慢跑下肢技术动作的生物力学研究
摘要
本研究借助QUALISYS红外光点运动分析系统、Kistle测力台系统、Footscan足底压力测试系统、以及Mega肌电系统等多种生物力学测试方法,对慢跑运动中下肢动作的运动学指标、动力学指标、足底指标压力指标和肌电指标进行了较全面研究。并在此基础上对造成跑步损伤的力学问题进行了分析。研究结果如下:
1采用较平的脚着地姿势可为后继背屈缓冲提供了更大的运动空间,增大着地时足底接触地面的面积,使冲击力在足底产生的压强降低,从而减少对足底的损害;适当增加足在着地前的跖屈幅度,更有利于缓冲冲击力。
2在慢跑健身时应适当穿软底鞋,可减少着地时地面对足部乃至人整体的冲击;穿鞋跑和光脚跑对足部受力的影响主要在着地阶段。
3无论是穿鞋跑和光脚跑,第2、1、3跖骨所受的冲量和压强都比较大,尤其是第2跖骨最大,而跟骨和第5跖骨所受的冲量和压强相对要小的多。由此可见第2、1、3跖骨区域尤其是第2跖骨是慢跑慢性病尤其是疲劳损伤多发的地方。
4下肢各肌肉群在脚着地前后具有较大的活性,而在离地前活性减小。在整个动作周期中,脚触地动作要比离地动作更重要。
5在慢跑的下肢动作技术中,肌肉的发力主要是在缓冲阶段,蹬伸过程的动力很大一部分是来自缓冲阶段肌肉储存的势能和惯性。
6缓冲阶段,膝关节是缓冲动作最主要的部位,蹬伸过程踝关节所受的外力比较大
With the methods of Qualisys infrared light spot kinematic analysis system,Kistleri strength testing system,foot base pressure distributing system and Mega EMG system,this reserch made a comprehensively study into the kinematic,dynamics,foot pressure and EMG quota of the waist and leg action in jogging.Based on the datum, the mechanics issue of running injury is analysed in the same time.
The results are indicated as follows:
1.The touchdown posture of comparatively level foot can provide the bigger movement space for the cushion of the successor back bending, increase the touchdown area of foot step,lighten the intensity of pressure produced by impact at the foot base,thus reduced the harm to foot base.The wider scope of foot expanding and bending,the more advantageous to the buffer of the impact.
2.When jog fitness it is advisable to put on the soft bottom shoes,which reduces the impact of the ground on the foot and even the whole body; The influence of running in shoes or barefoot running on the foot stress is mainly on the touchdown stage.
3.Regardless of running in shoes or barefoot running,the amount of impulse and the intensity of pressure on the 2nd,1st,3rd metatarsal bones are ralatively great,especially the 2nd metatarsal bone the greatest,while the amount of impulse and the intensity of pressure on the calcaneum and the 5th metatarsal bone are comparatively small.Thus it can be seen that the jog chronic diseases,fatigue damageespecially freqyently occur to the 2nd,1st,3rd metatarsal bones region and the 2nd metatarsal bone in particular.
4.The muscle groups are comparatively active before and after the foot touchdown of the ground;they becme less active before the foot clearance of the ground.The action of touchdown is more important than the action of clearance during the movement period.
5.In the lower limb movement technology of running for fitness,the muscles generate strength mainly in the cushion stage.The potential energy and the inertia stored up during the cushion stage contribute a lot to the power of pressing and expanding process.
6.The cushion stage,the knee joint is main spot of the cushion movement; while the ankle joint stands more external force during thepressing and expanding process.
