纸料中两性聚丙烯酰胺的助留助滤作用机理
摘要
近年来，新型造纸助剂层出不穷，并在实际应用中取得了良好效果。但是实际应用中的很多现象难以解释，因此有必要进一步对两性助剂助留助滤进行研究，以期达到知其然并知其所以然。
两性助剂是近年初涌现出的新型助剂，它具有其它单组分助剂无法比拟的优点。本研究的特色与创新之处在于从两性助剂的基本结构着手，结合湿部的一些研究分析手段，对两性助剂助留助滤的机理进行全面、系统的研究。
本研究从两性聚丙烯酰胺的分子结构分析开始，牢牢抓住助留助滤过程中助剂分子与纤维，细小组分分子间电荷相互作用这条主线，并在分子结构、分子量方面及有关机理予以充分考虑。
聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide，简称PAM)是丙烯酰胺(acrylamide，简称AM，分子式CH_2=CHCONH_2)及其衍生物的均聚物和共聚物的统称。
PAM产品主要形式有水溶液胶体、粉状及胶乳三种，根据聚合物所带的电荷又可将PAM系列分为以下四类：非离子型、阴离子型、阳离子型和两性离子型。
两性PAM是一种多功能的水溶性高分子材料，可望在水处理、石油钻采、选矿、造纸、流体输送、皮革复鞣等方面得到应用。
本研究首先以内烯酰胺单体和丙烯酸单体及阳离子单体进行共聚反应。使用氧化还原体系，通过调节不同用量的氧化剂和还原剂以及不同的单体浓度，在室温下pH值6.4左右，利用水溶液聚合法制得一系列用于增强和助留助滤的不同分子量的两性聚丙烯酰胺，对影响合成的诸种因素进行了讨论；对所合成的两性聚丙烯酰胺用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱进行了分析，并与其它离子型的聚内烯酰胺进行了比较。
纸浆悬浮液是一种复杂的多组分体系，除了纸浆纤维和微细纤
中文摘要
维外，还视纸种的不同而含有填料、淀粉及特定的化学助剂等。因
此，了解纸浆悬浮液的湿部化学特性是非常重要的。
研究了影响纸浆悬浮液电荷衰减的一些因素如搅拌速率、纸浆
的种类、电解质的加入量、阳离子聚合物的添加量等；测定了不同
纸浆悬浮液梭基的含量并讨论了影响纸浆梭基变化的因素；测定了
不同纸浆悬浮液的比容比表面，讨论了一些因素如打浆等对比容比
表面的影响。
用实验室常用的评价助留助滤的仪器Britt动态滤水罐（Dynamic
Drainage Jar）对两性PAM的效果以及各种化学参数对一次留着率的
影响进行了研究讨论；研究了两性聚丙烯酚胺在不同条件下对不同
浆种的助滤作用，并与带其它电荷的聚丙烯酚胺进行了对比；用两
性PAM作为助剂加入到浆中，进行了抄片并进行了物理强度的测。
试，与加入其它类型电荷的PAM的浆所抄的浆片进行了比较。
用胶体滴定法测定了不同纸浆的可溶阴电荷、可溶阳电荷、表
面阴电荷、表面阳电荷以及胶体滴定比率CTR，研究了pH和两性
PAM的加人量对纸浆电荷的影响，并初步探讨了电导率与CTR的
关系；用 JS94型微电泳仪和 MUETEK System Zeta Potential SZP 04
电位仪分别测定了不同纸浆悬浮液和纸浆滤液的Zeta电位、电导
率，并探讨了二者的关系。
最后用 PHILIPS XL30型环境扫描电镜（ESEM）观测了各
种不同纸浆加入不同助剂的助留助滤情形，通过观察、分析和研究
认为：两性PAM的助留助滤机理主要是电荷的作用，两性PAM在
这其中起到的是一种类似粘合剂的作用，增加了纤维与纤维、纤维
与细小纤维之间的结合点间的结合力，也可以说两性PAM在纤维。
之间起到了桥梁或纽带的作用，当纤维结合到一定程度，或者说纤
维层达到一定密度时，就会对细小粒子起到机械截留的作用。所以，
两性PAM所起的助留助滤效果实际＿＿L是各种因素综合作用的结果，
既有电荷中和，也有桥联作用，也有机械截留作用，不能把它们截
11
天津轻工业学院博士学位论文
然分开。
上述研究是国家九五科技攻关课题“造纸用高效中性施胶刑。
增干强剂、助留剂、助滤剂的开发与研究”（项目编号97分 个1－
04）的内容之一。
A lot of new types of wet end chemicals emerge recent years, and better results attained in factual use. Because many phenomena occurred during the usage of chemicals in papermaking could not be explained well, it is necessary to study their intrinsical characteristics further so as to understand them will be do and why them will be do.
