便携式林业机械及其作业环境对人体平衡的影响
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摘要
让体面劳动成为现实。只有在安全健康的情况下,工作才是体面的。
我国是世界上工伤事故最严重的国家之一。据统计我国每年发生各类事故100多万起,死亡10多万人,造成直接经济损失近百亿元。
改革开放以来,林业系统(不含森林火灾)伤亡事故逐年有所减少,但2000年至2004年,每年轻伤人数在1000多人,重伤100多人,死亡100多人。
我国大面积可利用的森林资源分布在山区,平原地区只有小面积的人工林,加之人工林和城市园林绿化面积的不断增加,割灌机、油锯、风力灭火机、喷洒机械等便携式林业与园林机械使用越来越广泛。作业工人在操作便携式工具作业时,有时受到立地条件的限制,在负重条件下还要承受振动、噪声和温、湿度等作业环境的影响,人体平衡功能受到影响。因此,在林业作业和园林绿化中,由于身体失去平衡而跌倒造成伤害事故时有发生。
本文综合运用测试技术和人机环境工程学理论研究了生理负荷、负重、作业姿势、温度、噪声和噪声防护器具对人体平衡的影响,建立了人体平衡参考值,进而建立了基于人体平衡功能的便携式林业机械作业人员选拔和作业安全预测系统。本研究获得了以下几点主要结论;
(1)劳动生理负荷水平(用心率表示)对人体平衡功能的影响非常显著。人体动摇的程度随着劳动生理负荷水平的增加而增加;动摇总轨迹长、左右动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇总轨迹长、动摇速度和心率成线性相关关系;人体生理负荷对前后动摇的影响明显大于对左右动摇的影响。
(2)负重对人体平衡功能影响显著。在9.0kg(直立姿势下)附近时人体平衡功能各项指标出现谷值。
(3)不同作业姿势对人体动摇速度、动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇轨迹长等平衡指标影响显著,而对左右动摇轨迹长影响不显著;在不同作业姿势负重比较中,背负式、斜挎式和手持式负重对人体平衡功能影响显著,手持式对人体平衡影响最大,其次是背负式和斜挎式;单侧挎姿势负重对人体平衡影响最小,在人体动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇轨迹长和动摇速度等指标中,单侧挎甚至小于自然状态。这一点应该引起足够的重视。
(4)噪声及噪声防护器具对人体平衡的影响显著。噪声强度对人体动摇的左右轨迹长和动摇速度等指标具有显著影响,对前后轨迹长和总轨迹长指标影响效果不显著;随着噪声强度的增加,动摇总轨迹长、前后轨迹长、左右轨迹长和动摇速度呈现增加趋势,人体动摇值出现线性增加趋势;噪声频率对人体动摇的总轨迹长、左右轨迹长、动摇速度、前后轨迹长等指标具有显著影响;噪声暴露时间对人体动摇的总轨迹长、左右轨迹长、前后轨迹长和动摇速度具有显著影响。
噪声防护措施对人体平衡功能各项指标(人体动摇指标)影响显著。噪声防护措施对人体平衡功能影响,实验研究表明噪声作业环境下,采用噪声防护措施可以降低噪声对人体负面影响。
(5)温度对人体动摇速度、动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇轨迹长影响显著,而对左右动摇轨迹长影响不太显著;在18-37℃之间,随着温度的增加,动摇总轨迹长、前后轨迹长、左右轨迹长和动摇速度呈下降趋势。
(6)根据本研究成果,建立了自然状态、生理负荷、负重、作业姿势负重和作业环境下的正常人人体平衡参考值。
(7)建立了基于人体平衡功能的便携式林业机械作业人员选拔和作业安全预测系统,为便携式林业机械作业人员的选拔和作业安全提供了理论和技术支撑。
Graceful working could not become reality unless it is in a safe and healthy condition.
China is one of the countries in which the number of serious working accidents is the largest, and it is reported that 1 million accidents occurred caused 100 thousand death in many of kinds of accidents every year, which results in hundreds million RMB loss directly.
The number of accidents without fire in forestry system has decreased year by year since the reform and opening up, but there were 1000 workers in flesh-wound, 100 workers in serious hurt and 100 death every year, from 2000 to 2004.
Available forestry resources with big area distribute in mountainous areas, and plantations with small area are in plain area. As the increasing area of plantation and the landscaping in cities, the portable forest machines, such as shrub cutting machines, chain saws, wind extinguisher, spraying machines, become prevalent gradually. When the workers work with the portable forest machine, the body balance is influenced by the conditions, such as vibrancy, noise, temperature and humidity, caused by the limit of landform sometimes. Consequently, accidents resulted from falling caused by loss of balance happened frequently in the process of work in forest and gardens.
