端部脱砂压裂井产能预测数值模拟
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摘要
压裂已经成为油井增产的主要措施,对油井压裂效果的评价也日益重要。作为压裂效果评价组成部分之一,生产动态预测研究受到越来越多的重视。端部脱砂压裂是疏松砂岩油气藏开发的一项新技术,对该类油藏进行压后产能模拟预测具有十分重要的意义。
疏松砂岩油藏具有应力敏感性,即生产过程中油藏物性参数随孔隙压力的变化而变化。本文利用疏松砂岩地层渗透率、孔隙度动态模型,在综合考虑重力、毛管力、井壁污染等因素的基础上,推导并建立了新的端部脱砂压裂井三维两相生产动态预测模型,并运用Visual Basic 6.0语言开发了单井压后产能预测模拟软件。在此基础上,研究了油井生产制度、油藏边界条件、井控面积、地层含水饱和度、相渗曲线、裂缝半长、导流能力和应力敏感性等因素对脱砂压裂油井产能的影响规律。研究表明:裂缝导流能力和裂缝长度对油井压后产能的影响相似;岩石润湿性对脱砂压裂油井产能的影响差别不大;油藏应力敏感性显著地影响油井压后生产动态,而且随地层渗透率、孔隙度的增大,其应力敏感性对生产动态的影响也相应增大;渗透率是应力敏感性因素的主要参数;脱砂压裂动态造缝对近裂缝壁面地带的挤压作用会导致地层渗透率降低,在一定程度上降低了油井压后产能。
Hydraulic fracturing has been the main treatment of well stimulation,and the evaluation of its effect is becoming more important. As a part ofevaluationofpostfractureresponse,moreandmoreattentionhas beenpaidtoresearch on the forecast of production performance. Tip Screen Outfracturing (TSO) is a new technology of developing the high-permeabilityreservoir, so the productivity forecasting of well by TSO fracturing is varysignificant.
Unconsolidated sand has the character of stress sensitivity, and thephysical parameters of reservoir will change with pore pressure. On the basisof considering gravity, capillary pressure and skin damage, a percolationmodel with three dimensions and two phases of reservoir and fracture isdeduced and established in this paper, which combinates the dynamic modelof permeability and porosity. The software of production performanceforecasting is developed with Visual Basic 6.0. The main factors ofinfluencingthe productivityof fracturedwell byTSOfracturingare analyzedsystematically by using the self-developed software, which include workingsystem, reservoir boundary condition, well control areas, water saturation,different relative permeability curve, fracture half length, fractureconductivity, stress sensitivity and so on. The influence of fracture conductivity and fracture half length has the same trend; Wetting state ofrock has a little influence on production performance; At the same time, theproduction performance of fractured well is affected by the dynamicparameters of reservoir, and the bigger the formation permeability has, thebigger is the influence of stress sensitivity on production performance;Permeability is the major parameter of stress sensitivity; The creationdynamic fracture will compress the zone near fracture surface, which willreduce the formation permeability, and production will decrease finally.
疏松砂岩油藏具有应力敏感性,即生产过程中油藏物性参数随孔隙压力的变化而变化。本文利用疏松砂岩地层渗透率、孔隙度动态模型,在综合考虑重力、毛管力、井壁污染等因素的基础上,推导并建立了新的端部脱砂压裂井三维两相生产动态预测模型,并运用Visual Basic 6.0语言开发了单井压后产能预测模拟软件。在此基础上,研究了油井生产制度、油藏边界条件、井控面积、地层含水饱和度、相渗曲线、裂缝半长、导流能力和应力敏感性等因素对脱砂压裂油井产能的影响规律。研究表明:裂缝导流能力和裂缝长度对油井压后产能的影响相似;岩石润湿性对脱砂压裂油井产能的影响差别不大;油藏应力敏感性显著地影响油井压后生产动态,而且随地层渗透率、孔隙度的增大,其应力敏感性对生产动态的影响也相应增大;渗透率是应力敏感性因素的主要参数;脱砂压裂动态造缝对近裂缝壁面地带的挤压作用会导致地层渗透率降低,在一定程度上降低了油井压后产能。
Hydraulic fracturing has been the main treatment of well stimulation,and the evaluation of its effect is becoming more important. As a part ofevaluationofpostfractureresponse,moreandmoreattentionhas beenpaidtoresearch on the forecast of production performance. Tip Screen Outfracturing (TSO) is a new technology of developing the high-permeabilityreservoir, so the productivity forecasting of well by TSO fracturing is varysignificant.