Amphoteric polyacrylamide is a newly aid appeared at the few years ago, it has unexampled advantages over other one component aids.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a general designation of a kind of homopolymer and copolymer of acrylamide (its molecular formula is CH2=CHCONH2) and its derivative.
The product modality PAM are mainly divided into colloidal, powdery and emulsive, it can also be classified by its ions carried, i.e. non-ion, anion, cation and amphoteric ion.
Amphoteric polyacrylamide is a multi-functional water soluble macromolecule material, and expected to be used in water processing, petroleum-drilling, mining, papermaking, fluid transportation, leather tanning etc.
Firstly, copolymerization reaction is carried out with acrylamide, crylic acid monomer and cation monomer. Through adjusting the amount of oxidant, reductant and monomer concentration, at room temperature and pH around 6.4, a series of PAM of difference molecular weight were made with water-dissolvable polymeric method. Several factors affecting synthesizing of PAM were discussed, infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum were applied to analyze the structure of synthesized amphoteric PAM,
and compared with other PAM carrying different ion.
Pulp slurry suspension is a complex multi-component system, it contents filler, starch and some other special chemical aids in addition to pulp fiber and fibril. So it is very important to understand wet end chemical characteristics of pulp slurry suspension.
Secondly, factors influencing charge decay of pulp slurry suspension, such as stirring rate, pulp species, adding amount of polyelectrolyte, adding amount of cationic polymer etc. were discussed.
Carboxyl contents in different pulp slurry suspension were measured and various factors affecting on content of pulp carboxyl were discussed.
Specific surface and specific volume of different pulp were measured with fluid-permeability method and some affecting factors such as beating degree were taken into account.
Thirdly, Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar which to evaluate retention and drainage in lab was used to seeing about the effect of amphoteric PAM and others chemical parameters' effect on first pass retention (FPR) were considered also.
The effects of amphoteric PAM at different conditions on drainage operation of different pulp slurry suspension were studied and compared the impact with other PAM carrying cationic ion.
The effects of pH and adding amount of amphoteric PAM on pulp slurry suspension charge were studied and probed briefly into the relationship between electric conductivity and CTR.
Zeta potential and electric conductivity of different pulp slurry suspension and pulp slurry filtrate were measured respectively with MUETEK System Zeta Potential . SZP 04 and Model JS94 Zeta Potential and relationships of them were investigated
Finally, cases of retention and drainage adding different aids in different pulp slurry suspension were viewed at PHILIPS model XL30 environmental scanning electrical microscope (ESEM ) .
Studies show that electric charge's affect carried by polyelectrolyte is the mainly retention and drainage mechanism of amphoteric PAM. Amphoteric PAM has a effect in pulp slurry system same as mucilage glue, they add bonding force among bonding point of fibre-fibre and fibre-fibril, in other words, amphoteric PAM takes effect as bridge and tache in the system. Subsequently, mechanical trap for fine particle take place when bonding of fibre to some extent and fibre mat formed. So, the retention and drainage mechanism of amphoteric PAM is integrate results on which all kinds of affecting factors effect, i.e. they have electric charge neutra
