哈得4油田成藏地球化学研究
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摘要
哈得4油田位于塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷北部的哈得逊构造带。自1998年在哈得1井发现哈得4油田以来，该地区已成为盆地黑油勘探的重点地区。对哈得4油田成藏地球化学的研究，对塔里木盆地台盆区海相原油的成因理论和油气勘探均具有重要的实际意义。
应用GC、GC/MS、GC/MS/MS等定性和定量研究方法，在精细剖析原油化学组成的基础上，深入探讨了哈得4油田油藏流体在化学组成上的相似性和横向分布上的非均质性。分析表明，与相邻地区海相原油比较，除最南端的HD401井原油外，其它井区原油均具有下述特点：轻烃馏分组成十分接近、植烷系列类异戊烯烷烃分布较为一致、甾萜类和芳香甾萜类环状化合物浓度较高、重排甾烷丰度较高、伽马蜡烷含量低、规则甾烷组成中C_(28)丰度低(C_(28)/(C274+C284+C29)＜20％)、甲基甾烷中以3-甲基甾烷为主、甲藻甾烷和4-甲基甾烷丰度极低、降胆甾烷中以27-降胆甾烷为主、24-降胆甾烷和24-重排降胆甾烷丰度低。对比分析表明，包括塔河油田、乡3井、轮南1、轮南11等井区的环哈拉哈塘凹陷原油，其化学组成与哈得逊油田原油十分相似，具有时代意义生物标志物的油源对比结果表明，这些原油主要源自O_(2+3)烃源岩。
横向上，哈得4油田C_Ⅲ油藏原油的化学组成仍存在一定的非均质性。如自北向南，芳烃馏份中的芳香甾烷浓度、饱和烃馏分中的甾萜烷类浓度等总体表现为增加趋势。显然，这种分布特征是和原油的运移和充注过程联系在一起。
对哈得逊及相关地区原油不同结构中性含氮馏分的分析表明，“屏蔽”型与“暴露”型的相对组成、相关比值、化合物浓度等均表现出较好的协同变化关系。对其中13个运移参数的相关分析表明，总体上它们均呈显著的相关关系，充分说明了它们在表征原油运移特征方面的有效性。据此，笔者提出了综合运移参数的概念。从哈得4C_Ⅲ油藏综合运移参数的分布特征看，原油具有自北向南的运移和充注过程。区域上，自靠近哈拉哈塘凹陷的X3井、塔河油田原油至哈得逊油田，运移参数同样呈现了自北向南的增加趋势，与哈得逊油田原油的充注方向完全一致。
HD401井原油的组成具有明显的特殊性。原油的物性、正构烷烃分布、甾萜类化合物浓度、不同结构特征的甾烷相对丰度、芳烃馏分成熟度参数等均有别于哈得4油田的主体原油。具有时代意义生物标志物的对比表明，其化学组成总体上具有下奥陶统-寒武系烃源岩生成产物的特点。可见，HD401井原油，是先期注入的少量下奥陶统-寒武系烃源岩生成的产物，在O_(2+3)烃源岩主体原油自北向南的充注过程中，“波阵面”式的推进结果使其处于该油藏的最南端。原油的充注方向和HD401井原油的分布特点，预示着寻找哈得逊这类原油的有效地区应在HD401井以北的地区。
论文最后通过圈闭形成期、生排烃期和包裹体均一化温度的分析，认为油气的充注时期应是第三纪库车组沉积时期，具有晚期成藏的特点。
Hade 4 oil field is located in the Hadexun structural zone in the north of the Manjia'er depression, the Tarim Basin. Since the Hade 4 oil field was found in 1998, this area has become the important district for black oil exploration, Geochemical studies on petroleum migration and accumulation of Hade 4 oil field is significant to the forming theory of marine crude oil and oil / gas exploration in Tarim cratonic basin.
Applying qualitative and quantitative analysis (such as GC, GC/MS, GC/MS/MS), similarity and heterogeneity of reservoir fluid chemical composition in horizontal distribution are described according to the detailed analysis on crude oil chemical composition. Comparing with marine oils in the adjacent areas, all crude oils in Hade 4 oil field (except for HD401 well) have following peculiarity: very similar in the composition of light hydrocarbon fraction, and the distribution of of phytane-series isoprenoid alkanes, high concentration in steranes, terpanes and their aromatized compounds, as well as rearranged steranes; low concentration of gammacerane, 24-norcholestanes and 24-rearranged steranes, and low C2g regular steranes (C2g/(C27+C28+C29)<20%); 3-methyl steranes and 27-norcholestane predominated, respectively; very low concentration of dinosterane and 4-methyl steroid. The oil-oil and oil- source correlation indicated that chemical composition of crude oils in Hade 4 oil field was very resemble to adjace
nt oil fields surrounding the Halahatang depression, including Tahe oil field, well XiangS, Lunnanl and Lunnanll. Those oils are originated from middle & upper Ordovician source rocks according to the age-specific biomarker assembly.