1采用较平的脚着地姿势可为后继背屈缓冲提供了更大的运动空间,增大着地时足底接触地面的面积,使冲击力在足底产生的压强降低,从而减少对足底的损害;适当增加足在着地前的跖屈幅度,更有利于缓冲冲击力。
2在慢跑健身时应适当穿软底鞋,可减少着地时地面对足部乃至人整体的冲击;穿鞋跑和光脚跑对足部受力的影响主要在着地阶段。
3无论是穿鞋跑和光脚跑,第2、1、3跖骨所受的冲量和压强都比较大,尤其是第2跖骨最大,而跟骨和第5跖骨所受的冲量和压强相对要小的多。由此可见第2、1、3跖骨区域尤其是第2跖骨是慢跑慢性病尤其是疲劳损伤多发的地方。
4下肢各肌肉群在脚着地前后具有较大的活性,而在离地前活性减小。在整个动作周期中,脚触地动作要比离地动作更重要。
5在慢跑的下肢动作技术中,肌肉的发力主要是在缓冲阶段,蹬伸过程的动力很大一部分是来自缓冲阶段肌肉储存的势能和惯性。
6缓冲阶段,膝关节是缓冲动作最主要的部位,蹬伸过程踝关节所受的外力比较大
With the methods of Qualisys infrared light spot kinematic analysis system,Kistleri strength testing system,foot base pressure distributing system and Mega EMG system,this reserch made a comprehensively study into the kinematic,dynamics,foot pressure and EMG quota of the waist and leg action in jogging.Based on the datum, the mechanics issue of running injury is analysed in the same time.
The results are indicated as follows:
1.The touchdown posture of comparatively level foot can provide the bigger movement space for the cushion of the successor back bending, increase the touchdown area of foot step,lighten the intensity of pressure produced by impact at the foot base,thus reduced the harm to foot base.The wider scope of foot expanding and bending,the more advantageous to the buffer of the impact.
2.When jog fitness it is advisable to put on the soft bottom shoes,which reduces the impact of the ground on the foot and even the whole body; The influence of running in shoes or barefoot running on the foot stress is mainly on the touchdown stage.
3.Regardless of running in shoes or barefoot running,the amount of impulse and the intensity of pressure on the 2nd,1st,3rd metatarsal bones are ralatively great,especially the 2nd metatarsal bone the greatest,while the amount of impulse and the intensity of pressure on the calcaneum and the 5th metatarsal bone are comparatively small.Thus it can be seen that the jog chronic diseases,fatigue damageespecially freqyently occur to the 2nd,1st,3rd metatarsal bones region and the 2nd metatarsal bone in particular.
4.The muscle groups are comparatively active before and after the foot touchdown of the ground;they becme less active before the foot clearance of the ground.The action of touchdown is more important than the action of clearance during the movement period.
5.In the lower limb movement technology of running for fitness,the muscles generate strength mainly in the cushion stage.The potential energy and the inertia stored up during the cushion stage contribute a lot to the power of pressing and expanding process.
6.The cushion stage,the knee joint is main spot of the cushion movement; while the ankle joint stands more external force during thepressing and expanding process.
引文
[1]Dillman.C.J.(1975)Kinematic analysise of running,Exercise and Sciences Reviews 3,193-218
[2]Wlliams,K.R.(1985) Biomechanics of running,Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews 13,389-441
[3]Dillman,C.J.(1975).Kinematic analyses of running,Exercise and Sport Science Reviews,3,193-218.
[4]Williams,R.M.(1985).Biomechanics of running,Exercise and Sports Science Reviews,13,389-441.
[5]Cavanagh,P.R.,&Kram,R.(1990).Stride length in distance running:Velocity,body dimensions,and added mass effects effects.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,21(4),467-479.
[6]Cavanagh,RR.,& Williams,K.R.(1982).The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptakeduring distance runners.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,301,328-345.
[7]Hogberg,P.(1952).How do stride length and stride frequency influence the energe-output during running?Arbeitsphysiologie 14,437-441.
[8]Kaneko,R.,Matsumoto,M.,Ito,A.,&Fuchimoto,T.(1987).Optimum step frequency in constant speed running.In B.jonsson(Ed.),Biomechanics X-B(pp.803-807).CHampaiin,IL:Human Kinetics.