两性助剂是近年初涌现出的新型助剂，它具有其它单组分助剂无法比拟的优点。本研究的特色与创新之处在于从两性助剂的基本结构着手，结合湿部的一些研究分析手段，对两性助剂助留助滤的机理进行全面、系统的研究。
本研究从两性聚丙烯酰胺的分子结构分析开始，牢牢抓住助留助滤过程中助剂分子与纤维，细小组分分子间电荷相互作用这条主线，并在分子结构、分子量方面及有关机理予以充分考虑。
聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide，简称PAM)是丙烯酰胺(acrylamide，简称AM，分子式CH_2=CHCONH_2)及其衍生物的均聚物和共聚物的统称。
PAM产品主要形式有水溶液胶体、粉状及胶乳三种，根据聚合物所带的电荷又可将PAM系列分为以下四类：非离子型、阴离子型、阳离子型和两性离子型。
两性PAM是一种多功能的水溶性高分子材料，可望在水处理、石油钻采、选矿、造纸、流体输送、皮革复鞣等方面得到应用。
本研究首先以内烯酰胺单体和丙烯酸单体及阳离子单体进行共聚反应。使用氧化还原体系，通过调节不同用量的氧化剂和还原剂以及不同的单体浓度，在室温下pH值6.4左右，利用水溶液聚合法制得一系列用于增强和助留助滤的不同分子量的两性聚丙烯酰胺，对影响合成的诸种因素进行了讨论；对所合成的两性聚丙烯酰胺用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱进行了分析，并与其它离子型的聚内烯酰胺进行了比较。
纸浆悬浮液是一种复杂的多组分体系，除了纸浆纤维和微细纤
中文摘要
维外，还视纸种的不同而含有填料、淀粉及特定的化学助剂等。因
此，了解纸浆悬浮液的湿部化学特性是非常重要的。
研究了影响纸浆悬浮液电荷衰减的一些因素如搅拌速率、纸浆
的种类、电解质的加入量、阳离子聚合物的添加量等；测定了不同
纸浆悬浮液梭基的含量并讨论了影响纸浆梭基变化的因素；测定了
不同纸浆悬浮液的比容比表面，讨论了一些因素如打浆等对比容比
表面的影响。
用实验室常用的评价助留助滤的仪器Britt动态滤水罐（Dynamic
Drainage Jar）对两性PAM的效果以及各种化学参数对一次留着率的
影响进行了研究讨论；研究了两性聚丙烯酚胺在不同条件下对不同
浆种的助滤作用，并与带其它电荷的聚丙烯酚胺进行了对比；用两
性PAM作为助剂加入到浆中，进行了抄片并进行了物理强度的测。
试，与加入其它类型电荷的PAM的浆所抄的浆片进行了比较。
用胶体滴定法测定了不同纸浆的可溶阴电荷、可溶阳电荷、表
面阴电荷、表面阳电荷以及胶体滴定比率CTR，研究了pH和两性
PAM的加人量对纸浆电荷的影响，并初步探讨了电导率与CTR的
关系；用 JS94型微电泳仪和 MUETEK System Zeta Potential SZP 04
电位仪分别测定了不同纸浆悬浮液和纸浆滤液的Zeta电位、电导
率，并探讨了二者的关系。
最后用 PHILIPS XL30型环境扫描电镜（ESEM）观测了各
种不同纸浆加入不同助剂的助留助滤情形，通过观察、分析和研究
认为：两性PAM的助留助滤机理主要是电荷的作用，两性PAM在
这其中起到的是一种类似粘合剂的作用，增加了纤维与纤维、纤维
与细小纤维之间的结合点间的结合力，也可以说两性PAM在纤维。
之间起到了桥梁或纽带的作用，当纤维结合到一定程度，或者说纤
维层达到一定密度时，就会对细小粒子起到机械截留的作用。所以，
两性PAM所起的助留助滤效果实际＿＿L是各种因素综合作用的结果，
既有电荷中和，也有桥联作用，也有机械截留作用，不能把它们截
11
天津轻工业学院博士学位论文
然分开。
上述研究是国家九五科技攻关课题“造纸用高效中性施胶刑。
增干强剂、助留剂、助滤剂的开发与研究”（项目编号97分 个1－
04）的内容之一。
A lot of new types of wet end chemicals emerge recent years, and better results attained in factual use. Because many phenomena occurred during the usage of chemicals in papermaking could not be explained well, it is necessary to study their intrinsical characteristics further so as to understand them will be do and why them will be do.
Amphoteric polyacrylamide is a newly aid appeared at the few years ago, it has unexampled advantages over other one component aids.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a general designation of a kind of homopolymer and copolymer of acrylamide (its molecular formula is CH2=CHCONH2) and its derivative.
The product modality PAM are mainly divided into colloidal, powdery and emulsive, it can also be classified by its ions carried, i.e. non-ion, anion, cation and amphoteric ion.
Amphoteric polyacrylamide is a multi-functional water soluble macromolecule material, and expected to be used in water processing, petroleum-drilling, mining, papermaking, fluid transportation, leather tanning etc.
Firstly, copolymerization reaction is carried out with acrylamide, crylic acid monomer and cation monomer. Through adjusting the amount of oxidant, reductant and monomer concentration, at room temperature and pH around 6.4, a series of PAM of difference molecular weight were made with water-dissolvable polymeric method. Several factors affecting synthesizing of PAM were discussed, infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum were applied to analyze the structure of synthesized amphoteric PAM,
and compared with other PAM carrying different ion.
Pulp slurry suspension is a complex multi-component system, it contents filler, starch and some other special chemical aids in addition to pulp fiber and fibril. So it is very important to understand wet end chemical characteristics of pulp slurry suspension.