In the other hand, chemical composition of crude oil in Cm oil pool in Hade 4 oil field also exhibited heterogeneity in horizontal distribution, the concentration of aromatic steroids, terpanes and steranes generally increases from north to south. Obviously, this distribution character is related to the petroleum migration, charge process and filling direction.
Analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds (NCs) in crude oils in Hadexun and surrounding areas indicated that the relative composition distribution, concentrations and ratios of " shielded " type and "exposed" type NCs were coincidently varied. Geochemical parameters based on NCs are effective tools to indicate petroleum migration direction and distance according to correlation analysis of 13 migrating parameters. The distribution of migrating parameters in Hade 4 Cm oil pool suggested the crude oils charged from north to south. Furthermore, from north to south migration and filling trend also exist in the large scale, from well Xiang3 and Tahe oil field surrounding the Halahatang depression to Hade oil field, the migrating parameters show an increasing trend from north to south.
The crude oil composition of well Hade 401 is obviously unusual, which differs from crude oils in Hade 4 oil field in the physical properties of crude oil, the distribution of normal alkane, the concentration of sterane and terpane, relative concentration of different structural steroid and maturity parameters of aromatics fraction etc. Correlation of age-specific biomarkers suggested oils
in well Hade 401 originated from lower Ordovician and Cambrian source rocks. Obviously, crude oils of well Hade 401 were charged in early phase, and petroleum derived from middle & upper Ordovician source rocks was charged from north to south in the later phase. The later emplacing process of hydrocarbon fluids from north to south induced oils from lower Ordovician and Cambrian source rocks located in the most southern area. The filling direction of and unusual distribution of crude oil in well Hade 401 predict that effective areas occurred with Hade-type crude oil should be in the north of well Hade 401.
In conclusions, petroleum in Hade 4 oil fields was accumulated in very later phase (Pliocene Kuche formation depositing period (N2k)) according to timing of trap forming, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion period, homogenization tem
应用GC、GC/MS、GC/MS/MS等定性和定量研究方法，在精细剖析原油化学组成的基础上，深入探讨了哈得4油田油藏流体在化学组成上的相似性和横向分布上的非均质性。分析表明，与相邻地区海相原油比较，除最南端的HD401井原油外，其它井区原油均具有下述特点：轻烃馏分组成十分接近、植烷系列类异戊烯烷烃分布较为一致、甾萜类和芳香甾萜类环状化合物浓度较高、重排甾烷丰度较高、伽马蜡烷含量低、规则甾烷组成中C_(28)丰度低(C_(28)/(C274+C284+C29)＜20％)、甲基甾烷中以3-甲基甾烷为主、甲藻甾烷和4-甲基甾烷丰度极低、降胆甾烷中以27-降胆甾烷为主、24-降胆甾烷和24-重排降胆甾烷丰度低。对比分析表明，包括塔河油田、乡3井、轮南1、轮南11等井区的环哈拉哈塘凹陷原油，其化学组成与哈得逊油田原油十分相似，具有时代意义生物标志物的油源对比结果表明，这些原油主要源自O_(2+3)烃源岩。
横向上，哈得4油田C_Ⅲ油藏原油的化学组成仍存在一定的非均质性。如自北向南，芳烃馏份中的芳香甾烷浓度、饱和烃馏分中的甾萜烷类浓度等总体表现为增加趋势。显然，这种分布特征是和原油的运移和充注过程联系在一起。
对哈得逊及相关地区原油不同结构中性含氮馏分的分析表明，“屏蔽”型与“暴露”型的相对组成、相关比值、化合物浓度等均表现出较好的协同变化关系。对其中13个运移参数的相关分析表明，总体上它们均呈显著的相关关系，充分说明了它们在表征原油运移特征方面的有效性。据此，笔者提出了综合运移参数的概念。从哈得4C_Ⅲ油藏综合运移参数的分布特征看，原油具有自北向南的运移和充注过程。区域上，自靠近哈拉哈塘凹陷的X3井、塔河油田原油至哈得逊油田，运移参数同样呈现了自北向南的增加趋势，与哈得逊油田原油的充注方向完全一致。
HD401井原油的组成具有明显的特殊性。原油的物性、正构烷烃分布、甾萜类化合物浓度、不同结构特征的甾烷相对丰度、芳烃馏分成熟度参数等均有别于哈得4油田的主体原油。具有时代意义生物标志物的对比表明，其化学组成总体上具有下奥陶统-寒武系烃源岩生成产物的特点。可见，HD401井原油，是先期注入的少量下奥陶统-寒武系烃源岩生成的产物，在O_(2+3)烃源岩主体原油自北向南的充注过程中，“波阵面”式的推进结果使其处于该油藏的最南端。原油的充注方向和HD401井原油的分布特点，预示着寻找哈得逊这类原油的有效地区应在HD401井以北的地区。
论文最后通过圈闭形成期、生排烃期和包裹体均一化温度的分析，认为油气的充注时期应是第三纪库车组沉积时期，具有晚期成藏的特点。
Hade 4 oil field is located in the Hadexun structural zone in the north of the Manjia'er depression, the Tarim Basin. Since the Hade 4 oil field was found in 1998, this area has become the important district for black oil exploration, Geochemical studies on petroleum migration and accumulation of Hade 4 oil field is significant to the forming theory of marine crude oil and oil / gas exploration in Tarim cratonic basin.