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[10]Novacheck TF.Walking,running,and sprinting:a three-dimensional analysis of kinematics and kinetics.AAOS Instructional Course Lectures 1995;44:497-506.
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[17]Nilsson,J.,Thorstensson,A.,&Halbertsma,J.(1985).Changes in leg movements and muscle Acta Physiologica Scandinaviaca,123,457-475.
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[25]Cavanagh PR.The biomechanics of lower extremity action in distance running.Foot Ankle 1987;7(4):197-217.
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[35]袁刚.正常人足底压力分布及其影响因素分析.中华物理医学与康复杂志.26(3):156-159,2004.
[36]Grundy M,Blackburn T P A,McLeish R D..An investigation of the centers of pressure under the foot while walking.J Bone Joint Surg,1975,57.98-103.
[37]Dreup BT.Foot function during support phase of running.Running,3,24-29.12
[39]Hennig EM.Pressure distribution patterns under the feet of children in comparison with adults.Foot & Ankle.11(5):306-11,1991
[40]温建民,桑志成,钟红刚,等.正常足与拇外翻足前足压力承重比例与趾骨头下压力的研究[J].中国骨伤,2003,16(11):641-642
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[43]Minns R.J.,Craxford AD.Pressure Under the Forefoot in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Clinical orthopedics and Related Research,1984,187:235.
[44]]Lord M,Reynolds DP,Hughes JR.Foot pressure measurement:A re-view of clinical findings.J.Biomed.Eng,1986,8:283.
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[2]Wlliams,K.R.(1985) Biomechanics of running,Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews 13,389-441
[3]Dillman,C.J.(1975).Kinematic analyses of running,Exercise and Sport Science Reviews,3,193-218.
[4]Williams,R.M.(1985).Biomechanics of running,Exercise and Sports Science Reviews,13,389-441.
[5]Cavanagh,P.R.,&Kram,R.(1990).Stride length in distance running:Velocity,body dimensions,and added mass effects effects.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,21(4),467-479.
[6]Cavanagh,RR.,& Williams,K.R.(1982).The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptakeduring distance runners.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,301,328-345.
[7]Hogberg,P.(1952).How do stride length and stride frequency influence the energe-output during running?Arbeitsphysiologie 14,437-441.
[8]Kaneko,R.,Matsumoto,M.,Ito,A.,&Fuchimoto,T.(1987).Optimum step frequency in constant speed running.In B.jonsson(Ed.),Biomechanics X-B(pp.803-807).CHampaiin,IL:Human Kinetics.
[9]Cavanagh,P.R.,& Kram,R.(1989).The efficiency of human movement:A statement of the problem.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,17,34-308.
[10]Novacheck TF.Walking,running,and sprinting:a three-dimensional analysis of kinematics and kinetics.AAOS Instructional Course Lectures 1995;44:497-506.
[11]Miller,D.P.(1978).Biomechanics of running-what should the future hold?Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Sciences,3,223-236.
[12]Williams,R.M.(1980).Abiomechanical evaluation of distance running efficiency.Unpublished doctoral thesis,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park.
[13]Cavanagh,P.R.,Pollock,M.L.(1977).Abiomechanical comparison of elite and good distance runners.Annals of the New York Academy of sciences,301,328-345.
[14]Ounpuu S.The biomechanics of walking and running.ClinSports Med 1994;13(4):843-63.
[15]Teeple,J.B.(1968).Abiomechanical analysis of running patterns of college women.Unpublished master's thesis,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park.
[16]Williams,R.M.(1980).Abiomechanical of running.Exercise and Sports Science Reviews,13,389-441.
[17]Nilsson,J.,Thorstensson,A.,&Halbertsma,J.(1985).Changes in leg movements and muscle Acta Physiologica Scandinaviaca,123,457-475.
[18]Sinning,W.E.,&Forsyth,H.L.(1970).Lower limb actions while running at different velocities.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2,28-34.