Secondly, factors influencing charge decay of pulp slurry suspension, such as stirring rate, pulp species, adding amount of polyelectrolyte, adding amount of cationic polymer etc. were discussed.
Carboxyl contents in different pulp slurry suspension were measured and various factors affecting on content of pulp carboxyl were discussed.
Specific surface and specific volume of different pulp were measured with fluid-permeability method and some affecting factors such as beating degree were taken into account.
Thirdly, Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar which to evaluate retention and drainage in lab was used to seeing about the effect of amphoteric PAM and others chemical parameters' effect on first pass retention (FPR) were considered also.
The effects of amphoteric PAM at different conditions on drainage operation of different pulp slurry suspension were studied and compared the impact with other PAM carrying cationic ion.
The effects of pH and adding amount of amphoteric PAM on pulp slurry suspension charge were studied and probed briefly into the relationship between electric conductivity and CTR.
Zeta potential and electric conductivity of different pulp slurry suspension and pulp slurry filtrate were measured respectively with MUETEK System Zeta Potential . SZP 04 and Model JS94 Zeta Potential and relationships of them were investigated
Finally, cases of retention and drainage adding different aids in different pulp slurry suspension were viewed at PHILIPS model XL30 environmental scanning electrical microscope (ESEM ) .
Studies show that electric charge's affect carried by polyelectrolyte is the mainly retention and drainage mechanism of amphoteric PAM. Amphoteric PAM has a effect in pulp slurry system same as mucilage glue, they add bonding force among bonding point of fibre-fibre and fibre-fibril, in other words, amphoteric PAM takes effect as bridge and tache in the system. Subsequently, mechanical trap for fine particle take place when bonding of fibre to some extent and fibre mat formed. So, the retention and drainage mechanism of amphoteric PAM is integrate results on which all kinds of affecting factors effect, i.e. they have electric charge neutra
引文
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50．彭晓宏，沈家瑞，两性聚丙烯酰胺的研究，石油化工，Vol．27，No．4，1998，p267
51．李明，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成，四川环境，1996
52．金昭华，罗罹，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺纸张干强剂的研究进展，湖南化工，1999，04
53．谢刚，黎勇等，聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的流变性质，应用化学，Vol．17，№．1，2000，p72
54．彭晓宏，盘思伟等，氧化还原引发体系对DMC／AM／AA三元水溶液共聚合的影响，石油化工，1999，08
55．陈辉，我国最大聚丙烯酰胺生产项目开始兴建，化工环保，1999，05
56．郭建勋，两性多功能造纸助剂的合成及应用研究，西北轻工业学院硕士学位论文
57．彭晓宏，沈家瑞，两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝脱水性能研究，石油化工，1998，04
58．谢来苏，胡惠仁等，造纸用两性助剂，中国造纸学会第九届
全国学术年会论文
59. Xie Laisu, Wang Haiyi etc., Study of amphoteric polyacrylamide used as retention and drainage aids in papermaking, 99'International conference of wood and paper-making, 1999, Seoul, South Korea
60. Chen Fushan, Wang Haiyi etc., Study on amphoteric polymers used as strengthen agent on eucalyptus APMPC, Emerging Technologies of Pulping & Papermaking of Fast-Growing Wood, South China University of Technology, November 23-25, 1998, Guanzhou, P. R. China