Applying qualitative and quantitative analysis (such as GC, GC/MS, GC/MS/MS), similarity and heterogeneity of reservoir fluid chemical composition in horizontal distribution are described according to the detailed analysis on crude oil chemical composition. Comparing with marine oils in the adjacent areas, all crude oils in Hade 4 oil field (except for HD401 well) have following peculiarity: very similar in the composition of light hydrocarbon fraction, and the distribution of of phytane-series isoprenoid alkanes, high concentration in steranes, terpanes and their aromatized compounds, as well as rearranged steranes; low concentration of gammacerane, 24-norcholestanes and 24-rearranged steranes, and low C2g regular steranes (C2g/(C27+C28+C29)<20%); 3-methyl steranes and 27-norcholestane predominated, respectively; very low concentration of dinosterane and 4-methyl steroid. The oil-oil and oil- source correlation indicated that chemical composition of crude oils in Hade 4 oil field was very resemble to adjace
nt oil fields surrounding the Halahatang depression, including Tahe oil field, well XiangS, Lunnanl and Lunnanll. Those oils are originated from middle & upper Ordovician source rocks according to the age-specific biomarker assembly.
In the other hand, chemical composition of crude oil in Cm oil pool in Hade 4 oil field also exhibited heterogeneity in horizontal distribution, the concentration of aromatic steroids, terpanes and steranes generally increases from north to south. Obviously, this distribution character is related to the petroleum migration, charge process and filling direction.
Analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds (NCs) in crude oils in Hadexun and surrounding areas indicated that the relative composition distribution, concentrations and ratios of " shielded " type and "exposed" type NCs were coincidently varied. Geochemical parameters based on NCs are effective tools to indicate petroleum migration direction and distance according to correlation analysis of 13 migrating parameters. The distribution of migrating parameters in Hade 4 Cm oil pool suggested the crude oils charged from north to south. Furthermore, from north to south migration and filling trend also exist in the large scale, from well Xiang3 and Tahe oil field surrounding the Halahatang depression to Hade oil field, the migrating parameters show an increasing trend from north to south.
The crude oil composition of well Hade 401 is obviously unusual, which differs from crude oils in Hade 4 oil field in the physical properties of crude oil, the distribution of normal alkane, the concentration of sterane and terpane, relative concentration of different structural steroid and maturity parameters of aromatics fraction etc. Correlation of age-specific biomarkers suggested oils
in well Hade 401 originated from lower Ordovician and Cambrian source rocks. Obviously, crude oils of well Hade 401 were charged in early phase, and petroleum derived from middle & upper Ordovician source rocks was charged from north to south in the later phase. The later emplacing process of hydrocarbon fluids from north to south induced oils from lower Ordovician and Cambrian source rocks located in the most southern area. The filling direction of and unusual distribution of crude oil in well Hade 401 predict that effective areas occurred with Hade-type crude oil should be in the north of well Hade 401.