This paper studies the influence of physiological load, load, operating postures, temperature, noise and noise protective equipments on body balance with the theory of testing technique and environmental engineering theory of ergonomics, then provide the parameters of body balance, and set up the system of portable forestry and machine personnel selection and operating security prediction, which based on the function of body balance. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)The influence of the working physiological load level (express with heart rate) on function of body balance was very prominent. The extent of the body swaying augmented as the physiological load level increasing; these factors including the total track length of swaying, the total track length of right-and-left swaying, the total track length of fore-and-aft swaying, swaying velocity and heart rate also impacted on body balance. The influence of physiological load on the fore-and-aft swaying is greater than that of the right-and-left swaying.
(2)The influence of operating load on the body balance function was very notable. Each index of the body balance function reached the lowest while the load was 9.0 kg when worker stood up straight.
(3) The influence of different operating postures on swaying velocity, the total track length of swaying, the total track length of fore-and-aft swaying and other equilibrium indexes was very prominent, but the right-and-left track length of body swaying; In the comparison of different operating postures, body balance was affected by dorsal loading, shoulder loading and handheld loading obviously. And handheld loading had the most obvious effect on body balance, and the next were dorsal loading and shoulder loading; The effect of unilateral loading was the least obvious, and it was less obvious than the effect of natural loading, which should be paid enough attention.
(4) The influence of noise and noise protection equipments on body balance was very notable. The noise strength played a very notable role on the total track length of right-and-left swaying, swaying velocity and other indexes, but the total track length of fore-and-aft swaying and the total length of swaying. With the noise strength increasing, the total track length, the track length of fore-and-aft, the track length of right-and-left and swaying velocity all was going to increase linearly, as well as the magnitude of body swaying. The noise frequency and exposure time also were influenced by these above factors.
The influence of noise protection on each index of body balance function was very notable. Research indicated that the influence of the noise on body can decline by using the noise protection when working in noise environment.
(5)The influence of temperature on the swaying velocity, the total track length of body swaying and the fore-and-aft track length of swaying was notable, but the right-and-left track length of swaying; as the temperature increasing between 18 to 37 centigrade, the total track length, the fore-and aft track length, the right-and-right track length and swaying velocity began to decline.
(6)According to the research results, the author established the body balance parameters of healthy people in the situation of nature, physiological load, load, operating postures and working environment.
(7) Setting up the system of portable forestry and machine personnel selection and operating security prediction, this was based on the function of body balance. It provided theoretical and technical support to the portable forestry and machine personnel selection and operating security.
我国是世界上工伤事故最严重的国家之一。据统计我国每年发生各类事故100多万起,死亡10多万人,造成直接经济损失近百亿元。
改革开放以来,林业系统(不含森林火灾)伤亡事故逐年有所减少,但2000年至2004年,每年轻伤人数在1000多人,重伤100多人,死亡100多人。
我国大面积可利用的森林资源分布在山区,平原地区只有小面积的人工林,加之人工林和城市园林绿化面积的不断增加,割灌机、油锯、风力灭火机、喷洒机械等便携式林业与园林机械使用越来越广泛。作业工人在操作便携式工具作业时,有时受到立地条件的限制,在负重条件下还要承受振动、噪声和温、湿度等作业环境的影响,人体平衡功能受到影响。因此,在林业作业和园林绿化中,由于身体失去平衡而跌倒造成伤害事故时有发生。
本文综合运用测试技术和人机环境工程学理论研究了生理负荷、负重、作业姿势、温度、噪声和噪声防护器具对人体平衡的影响,建立了人体平衡参考值,进而建立了基于人体平衡功能的便携式林业机械作业人员选拔和作业安全预测系统。本研究获得了以下几点主要结论;
(1)劳动生理负荷水平(用心率表示)对人体平衡功能的影响非常显著。人体动摇的程度随着劳动生理负荷水平的增加而增加;动摇总轨迹长、左右动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇总轨迹长、动摇速度和心率成线性相关关系;人体生理负荷对前后动摇的影响明显大于对左右动摇的影响。
(2)负重对人体平衡功能影响显著。在9.0kg(直立姿势下)附近时人体平衡功能各项指标出现谷值。
(3)不同作业姿势对人体动摇速度、动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇轨迹长等平衡指标影响显著,而对左右动摇轨迹长影响不显著;在不同作业姿势负重比较中,背负式、斜挎式和手持式负重对人体平衡功能影响显著,手持式对人体平衡影响最大,其次是背负式和斜挎式;单侧挎姿势负重对人体平衡影响最小,在人体动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇轨迹长和动摇速度等指标中,单侧挎甚至小于自然状态。这一点应该引起足够的重视。
(4)噪声及噪声防护器具对人体平衡的影响显著。噪声强度对人体动摇的左右轨迹长和动摇速度等指标具有显著影响,对前后轨迹长和总轨迹长指标影响效果不显著;随着噪声强度的增加,动摇总轨迹长、前后轨迹长、左右轨迹长和动摇速度呈现增加趋势,人体动摇值出现线性增加趋势;噪声频率对人体动摇的总轨迹长、左右轨迹长、动摇速度、前后轨迹长等指标具有显著影响;噪声暴露时间对人体动摇的总轨迹长、左右轨迹长、前后轨迹长和动摇速度具有显著影响。
噪声防护措施对人体平衡功能各项指标(人体动摇指标)影响显著。噪声防护措施对人体平衡功能影响,实验研究表明噪声作业环境下,采用噪声防护措施可以降低噪声对人体负面影响。
(5)温度对人体动摇速度、动摇总轨迹长、前后动摇轨迹长影响显著,而对左右动摇轨迹长影响不太显著;在18-37℃之间,随着温度的增加,动摇总轨迹长、前后轨迹长、左右轨迹长和动摇速度呈下降趋势。
(6)根据本研究成果,建立了自然状态、生理负荷、负重、作业姿势负重和作业环境下的正常人人体平衡参考值。
(7)建立了基于人体平衡功能的便携式林业机械作业人员选拔和作业安全预测系统,为便携式林业机械作业人员的选拔和作业安全提供了理论和技术支撑。
Graceful working could not become reality unless it is in a safe and healthy condition.