61. Chen Fushan, Xie Laisu etc., Preparation of amphoteric starches and study on wet end chemistry in papermaking, 99' International conference of wood and papermaking, 1999, Seoul, South Korea
62. Xie Laisu, Wang Haiyi etc. , Studies of dual component and microparticale retention system in papermaking on dynamic condition, 99' International conference of wood and paper making, 1999, Seoul, South Korea
63．陈夫山，王海毅等，两性聚丙烯酰胺的制备及应用，广东造纸，№．4，99，
64．臧庆达，李卓美，功能高分子学报，1994，7(1)：90
65. J. Mazur, A.Sillberberg and A. Karchalsky, J. Polym. Sci., 1959, 35:43
66. D.G. Peiffer and R. D. Lundberg, Polymer,1985, 26: 1058
67．彭晓宏，沈家瑞，两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝脱水性能研究，石油化工，1998，04
68．马喜平，邵定波，阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能的研究，油田化学，1999，01
69．王喜堂，精细油田化工，1988，2：31
70．李万捷、赵彦生、温亚龙，水处理技术，1994，20(1)，33
71．张黎明，1995年全国高分子学术论文报告会论文集(上)
72．王正良等，1995年全国高分子学术论文报告会论文集(下)
73．姜涛等，三次采油用聚丙烯酰胺研究进展，精细石油化工进展，2000，6，p30
74．王中华，油田化学，1993，10(4)：291
75．傅奎仕等，油田化学，1995，12(1)：129
76．沈一丁，韩卿等，两性聚丙烯酰胺纸张增强剂的合成和应用，高分子材料科学与工程，1995，9，№．5
77．朱强等，化学世界，1992，(10)：442
78. J. Yoshizawa, A.Isogai etc., Analysis and retention behavior of cationic and amphoteric starches on handsheets, J. Pulp Paper Sci., Vol. 24, July, 1998
79．沈一丁，李小瑞等，高分子学报，1994，(5)：547
80．沈一丁，李小瑞等，高分子材料科学与工程，1992，10
81．严瑞碹，水溶性高分子，化学工业出版社，1999
82. Minsk, L.M.,Kotlarchik. C.N.,J.Polym. Sci.Chem. Ed. 12,(1974)
83. Cavell, E.A and Gilson, I.T., J. Polym. Sci. 4,(1966)
84. Canau, F., Pouyer, G., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 167,1984
85．赵天增，《核磁共振氢谱》，北京大学出版社 1983年第一版
86．陈耀祖，《有机分析》，高等教育出版社，1981年第一版
87．汪昆华，罗传秋等，《聚合物近代仪器分析》清华大学出版社，(第二版)2000，5
88．荆煦瑛，陈式棣等，《红外光谱实用指南》，天津科学技术出版社，1992
89．卢涌泉，邓振华，《实用红外光谱解析》，电子工业出版社，1989
90. E. Strazdins, Microelectrophoresis theory and praxis, 1992 Papermakers conference, p503
91．同参考文献29
92．张春梅，何北海等，纸浆悬浮液电荷分析方法的初步研究，广东造纸，1998，№．3
93．同参考文献29
94. William E. Scott, Principles of Wet End Chemistry, Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1996
95. Andrea Gibbs, Robert Pelton and Rongjuan Cong; Simulating the effect of dissolved and colloidal component of mechanical pulps, Emerging Technologies of Pulping & Papermaking of Fast-Growing Wood, South China University of Technology Press: 307-314, November 23-25, 1998 Guanzhou. P.R.China
96. William K. Wilson, John Mandel, Determination of carboxyl in cellulose, Tappi Journal, №.2, 1961, p131
97. Sobue. H., Okubo.M., Tappi Journal, Vol. 39,1956, p415
98. Millett. M.A., Schultz. J.S., Saeman. J.F., Tappi Journal, Vol. 41,1958, p560
99. Ant. Wuorinen. O., Paper and Timber, Vol.39, 1957, p229
100．侯彦召，测定磺酸基和羧酸基的两种方法，中国造纸，1985，№．3，p35
101. T. Yamauchi, K. Murakami, Measurement of the electrical specific conductivity of a wet pulp web, Tappi Journal, March, 1988, p177
102. A.M. Scallan, The electrical conductance of pulp suspensions, Tappi Journal, №.5, 1988, p157
103．同参考文献35
104. Allan M. Springer, Sudhakar Kuchibhotla, The influence of filler components on specific filtration resistance, Tappi Journal ,№.4, 1992, p187
105．谢来苏，苏求凤等，用液体渗透法测定亚硫酸盐法苇浆的比表面及比容在打浆中的变化，中国造纸，№．6，p20
106．谢来苏，苏求凤等，不同打浆浓度下浆料比表面与比容和手抄纸强度的关系，天津造纸，1992
107. Tom Asselman, Gil Garnier, The mechanism of fines retention using PAM retention systems, 10th ISWPC, p109