Unconsolidated sand has the character of stress sensitivity, and thephysical parameters of reservoir will change with pore pressure. On the basisof considering gravity, capillary pressure and skin damage, a percolationmodel with three dimensions and two phases of reservoir and fracture isdeduced and established in this paper, which combinates the dynamic modelof permeability and porosity. The software of production performanceforecasting is developed with Visual Basic 6.0. The main factors ofinfluencingthe productivityof fracturedwell byTSOfracturingare analyzedsystematically by using the self-developed software, which include workingsystem, reservoir boundary condition, well control areas, water saturation,different relative permeability curve, fracture half length, fractureconductivity, stress sensitivity and so on. The influence of fracture conductivity and fracture half length has the same trend; Wetting state ofrock has a little influence on production performance; At the same time, theproduction performance of fractured well is affected by the dynamicparameters of reservoir, and the bigger the formation permeability has, thebigger is the influence of stress sensitivity on production performance;Permeability is the major parameter of stress sensitivity; The creationdynamic fracture will compress the zone near fracture surface, which willreduce the formation permeability, and production will decrease finally.
引文
[1] M.B.Smith. Tip Screenout Fracturing: A Technique for Soft UnstableFormations.SPE13273(May,1987):95-103
[2] J.Shyapobersky, A.Chudnovsky. Review of recent developments infrature mechanics with petroleum engineering applications. SPE28074(May,1991):256-261
[3] Mcguire,W.J.and Sikora,V.J. The Effect of Vertical Fratures on WellProductivity.Trans,AIME(1960)219:401-403
[4] Prats, Michael, J.S.Levine. Effect of Vertical Fractures on ReservoirBehavior-IncompressibleFluidCase.SPEJ(June1961):105-118
[5] Tinsley,J.M. Vertical Fracture Height-Its Effect on Steady-StateProductionIncrease.JPT(May,1969):633-638
[6] Cinco-Ley, Heber, Samaniego et al. Effect of Wellbore Storage andDamage on the Transient Pressure Behavior of Vertically FracturedWells.SPE6752(October,1977):1-5
[7] 何艳青,王鸿勋.用数值模拟方法预测压裂井的生产动态.石油大学学报(自然科学版),1990;14(5):16-23
[8] 赵群.疏松砂岩储层物性参数敏感性物理模拟实验.石油学报,2006;27(4):93-96
[9] 李维国,黄炳家,同登科等.数值计算方法.东营:石油大学出版社,2004:119-173
[10] 王鸿勋.水力压裂原理.北京:石油工业出版社,1987:105-106
[11] 王鸿勋,张士诚.水力压裂设计数值计算方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1998:198-217
[12] 敖西川,郭建春,侯文波.高渗透油层端部脱砂压裂技术研究.钻采工艺,2003;26(4):25-27
[13] Morales.R.H, Norman.W.D. Optimum fractures in high permeabilityformations.SPE36417(October,1996):9-17
[14] 谢桂学.端部脱砂压裂技术初探.油气采收率技术,1996;3(1):16-18
[15] Jeffrey E.Smith and Bruce R.Meyer. Fracture Pressure-Slope Analysisfor TSOs in High-Permeability Formations. SPE 78149(October,2002):110-121
[16] 马新仿,张士诚.水力压裂技术的发展现状.河南石油,2002;16(1):44-47
[17] J.L.吉德利.水力压裂技术新发展.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:960-1130
[18] 张琪.采油工程原理与设计.东营:石油大学出版社,2003:280-282
