基于电子快门自动增益的CCD驱动电路研究
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摘要
在精密测量领域如何平衡测量精度与测量速度之间的矛盾是一个十分重要的问题。在追求很高测量精度的时候测量速度就会受到影响。本文的主要目标即是如何在保证测量精度的同时尽可能的提高测量速度。整个系统的设计原理是:基于激光三角测量法,以CCD器件为传感器设计一个带电子快门的,可实现自动增益控制的高速非接触实时测量系统。
本文选用的CCD型号为TCD1304,其最大的特性就是具有电子快门,这一特性很大程度的提高了测量速度,而同时并不需要提高驱动脉冲的频率,避免了高频带来的噪声、干扰等一系列问题。因此TCD1304的驱动信号的产生电路与其它型号的产生原理有很大的不同,是本文的设计重点。本文以单稳触发器为核心设计了一个脉冲发生器,生成两个帧转移脉冲SH信号,以实现电子快门的功能。自动增益控制的实现以AD转换器ADC0832和数字式电位器X9C103为核心,采集CCD输出信号的峰值信息进行模数转换,将转换后的数字信息送入单片机,单片机进行判断后发出控制命令调节电子开关,使CCD的输出信号始终保持在阈值范围之内。
通过理论分析、电路板设计、实验调试证明了整个测量系统的可行性,达到了设计之初的各项功能及数据指标。相对于其它的测量方法具有测量精度高、速度快、可以进行非接触测量,以及实时在线检测等优点。在物体移动速度、厚度、位移等测量领域有很好的应用前景。
It is very important to balance the contradiction between measurement accuracy and the speed of measurement in the field of precision measurement. The measuring speed will be affected when the accuracy of measurement is high. So the main objective of this thesis is to ensure the accuracy of measurement and to improve the measuring speed as much as possible at the same time. The whole system is to design a high-speed non-contact real-time measurement system with electronic shutter and automatic gain control based on triangulation method and CCD sensor.
In this thesis, TCD1304 is chosen as the CCD sensor. The largest characteristic of TCD1304 is the electronic shutter which can improve the speed of measurement to a large extent, while there is no need to increase the frequency of driving pulse avoiding a series of problems brought by high-frequency. The TCD1304 circuit of drive signal is very different from other CCD sensors. In this thesis, a pulse generator with monostable flip-flop as the core which generates the two-frame transfer pulse SH signals is designed in order to achieve the electronic shutter function. The circuit module of AGC (Automatic Gain Control), with the AD converter of ADC0832 and digital potentiometer of X9C103 as the core, collects the peak of the output of CCD and convert the analog signal into digital signal. The output of ADC0832 will be input into the single-chip of AT89C2051, which is contrasted with the threshold value, and then the microntroller issued an order regulating the electronic control switch. The optical-integral-time of CCD will be changed, at the same time the output signal of CCD be changed too. So with the control of single-chip the output single must be limited in a scope.
Theoretical analysis, circuit board design and debug experiment verify the feasibility of the whole measurement. All of the functions and the data index are realized. Compared to other measurement methods, this system has the advantages of high measurement accuracy, high speed, non-contact measurement, as well as real-time online detection. It has a good application prospects in the measurement field of displacement, speed, thickness and so on.
本文选用的CCD型号为TCD1304,其最大的特性就是具有电子快门,这一特性很大程度的提高了测量速度,而同时并不需要提高驱动脉冲的频率,避免了高频带来的噪声、干扰等一系列问题。因此TCD1304的驱动信号的产生电路与其它型号的产生原理有很大的不同,是本文的设计重点。本文以单稳触发器为核心设计了一个脉冲发生器,生成两个帧转移脉冲SH信号,以实现电子快门的功能。自动增益控制的实现以AD转换器ADC0832和数字式电位器X9C103为核心,采集CCD输出信号的峰值信息进行模数转换,将转换后的数字信息送入单片机,单片机进行判断后发出控制命令调节电子开关,使CCD的输出信号始终保持在阈值范围之内。
通过理论分析、电路板设计、实验调试证明了整个测量系统的可行性,达到了设计之初的各项功能及数据指标。相对于其它的测量方法具有测量精度高、速度快、可以进行非接触测量,以及实时在线检测等优点。在物体移动速度、厚度、位移等测量领域有很好的应用前景。
It is very important to balance the contradiction between measurement accuracy and the speed of measurement in the field of precision measurement. The measuring speed will be affected when the accuracy of measurement is high. So the main objective of this thesis is to ensure the accuracy of measurement and to improve the measuring speed as much as possible at the same time. The whole system is to design a high-speed non-contact real-time measurement system with electronic shutter and automatic gain control based on triangulation method and CCD sensor.