108. C.H. Tay, Application of polymeric flocculant in newsprint stock systems for fines retention improvement, Tappi Journal, Vol. 63, №. 6, 1980
109. R.I.S. Gill, Developments in retention aid technology, Paper Technology, Aug. 1991, p34
110. H. Xiao, R. Pelton etc. , Retention mechanisms for two- component systems based on phenolic resins and PEO or new PEO-copolymer retention aids, J. Pulp Paper Sci., Vol. 22, Dec., 1996
111. John E. Unbehend, The "dynamic retention/drainage jar" , Tappi Journal, Vol. 60, No. 7, 1977
112. Dynamic Paper Chemistry Jar~(Tm) Mark Ⅲ Operating Manual
113．陈蕴志，聚合氯化铝的特性及其在造纸湿部的应用，天津轻工业学院博士学位论文，1999
114．刘军钛，纸浆电性应用中的困惑，纸和造纸，1998，9，No．5
115. H. Terayama, J. Polym. Sci.,8, 243(1952)
116．翟廷珠等，胶体滴定法及其应用，化学通报，1989，3，
117．胡芳，PVSK的制备及胶体滴定技术在湿部化学中的应用，天津轻工业学院硕士学位论文，1999
118．同参考文献35
119. Mchel J. Jaycock, Assumption made in the measurement of zeta potential by streaming current/potential detectors, Paper Technology, Aug., 1995, p35
120. J. C. Roberts, An overall view of wet end chemistry, Paper
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121. L. Bley, Latest experiences of on-line charge measurement: a process control concept, Pulp & Paper Canada, 99:5(1998),T165
122. Charles R. Veal, On-line cationic demand measurement for wet end papermaking, 1997 Engineering & Papermakers conference, p287
123．同参考文献29
2．谢来苏，21世纪的造纸原料，未公开发表资料
3．中国造纸年鉴，1999
4. Patricia Van Amum, The marriage of functional and process chemicals, CMR, 1999, (2): FR12
5．陈根荣，世界造纸化学品市场最新动态，造纸化学品，2000，6
6．郭良文，武兆园，发展我国造纸化学品之浅见，化工部造纸化学品信息站
7．国内造纸化学品行业发展概况，中国造纸年鉴，p205
8．造纸用精细化学品现状与进展，化工部造纸化学品信息站
9．造纸助剂和湿部化学及进展，中国造纸年鉴，p222
10．汪曾祁，制浆造纸工业用精细化学品的现状和发展，国际造纸，1999，04
11．沈一丁，中性松香施胶剂的制备、应用及作用机理，大连理工大学博士学位论文
12．蔡季琰，《造纸用化学助剂200例》，科学普及出版社，1985
13. L.Rahman, C.H.Tay, Mechanisms of fines retention by polyethylene oxide in newsprint furnishes, Tappi Journal, April, 1996, p100
14. H. Xiao, R.Pelton etc., Retention mechanisms for dual-component systems based on phenolic resins and PEO or new PEO-copolymer retention aids, J. Pulp Paper Sci., Vol. 22 Dec., 1996
15．胡志斌，聚氧化乙烯的特性及其在造纸中的应用，天津轻工业学院硕士学位论文，2000
16. Steve Main, Patrik Simonson, Retention aids for high speed paper machines, Tappi Journal, Vol. 82, №. 4, 1999, p78
17. Edward Strazdins, Surface chemical aspects of polymer retention, Tappi Journal, Vol. 57, №. 12, 1974
18. Michael J. Jaycock, Darren K. Swales, The theory of retention, Paper Technology, Oct., 1994, p26
19. J. C. Roberts, An overall view of wet end chemistry, Paper Technology, April, 1993, p27
20. R.I.S.Gill, Developments in retention aid technology, Paper Technology, Aug. 1991, p34
21. John G. Penniman, Anatoly G. Makhonin, Optimizing microparticulate process efficiency, 1993 Paper Conference, p129
22．刘温霞，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺／膨润土助留助滤体系，造纸化学品，2000(3)，p18
23. E. Wackerberg, K.Johansson etc. , Microparticle technology in clayfilled groundwood speciality printing grades produced under neutral or alkaline condition, Pulp & Paper Canada 95:7(1994)
24. Agne Swerin, Lars Odberg etc., Flocculation —Microparticle retention aid systems, Paper Technology, Dec., 1992, p28
25．王金昌，助留剂在高速新闻纸机的应用，纸和造纸，2000，5，№．3
26．刘温霞，无机高分子聚合物及其在造纸湿部化学中的应用，上海造纸，№．12，1999，p17