[19] Agarwal, R.G.. Evaluation and Performance Prediction ofLow-Permeability Gas Wells Stimulated by Massive HydraulicFracturing.JPT(March,1979):11-19
[20] 赵金洲,郭建春.水力压裂单井动态预测.石油钻采工艺,1995;17(6):55-61
[21] 贺德才,曹书瑜,佘跃惠.七个泉油田油基压裂产能预测与压后评估方法.钻采工艺,2003;26(1):34-36
[22] 蒋廷学,郎兆新,单文文等.低渗透率油藏压裂井动态预测的有限元方法.石油学报,2002;23(5):53-57
[23] 姜春堂,杨兆中.水力压裂产能预测三维三相三重介质模型的建立与求解.河南石油,2003;17(4):35-39
[24] 岳前升,张煜,李玉光等.番禺 30-1 气田储层敏感性实验分析.江汉石油学院学报,2004;26(4):108-109
[25] 秦积舜.变围压条件下低渗砂岩储层渗透率变化规律研究.西安石油学院学报,2002;17(4):28-35
[26] 黄思静,杨永林.注水开发对储层砂岩孔隙结构的影响.中国海上油气(地质),2000;14(2):122-128
[27] 冉启全,李士伦.流固耦合油藏数值模拟中物性参数动态模型研究. 石油勘探与开发,1997;24(5):61-65
[28] R.Raghavan and L.Y.Chin. Productivity Changes in Reservoirs WithStress-DependentPermeability.SPE88870(May2004):308-315
[29] Lan Palmer and John Mansoari. How permeability Depends on Stressand Pore Pressure in Coalbeds: A New Model. SPE 36737(October,1996):557-564
[30] 郭肖,杜志敏,周志军.疏松砂岩油藏流固耦合流动模拟研究.西南石油学院学报,2006;28(4):53-56
[31] 王中良,张剑君,史淑芳.对压力敏感性油藏的耦合分析.国外油田工程,2001;17(6):16-21
[32] 王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,1997:1-2
[33] 陈月明.油藏数值模拟基础.东营:石油大学出版社,1989:1-15
[34] Jacque Hagoort. Modeling the Propagation of Water-flood -inducedHydraulicFractures.SPEJ(Aug,1980):193-303
[35] 俞绍诚.陶粒支撑剂和兰州压裂砂长期裂缝导流能力的评价.石油钻采工艺,1987;7(5):33-36
[36] 蒋廷学,汪永利,丁云宏等.考虑应力敏感性和长期导流能力条件下的支撑剂优选方法.钻采工艺,2004;27 (5):75-76
[37] O.Veatch,R.W. Economics of Fracturing: Some Methods, Examples,andCaseStudies.SPE15509(Aug,1980):78-86
[38] 王晓冬,张义堂,刘慈群.垂直裂缝井产能及导流能力优化研究.石油勘探与开发,2004;31(6):78-81
[39] 焦国盈,赵立强,刘平礼等.压裂充填井产能预测的分析方法.海洋石油,2005;25(1):38-40
[40] 蒋廷学,单文文,杨艳丽. 垂直裂缝井稳态产能的计算.石油勘探与开发,2001;28(2):61-63
[41] 谢桂学,李爱山,罗峻等.中、高渗透油藏压力作用机理探讨.油气采收率技术,1998;5 (1):51-54
[42] Rsamus, Risnes. Sand Stress Around a Wellbore.SPE(Dec,1982):35-42
[43] 张广伟,张博,曾流芳等.孤东油田馆陶组储层射孔过程伤害机理研究.断块油气田,2003;10(4):59-61
[44] 王炳印,卢晓峰,曲从峰等.疏松砂岩储层水平井安全钻井周期数值模拟计算.石油钻采工艺,2005;27(3):11-12
[45] Kosloff D,Scott R F. Finite Element Simulation of Wilmington OilFieldSubsidence:I,LinearModeling.Tectonphysics,1980a,65:39-68
[46] 张守良,沈琛,邓金根.岩石变形及破坏过程中渗透率变化规律的实验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2000;19(增):885-888
[47] D.Tran, L.Nghiem, L.buchanan. An Overview of Iterative CouplingBetween Geomechanical Deformation and Reservoir Flow. SPE97879(Nov,2005):114-153
[2] J.Shyapobersky, A.Chudnovsky. Review of recent developments infrature mechanics with petroleum engineering applications. SPE28074(May,1991):256-261
[3] Mcguire,W.J.and Sikora,V.J. The Effect of Vertical Fratures on WellProductivity.Trans,AIME(1960)219:401-403
[4] Prats, Michael, J.S.Levine. Effect of Vertical Fractures on ReservoirBehavior-IncompressibleFluidCase.SPEJ(June1961):105-118
[5] Tinsley,J.M. Vertical Fracture Height-Its Effect on Steady-StateProductionIncrease.JPT(May,1969):633-638
[6] Cinco-Ley, Heber, Samaniego et al. Effect of Wellbore Storage andDamage on the Transient Pressure Behavior of Vertically FracturedWells.SPE6752(October,1977):1-5
[7] 何艳青,王鸿勋.用数值模拟方法预测压裂井的生产动态.石油大学学报(自然科学版),1990;14(5):16-23