In this thesis, TCD1304 is chosen as the CCD sensor. The largest characteristic of TCD1304 is the electronic shutter which can improve the speed of measurement to a large extent, while there is no need to increase the frequency of driving pulse avoiding a series of problems brought by high-frequency. The TCD1304 circuit of drive signal is very different from other CCD sensors. In this thesis, a pulse generator with monostable flip-flop as the core which generates the two-frame transfer pulse SH signals is designed in order to achieve the electronic shutter function. The circuit module of AGC (Automatic Gain Control), with the AD converter of ADC0832 and digital potentiometer of X9C103 as the core, collects the peak of the output of CCD and convert the analog signal into digital signal. The output of ADC0832 will be input into the single-chip of AT89C2051, which is contrasted with the threshold value, and then the microntroller issued an order regulating the electronic control switch. The optical-integral-time of CCD will be changed, at the same time the output signal of CCD be changed too. So with the control of single-chip the output single must be limited in a scope.
Theoretical analysis, circuit board design and debug experiment verify the feasibility of the whole measurement. All of the functions and the data index are realized. Compared to other measurement methods, this system has the advantages of high measurement accuracy, high speed, non-contact measurement, as well as real-time online detection. It has a good application prospects in the measurement field of displacement, speed, thickness and so on.
引文
[1] Boyle W S, Smith G E.Bell System Technological Journal,1970,49-587
[2] Amelio G.F,Tompett M.F, Smith G.E., Bell System Technological Journal,1970,49-593
[3]辛德刚,林克正,基于线阵CCD的精确测量系统的研究,2007,03:9-14
[4]颜伟斌,赵斌,基于数字信号处理器的CCD自动增益调整,华中科技大学图书馆2004,03:74-76
[5]杨云志, CCD精密测量系统及其数字信号处理,Systems Engineering and Electronics,1999,21(6):88-91
[6]友清,科学CCD的过去、现状和未来,激光与光电子学进展,1995(10)
[7]王以铭,电荷耦合器件原理与应用,北京:科学出版社,1987
[8]高雅尔,高岳,光电检测技术,北京:国防工业出版社,1995:25-40
[9] Sheffer D.Random addressable 2048*2048 active pixel image sensor[J],IEEE Trans.Electron Devices,1997,44(10):1716-1720
[10] Lrppino G.A.Design of an 8192*8192 pixel CCD mosaic.Proc,SPIE,1994
[11]王庆友,图像传感器应用技术,电子工业出版社,2003,78-90
[12]刘贤德,CCD及其应用原理,华中理工大学出版社,1990.11 1-4
[13]王帅,CCD器件的特性评价及其驱动和数据采集电路设计,浙江大学图书馆, 2006.5
[14]周雷,CCD非接触几何量测量系统的设计与实现,大连理工大学图书馆,2007.1,10-12
[15] (日)米夲和也著，陈榕庭，彭美桂译CCD/CMOS图像传感器基础与应用,北京科学出版社,2006,20-23
[16]王飞,USB在CCD数据采集系统中的应用,电子科技大学图书馆,2007.6 9-12
[17] Zhuang B H,Zhang J H,Jiang C Z,Li Z,Zhang W W.Precision laser triangulation rang sensor with double detectors for measurement on CMMs.SPIE,(2349):44~52
[18] Franci Lahajnar, Stanislav Kova?i? Machine Vision System for Positioning and Part Verification of Gas Oil Filters based on Eigenimages 2000
[19]王庆有,何在新,张以谟等CCD应用技术发展动向,光电子技术与信息,1994,2-6
[20] Hafemeister D,Romm J J,Tsipis K.Sci Am.1985,252(3):28-35
[21]金洪禹,基于光散射的三角法测量技术的研究,哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文,2005
[22]王少清,任中京,激光三角位移计原理与结构参数优化研究,山东建材学院1994,8(4):88-92
[23]王少清,庄葆华,物面倾斜对激光三角位移测量精度影响的研究,山东建材学院学报,1996,10:63-70
[24]侯金龙,PSD激光三角测量系统的研制,华中科技大学图书馆,2005.4 10-11
[25]江月松,光电技术与实验,北京理工大学出版社,2000
[26] Toshiba CCD linear image sensor CCD(charge coupled device)TCD1304AP. Toshiba,1997-06-30
[27]谢自美,电子线路,设计实验测试,华中理工大学出版社,1994 58-60
[28] CD4538BM/CD4538BC Dual Precision Monostable 1988.2