27. M.I. Knudson, Retention in paper: the rest of the story, 1993 Papermakers Conference, p141
28．张光华，《造纸湿部化学原理及其应用》，中国轻工业出版社，1998．7
29．山田博，张运展，张瑞生译，《造纸过程中的界面动电现象》，轻工业出版社 1984，5
30．沈良骥，杨望生，《胶体化学》(上册)，西北轻工业学院硕士研究生教材
31. K.W. Britt, John E. Unbehend, New methods for monitoring retention, Tappi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, 1976
32. T. Miyanishi, K. Imamura etc., A new wet end control system with on-line sensors, Tappi Journal, No.5, 1986, p116
33. Roger D. Crow, Computer aided on-line monitoring techniques for optimization of alkaline papermaking chemistry, 1991 Papermakers conference, p367
34. L. Bley, Latest experiences of on-line charge measurement: a process control concept, Pulp & Paper Canada, 99:5(1998), T165
35．陈夫山，两性助留助滤剂的研制及其在造纸湿部化学的研究，天津轻工业学院博士学位论文，1998
36. William E. Scott, Principles of Wet End Chemistry, Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1996
37．严瑞碹，《水溶性高分子》，化学工业出版社，1999
38. R.L.Davidson, Water-Soluble Resins, 2nd ed. , Reinhold Book Co., New York, 1968
39．俞益平，油田化学，1991，8(3)：194
40．章云祥，方勤，水溶性高聚物的研究进展，功能高分子学报，1997，01
41．牛太同等，聚丙烯酰胺的合成与应用，江西化工，1996，04
42．张黎明，黄少杰等，AM-AA-DMDAAC共聚物的制备和表征，中山大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，01
43．许振举，张爱华，聚丙烯酰胺的胺甲基化反应及其产品的应用，齐鲁石油化工，1996，04
44．南玉明，贾辉等，聚丙烯酰胺的化学降解研究，大庆石油学院学报，1997，01
45．方贵霞，丁彩凤，温度对聚丙烯酰胺溶胶与凝胶粘度的影响，青岛化工学院学报，1997，02
46．蔡开勇，王久芬等，引发体系对聚丙烯酰胺相对分子量的影响，华北工学院学报，1999，01
47．张全茹，方正，乳液聚合制粉状聚丙烯酰胺的研究，湖南化工，1998，01
48．加胜，王连生等，聚丙烯酰胺的合成与助滤性能的研究，工业水处理，1999，04
49．彭勃，李明远等，聚丙烯酰胺胶态分散凝胶体系粒度的研究，油田化学，1999，03
50．彭晓宏，沈家瑞，两性聚丙烯酰胺的研究，石油化工，Vol．27，No．4，1998，p267
51．李明，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成，四川环境，1996
52．金昭华，罗罹，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺纸张干强剂的研究进展，湖南化工，1999，04
53．谢刚，黎勇等，聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的流变性质，应用化学，Vol．17，№．1，2000，p72
54．彭晓宏，盘思伟等，氧化还原引发体系对DMC／AM／AA三元水溶液共聚合的影响，石油化工，1999，08
55．陈辉，我国最大聚丙烯酰胺生产项目开始兴建，化工环保，1999，05
56．郭建勋，两性多功能造纸助剂的合成及应用研究，西北轻工业学院硕士学位论文
57．彭晓宏，沈家瑞，两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝脱水性能研究，石油化工，1998，04
58．谢来苏，胡惠仁等，造纸用两性助剂，中国造纸学会第九届
全国学术年会论文
59. Xie Laisu, Wang Haiyi etc., Study of amphoteric polyacrylamide used as retention and drainage aids in papermaking, 99'International conference of wood and paper-making, 1999, Seoul, South Korea
60. Chen Fushan, Wang Haiyi etc., Study on amphoteric polymers used as strengthen agent on eucalyptus APMPC, Emerging Technologies of Pulping & Papermaking of Fast-Growing Wood, South China University of Technology, November 23-25, 1998, Guanzhou, P. R. China
61. Chen Fushan, Xie Laisu etc., Preparation of amphoteric starches and study on wet end chemistry in papermaking, 99' International conference of wood and papermaking, 1999, Seoul, South Korea
62. Xie Laisu, Wang Haiyi etc. , Studies of dual component and microparticale retention system in papermaking on dynamic condition, 99' International conference of wood and paper making, 1999, Seoul, South Korea
63．陈夫山，王海毅等，两性聚丙烯酰胺的制备及应用，广东造纸，№．4，99，
64．臧庆达，李卓美，功能高分子学报，1994，7(1)：90
65. J. Mazur, A.Sillberberg and A. Karchalsky, J. Polym. Sci., 1959, 35:43
66. D.G. Peiffer and R. D. Lundberg, Polymer,1985, 26: 1058
67．彭晓宏，沈家瑞，两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝脱水性能研究，石油化工，1998，04
68．马喜平，邵定波，阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能的研究，油田化学，1999，01