[8] 赵群.疏松砂岩储层物性参数敏感性物理模拟实验.石油学报,2006;27(4):93-96
[9] 李维国,黄炳家,同登科等.数值计算方法.东营:石油大学出版社,2004:119-173
[10] 王鸿勋.水力压裂原理.北京:石油工业出版社,1987:105-106
[11] 王鸿勋,张士诚.水力压裂设计数值计算方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1998:198-217
[12] 敖西川,郭建春,侯文波.高渗透油层端部脱砂压裂技术研究.钻采工艺,2003;26(4):25-27
[13] Morales.R.H, Norman.W.D. Optimum fractures in high permeabilityformations.SPE36417(October,1996):9-17
[14] 谢桂学.端部脱砂压裂技术初探.油气采收率技术,1996;3(1):16-18
[15] Jeffrey E.Smith and Bruce R.Meyer. Fracture Pressure-Slope Analysisfor TSOs in High-Permeability Formations. SPE 78149(October,2002):110-121
[16] 马新仿,张士诚.水力压裂技术的发展现状.河南石油,2002;16(1):44-47
[17] J.L.吉德利.水力压裂技术新发展.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:960-1130
[18] 张琪.采油工程原理与设计.东营:石油大学出版社,2003:280-282
[19] Agarwal, R.G.. Evaluation and Performance Prediction ofLow-Permeability Gas Wells Stimulated by Massive HydraulicFracturing.JPT(March,1979):11-19
[20] 赵金洲,郭建春.水力压裂单井动态预测.石油钻采工艺,1995;17(6):55-61
[21] 贺德才,曹书瑜,佘跃惠.七个泉油田油基压裂产能预测与压后评估方法.钻采工艺,2003;26(1):34-36
[22] 蒋廷学,郎兆新,单文文等.低渗透率油藏压裂井动态预测的有限元方法.石油学报,2002;23(5):53-57
[23] 姜春堂,杨兆中.水力压裂产能预测三维三相三重介质模型的建立与求解.河南石油,2003;17(4):35-39
[24] 岳前升,张煜,李玉光等.番禺 30-1 气田储层敏感性实验分析.江汉石油学院学报,2004;26(4):108-109
[25] 秦积舜.变围压条件下低渗砂岩储层渗透率变化规律研究.西安石油学院学报,2002;17(4):28-35
[26] 黄思静,杨永林.注水开发对储层砂岩孔隙结构的影响.中国海上油气(地质),2000;14(2):122-128
[27] 冉启全,李士伦.流固耦合油藏数值模拟中物性参数动态模型研究. 石油勘探与开发,1997;24(5):61-65
[28] R.Raghavan and L.Y.Chin. Productivity Changes in Reservoirs WithStress-DependentPermeability.SPE88870(May2004):308-315
[29] Lan Palmer and John Mansoari. How permeability Depends on Stressand Pore Pressure in Coalbeds: A New Model. SPE 36737(October,1996):557-564
[30] 郭肖,杜志敏,周志军.疏松砂岩油藏流固耦合流动模拟研究.西南石油学院学报,2006;28(4):53-56
[31] 王中良,张剑君,史淑芳.对压力敏感性油藏的耦合分析.国外油田工程,2001;17(6):16-21
[32] 王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,1997:1-2
[33] 陈月明.油藏数值模拟基础.东营:石油大学出版社,1989:1-15
[34] Jacque Hagoort. Modeling the Propagation of Water-flood -inducedHydraulicFractures.SPEJ(Aug,1980):193-303
[35] 俞绍诚.陶粒支撑剂和兰州压裂砂长期裂缝导流能力的评价.石油钻采工艺,1987;7(5):33-36
[36] 蒋廷学,汪永利,丁云宏等.考虑应力敏感性和长期导流能力条件下的支撑剂优选方法.钻采工艺,2004;27 (5):75-76
[37] O.Veatch,R.W. Economics of Fracturing: Some Methods, Examples,andCaseStudies.SPE15509(Aug,1980):78-86
[38] 王晓冬,张义堂,刘慈群.垂直裂缝井产能及导流能力优化研究.石油勘探与开发,2004;31(6):78-81
[39] 焦国盈,赵立强,刘平礼等.压裂充填井产能预测的分析方法.海洋石油,2005;25(1):38-40
[40] 蒋廷学,单文文,杨艳丽. 垂直裂缝井稳态产能的计算.石油勘探与开发,2001;28(2):61-63
[41] 谢桂学,李爱山,罗峻等.中、高渗透油藏压力作用机理探讨.油气采收率技术,1998;5 (1):51-54
[42] Rsamus, Risnes. Sand Stress Around a Wellbore.SPE(Dec,1982):35-42
[43] 张广伟,张博,曾流芳等.孤东油田馆陶组储层射孔过程伤害机理研究.断块油气田,2003;10(4):59-61
[44] 王炳印,卢晓峰,曲从峰等.疏松砂岩储层水平井安全钻井周期数值模拟计算.石油钻采工艺,2005;27(3):11-12
[45] Kosloff D,Scott R F. Finite Element Simulation of Wilmington OilFieldSubsidence:I,LinearModeling.Tectonphysics,1980a,65:39-68
[46] 张守良,沈琛,邓金根.岩石变形及破坏过程中渗透率变化规律的实验研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2000;19(增):885-888
[47] D.Tran, L.Nghiem, L.buchanan. An Overview of Iterative CouplingBetween Geomechanical Deformation and Reservoir Flow. SPE97879(Nov,2005):114-153