In conclusions, petroleum in Hade 4 oil fields was accumulated in very later phase (Pliocene Kuche formation depositing period (N2k)) according to timing of trap forming, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion period, homogenization tem
引文
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59．包建平、王铁冠、王金渝等著，下扬子地区海相中、下古生界有机地球化学，1996，重庆大学出版社。
60．肖贤明著，有机岩石学及其在油气评价中的应用，广州：广东省科技出版社，1992。
61．张宝民、王飞宇、张水昌等，1998，塔里木盆地油源区的展布及其在地质历史中的演化， 国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目研究(内部报告)。
62．陈致林等，甲藻甾烷-一种生源和沉积环境的生物标志物，石油勘探与开发，3期，p60-64
63．黄第藩，赵孟军、张水昌，塔里木盆地油气资源及勘探方向，新疆石油地质，1999，20(3)，189-192
64．黄光辉、王培荣、杨坚强、董汉平，应用芳烃、中性氮馏分研究油藏原油注入史，《非烃馏分地球化学》，王培荣主编，2001，北京：石油工业出版社
65．张敏、张俊、张春明，塔里木盆地原油轻烃地球化学特征，地球化学，1997，26(1)：64-71。
66．张水昌，运移分馏作用：凝析油和蜡质油形成的一种重要机制，科学通报，2000，667-670
67．张水昌、王飞宇，张保民、梁狄刚、赵孟军，塔里木盆地中上奥陶统油源层地球化学研究，石油学报，21(6)，23-28
68．黎茂稳、王培荣、肖中尧等，1，中国西北地区断代生物标志物剖面及塔里木盆地海相主力油源时代研究，1996(内部报告)。
69．梁狄刚、张水昌、王飞宇等，塔里木盆地生油岩与油源研究，国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目研究报告，1998(内部报告)。
70．梁狄刚，塔里木盆地油气勘探若干地质问题，新疆石油地质，1999，20(3)，184-188
71．梁狄刚、张水昌、张宝民、王飞宇，从塔里木盆地看中国海相生油油问题，地学前缘，2000，7(4)，534-547
72．刘洛夫，徐新德，毛东风等，咔唑类化合物在油气运移研究中的应用初探，科学通报，1997，42(4)：420-423
73．刘洛夫，康永尚，运用原动吡咯类含氮化合物研究塔里木盆地塔中地区石油的二次运移。地球化学，1998(5)，475-482．
74．刘洛夫、赵建章、张水昌，方家虎，肖中尧，塔里木盆地志留系沥青砂岩的形成期次及演化，沉积学报，2000，18(3)
75．康永尚，刘洛夫，金之钧等，塔里木盆地塔中隆起地质流体分析与油气成藏模式研究。见：油气成藏研究系列丛书编委会主编，油气成藏机理及油气资源评价国际研讨会论文集。北京：石油工业出版社，1997，158-162。
76．傅家谟、盛国英等译(Philp R P著)，化学燃料生物标志物——应用与谱图，北京：科学出版社，1987。
77．傅家谟、盛国英，中国陆相原油的成因和生物标志物组成特征，沉积学报，9(增刊)，1991：1-7。
78．傅家谟、贾蓉芬、刘德汉、施继锡，碳酸盐岩有机地球化学，北京：科学出版社，1989。
79．傅家谟、盛国英，分子地球化学研究进展，自然科学进展，1995，5(2)：140-146。
80．傅家谟、盛国英、许家友等，应用生物标志物参数判识古沉积环境，地球化学，1991，(1)：1-12。
81．傅家谟、刘德汉、盛国英，煤成烃地球化学，北京：科学出版社，1992。
82．傅家谟、秦匡宗，干酪根地球化学，广州：广东科技出版社，1995。
83．范璞等，塔里木油气地球化学，塔里木油气地质(7)，科学出版社。
84．彭平安、傅家谟、盛国英等，膏盐沉积环境浅层烃类的地球化学特征，中国科学(B辑)，1989，(1)：84-92。
85．彭平安、盛国英、傅家谟等，高硫未成熟油非干酪根成因的证据，科学通报，1998，43(6)：636-638。
86．彭平安、盛国英、傅家谟等，盐湖沉积环境未成熟油的成因与碳酸盐沉积阶段沉积的有机质有关，科学通报，2000，45(增刊)：2689-2694。
87．赵孟军、周光熙、陈世加等，1998，塔里木盆地天然气分布规律及勘探方向，国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目研究报告(内部报告)。
88．赵孟军、张宝民、边立曾、肖中尧、李梅等，奥陶系类Ⅲ型烃源岩及其生成的天然气特征，科学通报，1999，2333-2335