[29] Kenneth R.Castleman.Digital Image Processing,2003,11
[30]杨博雄,张晓华等,线阵CCD的高速数据采集与存储,大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(2):124~127
[31] T.K.Millard,A.Herchenreder.Automatic Diameter Measurement.Wire Journal International,1991,11:61~65
[32]刘春浩,双通道自动增益不等时曝光CCD数据采集与处理,华中科技大学图书馆,2006,18-20
[33]郑国君,8位串行A/D转换器ADC0832,电子世界,2002年第9期
[34] Datesheet of ADC0832 A/D Peripherals with serial control
[35]聂思敏,孟仁周,用于PC机前端的单片机温度数据采集系统,安顺师范高等专科学校学报,Vol.8 No.4,Dec·2006
[36]纪宗南,高精度的数字电位器x9c103,集成电路与应用,1999 ,No.4
[37] E2POT? Nonvolatile Digital Potentiometer X9C102/103/104/503
[38]颜永军,李梅,Protel 99电路设计与应用,北京:国防工业出版社,2001,6-10
[39]李东生,张勇,许四毛Protel 99SE电路设计技术入门与应用,北京:电子工业出版社,2002,10-14
[40]戴伏生,基础电子电路设计与实践,国防工业出版社,2002.4 73-76
[42]李建忠,单片机原理及应用,西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.2 14-20
[43]胡炳梁,马彩文,孙益善等,CCD自动调光设计,光子学报, Vol.31 No.4 April 2002
[2] Amelio G.F,Tompett M.F, Smith G.E., Bell System Technological Journal,1970,49-593
[3]辛德刚,林克正,基于线阵CCD的精确测量系统的研究,2007,03:9-14
[4]颜伟斌,赵斌,基于数字信号处理器的CCD自动增益调整,华中科技大学图书馆2004,03:74-76
[5]杨云志, CCD精密测量系统及其数字信号处理,Systems Engineering and Electronics,1999,21(6):88-91
[6]友清,科学CCD的过去、现状和未来,激光与光电子学进展,1995(10)
[7]王以铭,电荷耦合器件原理与应用,北京:科学出版社,1987
[8]高雅尔,高岳,光电检测技术,北京:国防工业出版社,1995:25-40
[9] Sheffer D.Random addressable 2048*2048 active pixel image sensor[J],IEEE Trans.Electron Devices,1997,44(10):1716-1720
[10] Lrppino G.A.Design of an 8192*8192 pixel CCD mosaic.Proc,SPIE,1994
[11]王庆友,图像传感器应用技术,电子工业出版社,2003,78-90
[12]刘贤德,CCD及其应用原理,华中理工大学出版社,1990.11 1-4
[13]王帅,CCD器件的特性评价及其驱动和数据采集电路设计,浙江大学图书馆, 2006.5
[14]周雷,CCD非接触几何量测量系统的设计与实现,大连理工大学图书馆,2007.1,10-12
[15] (日)米夲和也著，陈榕庭，彭美桂译CCD/CMOS图像传感器基础与应用,北京科学出版社,2006,20-23
[16]王飞,USB在CCD数据采集系统中的应用,电子科技大学图书馆,2007.6 9-12
[17] Zhuang B H,Zhang J H,Jiang C Z,Li Z,Zhang W W.Precision laser triangulation rang sensor with double detectors for measurement on CMMs.SPIE,(2349):44~52
[18] Franci Lahajnar, Stanislav Kova?i? Machine Vision System for Positioning and Part Verification of Gas Oil Filters based on Eigenimages 2000
[19]王庆有,何在新,张以谟等CCD应用技术发展动向,光电子技术与信息,1994,2-6
[20] Hafemeister D,Romm J J,Tsipis K.Sci Am.1985,252(3):28-35
[21]金洪禹,基于光散射的三角法测量技术的研究,哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文,2005
[22]王少清,任中京,激光三角位移计原理与结构参数优化研究,山东建材学院1994,8(4):88-92
[23]王少清,庄葆华,物面倾斜对激光三角位移测量精度影响的研究,山东建材学院学报,1996,10:63-70
[24]侯金龙,PSD激光三角测量系统的研制,华中科技大学图书馆,2005.4 10-11
[25]江月松,光电技术与实验,北京理工大学出版社,2000
[26] Toshiba CCD linear image sensor CCD(charge coupled device)TCD1304AP. Toshiba,1997-06-30
[27]谢自美,电子线路,设计实验测试,华中理工大学出版社,1994 58-60
[28] CD4538BM/CD4538BC Dual Precision Monostable 1988.2
[29] Kenneth R.Castleman.Digital Image Processing,2003,11
[30]杨博雄,张晓华等,线阵CCD的高速数据采集与存储,大地测量与地球动力学,2004,24(2):124~127
[31] T.K.Millard,A.Herchenreder.Automatic Diameter Measurement.Wire Journal International,1991,11:61~65
[32]刘春浩,双通道自动增益不等时曝光CCD数据采集与处理,华中科技大学图书馆,2006,18-20
[33]郑国君,8位串行A/D转换器ADC0832,电子世界,2002年第9期
[34] Datesheet of ADC0832 A/D Peripherals with serial control
[35]聂思敏,孟仁周,用于PC机前端的单片机温度数据采集系统,安顺师范高等专科学校学报,Vol.8 No.4,Dec·2006
[36]纪宗南,高精度的数字电位器x9c103,集成电路与应用,1999 ,No.4
[37] E2POT? Nonvolatile Digital Potentiometer X9C102/103/104/503
[38]颜永军,李梅,Protel 99电路设计与应用,北京:国防工业出版社,2001,6-10
[39]李东生,张勇,许四毛Protel 99SE电路设计技术入门与应用,北京:电子工业出版社,2002,10-14
[40]戴伏生,基础电子电路设计与实践,国防工业出版社,2002.4 73-76
[42]李建忠,单片机原理及应用,西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.2 14-20
[43]胡炳梁,马彩文,孙益善等,CCD自动调光设计,光子学报, Vol.31 No.4 April 2002