the internet.Proceedings of the HICSS' 97;Hawaii.
[23]Theresa Marie Rhyne.A commentary on GeoVRML:a tool for 3D representation of georeferenced data on the web[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1999,Vol.13,No.4,p439-443.
[24]The Java 3D~(TM)1.2 API Specification[OL].http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/
[25]SunMicroSystems,Java3DAPICollateral.http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/collateral/
[26]Teler E,Lischinski D.,2001,Streaming of complex 3D scenes for remote walkthroughs.ECROGRAPHICS 2001,Manche-ster,UK,20(3),pp.125-32.
[27]John M.Collins.Military Geography:For Professionals and the Public[M].March,1998.
[28]游雄.基于虚拟现实技术的战场环境仿真[J].测绘学报.2002(1).
[29]HAALA N,BRENNER C.Virtual City Models from Laser Altimeter and 2D Map Data[J].PE&RS,1999,65(79):787-795.
[30]P Lindstrom,D.Koller,L.Hodges,N.Faust,G Turner:Level-of-detail Management for Real-time Rendering of Phototextured Terrain. GVU TR 95-06, 1995.
[31] Peter Lindstrom, David Roller and William Ribarsky, An Integrated Global GIS and Visual Simulation System, Technical report GIT-GVU-98-07, March 1998.
[32] Renato Pajarola. Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation. IEEE Visualization'98, 1998.
[2]在现代战争中城市战已经变得不可避免[EB].http://jczs.sina.com.cn
[3]夏青.战场可视化及应用原型研究[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2001:41。
[4]美研制3D城市模型帮助军队减少巷战损失[EB].http://www.86vr.com/.
[5]肖乐斌.三维GIS的基本问题探讨[EB].www.gisforum.net.
[6]军事科学院.中国人民解放军军语[M].北京:军事科学出版社.1997.
[7]基于信息战条件下的城市战场环境研究[EB].www.defence.org.cn.
[8]杨伟铭.硕士学位论文[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2006:11.
[9]马大喜.关于三维城市模型数据获取的研究[J].科技情报开发与经济.2007,17(2).
[10]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003:28.
[11]傅咏冬.三维城市建模中正射影像图的处理技巧[J].测绘技术装备,2004,6(3).
[12]刘立娜.虚拟城市建设中建模与可视化的研究与实现[D].解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2006.
[13]付帅.城市三维景观建模技术比较研究[J].地理空间信息.2003,1(4).
[14]万刚,陈刚.虚拟城市中地物几何建模技术的研究[J],测绘学报,2002.
[15]刘扬.虚拟战场环境三维可视化关键技术与实现[D].首都师范大学,2005.
[16]邹平.城市建筑物三维可视化研究[D].华东师范大学,2005.
[17]都志辉等,Java 3D编程实践—网络上的三维动画[M],清华大学出版社,2002:2.
[18]施加松.硕士学位论文[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,2006.
[19]陶定峰.虚拟战场环境生成技术研究[D].南京理工大学,2005.
[20]周扬.数字城市三维可视化技术及应用[D],硕士学位论文,信息工程大学.2002.4.
[21]Henry A Sowizral,Michael F Deering.The java 3D API and virtual reality[Z].Project in VR 1999.
[22]Lea R,Honda Y,Matsuda K,Hagsand O,Stenius M,1997,Issues in the design of a scalable shared virtual environment for the internet.Proceedings of the HICSS' 97;Hawaii.
[23]Theresa Marie Rhyne.A commentary on GeoVRML:a tool for 3D representation of georeferenced data on the web[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1999,Vol.13,No.4,p439-443.
[24]The Java 3D~(TM)1.2 API Specification[OL].http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/
[25]SunMicroSystems,Java3DAPICollateral.http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/collateral/
[26]Teler E,Lischinski D.,2001,Streaming of complex 3D scenes for remote walkthroughs.ECROGRAPHICS 2001,Manche-ster,UK,20(3),pp.125-32.
[27]John M.Collins.Military Geography:For Professionals and the Public[M].March,1998.
[28]游雄.基于虚拟现实技术的战场环境仿真[J].测绘学报.2002(1).
[29]HAALA N,BRENNER C.Virtual City Models from Laser Altimeter and 2D Map Data[J].PE&RS,1999,65(79):787-795.
[30]P Lindstrom,D.Koller,L.Hodges,N.Faust,G Turner:Level-of-detail Management for Real-time Rendering of Phototextured Terrain. GVU TR 95-06, 1995.
[31] Peter Lindstrom, David Roller and William Ribarsky, An Integrated Global GIS and Visual Simulation System, Technical report GIT-GVU-98-07, March 1998.
[32] Renato Pajarola. Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation. IEEE Visualization'98, 1998.