89．盛国英、傅家谟、Brassell S．C．等，膏盐盆地高硫原油芳烃馏分中特征性标志化合物的检出，见：生物标志物和干酪根，中国科学院地球化学研究所有机地球化学开放实验室年报，贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1986：50-64。
90．盛国英、傅家谟、彭平安等，我国陆相沉积物生物标志物研究最新进展，有机地球化学国家实验室研究年报，1990：66-77。
91．陈安定，1994，鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田奥陶系天然气的成因与运移，石油勘探与开发，20(3)
92．林壬子等，1987，矿物燃料中多环芳烃的石油地球化学意义，有机地球化学论文集，地质出版社，p129-140
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53．王培荣等，1988，用MS／MS方法快速测定C27-C29。甾烷的相对分布探讨，石油勘探与开发，15(3)，33-37
54．王培荣等，1994，塔里木盆地油源对比及主力油源层的确定，(内部报告)。
55．王培荣主编，1993；生物标志物质量色谱图集，北京：石油工业出版社
56．王新州，不成熟生油岩热压模拟实验，沉积学报，1983，1卷1期，p118
57．王铁冠等著，生物标志物地球化学研究，中国地质大学出版社，1990
58．包建平等，甲基菲比值与有机质热演化的关系，江汉石油学院学报，1992，14(4)，p8-13
59．包建平、王铁冠、王金渝等著，下扬子地区海相中、下古生界有机地球化学，1996，重庆大学出版社。
60．肖贤明著，有机岩石学及其在油气评价中的应用，广州：广东省科技出版社，1992。
61．张宝民、王飞宇、张水昌等，1998，塔里木盆地油源区的展布及其在地质历史中的演化， 国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目研究(内部报告)。
62．陈致林等，甲藻甾烷-一种生源和沉积环境的生物标志物，石油勘探与开发，3期，p60-64
63．黄第藩，赵孟军、张水昌，塔里木盆地油气资源及勘探方向，新疆石油地质，1999，20(3)，189-192
64．黄光辉、王培荣、杨坚强、董汉平，应用芳烃、中性氮馏分研究油藏原油注入史，《非烃馏分地球化学》，王培荣主编，2001，北京：石油工业出版社
65．张敏、张俊、张春明，塔里木盆地原油轻烃地球化学特征，地球化学，1997，26(1)：64-71。
66．张水昌，运移分馏作用：凝析油和蜡质油形成的一种重要机制，科学通报，2000，667-670
67．张水昌、王飞宇，张保民、梁狄刚、赵孟军，塔里木盆地中上奥陶统油源层地球化学研究，石油学报，21(6)，23-28
68．黎茂稳、王培荣、肖中尧等，1，中国西北地区断代生物标志物剖面及塔里木盆地海相主力油源时代研究，1996(内部报告)。
69．梁狄刚、张水昌、王飞宇等，塔里木盆地生油岩与油源研究，国家“九五”重点科技攻关项目研究报告，1998(内部报告)。
70．梁狄刚，塔里木盆地油气勘探若干地质问题，新疆石油地质，1999，20(3)，184-188
71．梁狄刚、张水昌、张宝民、王飞宇，从塔里木盆地看中国海相生油油问题，地学前缘，2000，7(4)，534-547
72．刘洛夫，徐新德，毛东风等，咔唑类化合物在油气运移研究中的应用初探，科学通报，1997，42(4)：420-423
73．刘洛夫，康永尚，运用原动吡咯类含氮化合物研究塔里木盆地塔中地区石油的二次运移。地球化学，1998(5)，475-482．
74．刘洛夫、赵建章、张水昌，方家虎，肖中尧，塔里木盆地志留系沥青砂岩的形成期次及演化，沉积学报，2000，18(3)
75．康永尚，刘洛夫，金之钧等，塔里木盆地塔中隆起地质流体分析与油气成藏模式研究。见：油气成藏研究系列丛书编委会主编，油气成藏机理及油气资源评价国际研讨会论文集。北京：石油工业出版社，1997，158-162。
76．傅家谟、盛国英等译(Philp R P著)，化学燃料生物标志物——应用与谱图，北京：科学出版社，1987。
77．傅家谟、盛国英，中国陆相原油的成因和生物标志物组成特征，沉积学报，9(增刊)，1991：1-7。
78．傅家谟、贾蓉芬、刘德汉、施继锡，碳酸盐岩有机地球化学，北京：科学出版社，1989。
79．傅家谟、盛国英，分子地球化学研究进展，自然科学进展，1995，5(2)：140-146。
80．傅家谟、盛国英、许家友等，应用生物标志物参数判识古沉积环境，地球化学，1991，(1)：1-12。
81．傅家谟、刘德汉、盛国英，煤成烃地球化学，北京：科学出版社，1992。
82．傅家谟、秦匡宗，干酪根地球化学，广州：广东科技出版社，1995。
83．范璞等，塔里木油气地球化学，塔里木油气地质(7)，科学出版社。
84．彭平安、傅家谟、盛国英等，膏盐沉积环境浅层烃类的地球化学特征，中国科学(B辑)，1989，(1)：84-92。
85．彭平安、盛国英、傅家谟等，高硫未成熟油非干酪根成因的证据，科学通报，1998，43(6)：636-638。
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