69．王喜堂，精细油田化工，1988，2：31
70．李万捷、赵彦生、温亚龙，水处理技术，1994，20(1)，33
71．张黎明，1995年全国高分子学术论文报告会论文集(上)
72．王正良等，1995年全国高分子学术论文报告会论文集(下)
73．姜涛等，三次采油用聚丙烯酰胺研究进展，精细石油化工进展，2000，6，p30
74．王中华，油田化学，1993，10(4)：291
75．傅奎仕等，油田化学，1995，12(1)：129
76．沈一丁，韩卿等，两性聚丙烯酰胺纸张增强剂的合成和应用，高分子材料科学与工程，1995，9，№．5
77．朱强等，化学世界，1992，(10)：442
78. J. Yoshizawa, A.Isogai etc., Analysis and retention behavior of cationic and amphoteric starches on handsheets, J. Pulp Paper Sci., Vol. 24, July, 1998
79．沈一丁，李小瑞等，高分子学报，1994，(5)：547
80．沈一丁，李小瑞等，高分子材料科学与工程，1992，10
81．严瑞碹，水溶性高分子，化学工业出版社，1999
82. Minsk, L.M.,Kotlarchik. C.N.,J.Polym. Sci.Chem. Ed. 12,(1974)
83. Cavell, E.A and Gilson, I.T., J. Polym. Sci. 4,(1966)
84. Canau, F., Pouyer, G., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 167,1984
85．赵天增，《核磁共振氢谱》，北京大学出版社 1983年第一版
86．陈耀祖，《有机分析》，高等教育出版社，1981年第一版
87．汪昆华，罗传秋等，《聚合物近代仪器分析》清华大学出版社，(第二版)2000，5
88．荆煦瑛，陈式棣等，《红外光谱实用指南》，天津科学技术出版社，1992
89．卢涌泉，邓振华，《实用红外光谱解析》，电子工业出版社，1989
90. E. Strazdins, Microelectrophoresis theory and praxis, 1992 Papermakers conference, p503
91．同参考文献29
92．张春梅，何北海等，纸浆悬浮液电荷分析方法的初步研究，广东造纸，1998，№．3
93．同参考文献29
94. William E. Scott, Principles of Wet End Chemistry, Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1996
95. Andrea Gibbs, Robert Pelton and Rongjuan Cong; Simulating the effect of dissolved and colloidal component of mechanical pulps, Emerging Technologies of Pulping & Papermaking of Fast-Growing Wood, South China University of Technology Press: 307-314, November 23-25, 1998 Guanzhou. P.R.China
96. William K. Wilson, John Mandel, Determination of carboxyl in cellulose, Tappi Journal, №.2, 1961, p131
97. Sobue. H., Okubo.M., Tappi Journal, Vol. 39,1956, p415
98. Millett. M.A., Schultz. J.S., Saeman. J.F., Tappi Journal, Vol. 41,1958, p560
99. Ant. Wuorinen. O., Paper and Timber, Vol.39, 1957, p229
100．侯彦召，测定磺酸基和羧酸基的两种方法，中国造纸，1985，№．3，p35
101. T. Yamauchi, K. Murakami, Measurement of the electrical specific conductivity of a wet pulp web, Tappi Journal, March, 1988, p177
102. A.M. Scallan, The electrical conductance of pulp suspensions, Tappi Journal, №.5, 1988, p157
103．同参考文献35
104. Allan M. Springer, Sudhakar Kuchibhotla, The influence of filler components on specific filtration resistance, Tappi Journal ,№.4, 1992, p187
105．谢来苏，苏求凤等，用液体渗透法测定亚硫酸盐法苇浆的比表面及比容在打浆中的变化，中国造纸，№．6，p20
106．谢来苏，苏求凤等，不同打浆浓度下浆料比表面与比容和手抄纸强度的关系，天津造纸，1992
107. Tom Asselman, Gil Garnier, The mechanism of fines retention using PAM retention systems, 10th ISWPC, p109
108. C.H. Tay, Application of polymeric flocculant in newsprint stock systems for fines retention improvement, Tappi Journal, Vol. 63, №. 6, 1980
109. R.I.S. Gill, Developments in retention aid technology, Paper Technology, Aug. 1991, p34
110. H. Xiao, R. Pelton etc. , Retention mechanisms for two- component systems based on phenolic resins and PEO or new PEO-copolymer retention aids, J. Pulp Paper Sci., Vol. 22, Dec., 1996
111. John E. Unbehend, The "dynamic retention/drainage jar" , Tappi Journal, Vol. 60, No. 7, 1977
112. Dynamic Paper Chemistry Jar~(Tm) Mark Ⅲ Operating Manual
113．陈蕴志，聚合氯化铝的特性及其在造纸湿部的应用，天津轻工业学院博士学位论文，1999
114．刘军钛，纸浆电性应用中的困惑，纸和造纸，1998，9，No．5
115. H. Terayama, J. Polym. Sci.,8, 243(1952)
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