China is one of the countries in which the number of serious working accidents is the largest, and it is reported that 1 million accidents occurred caused 100 thousand death in many of kinds of accidents every year, which results in hundreds million RMB loss directly.
The number of accidents without fire in forestry system has decreased year by year since the reform and opening up, but there were 1000 workers in flesh-wound, 100 workers in serious hurt and 100 death every year, from 2000 to 2004.
Available forestry resources with big area distribute in mountainous areas, and plantations with small area are in plain area. As the increasing area of plantation and the landscaping in cities, the portable forest machines, such as shrub cutting machines, chain saws, wind extinguisher, spraying machines, become prevalent gradually. When the workers work with the portable forest machine, the body balance is influenced by the conditions, such as vibrancy, noise, temperature and humidity, caused by the limit of landform sometimes. Consequently, accidents resulted from falling caused by loss of balance happened frequently in the process of work in forest and gardens.
This paper studies the influence of physiological load, load, operating postures, temperature, noise and noise protective equipments on body balance with the theory of testing technique and environmental engineering theory of ergonomics, then provide the parameters of body balance, and set up the system of portable forestry and machine personnel selection and operating security prediction, which based on the function of body balance. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)The influence of the working physiological load level (express with heart rate) on function of body balance was very prominent. The extent of the body swaying augmented as the physiological load level increasing; these factors including the total track length of swaying, the total track length of right-and-left swaying, the total track length of fore-and-aft swaying, swaying velocity and heart rate also impacted on body balance. The influence of physiological load on the fore-and-aft swaying is greater than that of the right-and-left swaying.
(2)The influence of operating load on the body balance function was very notable. Each index of the body balance function reached the lowest while the load was 9.0 kg when worker stood up straight.
(3) The influence of different operating postures on swaying velocity, the total track length of swaying, the total track length of fore-and-aft swaying and other equilibrium indexes was very prominent, but the right-and-left track length of body swaying; In the comparison of different operating postures, body balance was affected by dorsal loading, shoulder loading and handheld loading obviously. And handheld loading had the most obvious effect on body balance, and the next were dorsal loading and shoulder loading; The effect of unilateral loading was the least obvious, and it was less obvious than the effect of natural loading, which should be paid enough attention.
(4) The influence of noise and noise protection equipments on body balance was very notable. The noise strength played a very notable role on the total track length of right-and-left swaying, swaying velocity and other indexes, but the total track length of fore-and-aft swaying and the total length of swaying. With the noise strength increasing, the total track length, the track length of fore-and-aft, the track length of right-and-left and swaying velocity all was going to increase linearly, as well as the magnitude of body swaying. The noise frequency and exposure time also were influenced by these above factors.
The influence of noise protection on each index of body balance function was very notable. Research indicated that the influence of the noise on body can decline by using the noise protection when working in noise environment.
(5)The influence of temperature on the swaying velocity, the total track length of body swaying and the fore-and-aft track length of swaying was notable, but the right-and-left track length of swaying; as the temperature increasing between 18 to 37 centigrade, the total track length, the fore-and aft track length, the right-and-right track length and swaying velocity began to decline.
(6)According to the research results, the author established the body balance parameters of healthy people in the situation of nature, physiological load, load, operating postures and working environment.
(7) Setting up the system of portable forestry and machine personnel selection and operating security prediction, this was based on the function of body balance. It provided theoretical and technical support to the portable forestry and machine personnel selection and operating security.
引文
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