[19]约翰.A.霍利等.跑步.北京:人民体育出版社,2002:32-40
[20]Adelaar RS.The practical biomechanics of running.Am J Sports Med 1986;14(6):497-500.
[21]Miller DI.Biomechanics of running:what should the future hold?.Can J Sport Sci 1978;3:229-36.
[22]Nilsson,J.,Thorstensson,A.,&Halbertsma,J.(1985).Changes in leg movements and muscle Acta Physiologica Scandinaviaca,123,457-475.
[23]Williams KR,Cavanagh PR,ZiffJL.Biomechanical studies ofelite female distance runners.Int J Sports Med 1987;8(2):107-18.
[24]Miller DI.Biomechanics of running:what should the future hold?.Can J Sport Sci 1978;3:229-36.
[25]Cavanagh PR.The biomechanics of lower extremity action in distance running.Foot Ankle 1987;7(4):197-217.
[26]Williams,R.M.(1980).A biomechanical evaluation of distance running effficiency.Unpublished doctoral thesis,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park.
[28]约翰.A.霍利等.跑步.北京:人民体育出版社,2002:38-40
[29]Nigg,B.M.(ED).(1986).Biomechanics of running shoes.Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics.
[30]Willams,K.P.(1985)Biomechanics of running.Exercise and Sports Science Reviews 13,389-441.
[3 1]Edward C.Frederick and John L.Hagy.(1987)Kinematic analysis of the talcaneal/talocrural joint during running support.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15,376-381.
[32]Munro,Miller,&Fuglevand,A.J.(1987).Ground reaction forces in running:A reexamination.Journal of Biomechanics,20,147-155.
[33]Clarke,T.E,Cooper,L.B.,Hamill,C.L.&Clark,D.E.(1985)The effect of varied stride rate upon s hank deceleration during running.Journal of Sports Science 3,41-49.
[34]Cavanagh.PR,Hewitt JR JE,et al.In-shoe plantar pressure measurement(a review).Foot,1985,2;185-194.
[35]袁刚.正常人足底压力分布及其影响因素分析.中华物理医学与康复杂志.26(3):156-159,2004.
[36]Grundy M,Blackburn T P A,McLeish R D..An investigation of the centers of pressure under the foot while walking.J Bone Joint Surg,1975,57.98-103.
[37]Dreup BT.Foot function during support phase of running.Running,3,24-29.12
[39]Hennig EM.Pressure distribution patterns under the feet of children in comparison with adults.Foot & Ankle.11(5):306-11,1991
[40]温建民,桑志成,钟红刚,等.正常足与拇外翻足前足压力承重比例与趾骨头下压力的研究[J].中国骨伤,2003,16(11):641-642
[41]王军,徐新智,张伟,等.足底压力动态图像分析系统与临床应用[J].中国临床康复,2002,6(6):802-803
[42]Stoke LAF,Hullon WE,EvansMJ.Effects of hallux valgus and Keller's operation on the load-bearing function of the foot duringwalking.Ac-ta Orthopaedica Belgica,1975,41:695.
[43]Minns R.J.,Craxford AD.Pressure Under the Forefoot in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Clinical orthopedics and Related Research,1984,187:235.
[44]]Lord M,Reynolds DP,Hughes JR.Foot pressure measurement:A re-view of clinical findings.J.Biomed.Eng,1986,8:283.
[45]R.J.Abboud,D.I.Rowly,R.W.Newton,Low limb muscle dysfunc-tion may contribute to foot ulceration in diabetic patients.ClinicalBiomechanics.2000.15:37-45.
[46]王志彬,王小同,师宜键,等.足弓垫的生力学效应[J].中国运动学杂志,1988,5(2):71.
[46]Mann,R.A.,&Hagy,J.L.(1980a).Biomechanics of walking,running and sprinting.American Journal of Sports Medicine,8(5),345-350.
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