ASTER影像绝对定位模型研究
|
摘要
影像定位技术是摄影测量学的核心理论基础之一,是实现从影像坐标到地面坐标转化的关键环节。对遥感图像的应用而言,确定目标位置是非常重要的。目标的位置参数在空间遥感中是一个基本的信息量,它是地形测绘、灾害监测、资源普查、变化检测等遥感应用的基础信息。如何对遥感图像进行精确定位及从遥感图像获取地面三维信息一直是遥感研究的重点和热点。
在沙漠、高寒、极地、海洋、境外等地区由于地面特征不明显,人员无法到达等原因很难实施地面控制测量,研究如何对这些地区的遥感影像建立无地面控制点的定位模型,从而进行影像定位具有重要的意义。
ASTER影像具有较高的地面分辨率,能在可见光、近红外、短波红外、热红外的光谱范围间的14个通道成像,并且具有立体观测能力,因此ASTER影像具有广泛的用途,能用于陆地、海洋、冰川、大气等方面的研究。
本文建立了ASTER影像的定位模型,并以此模型为基础进行了ASTER影像定位误差的定量分析,实现了在没有控制点和稀少(小于4个)控制点的情况下对ASTER L-1A级影像进行定位,从而解决了困难地区ASTER影像的定位问题。本文主要研究内容为以下几部分:
1.ASTER影像数据解析解析ASTER数据的结构,研究如何正确读取卫星的位置、速度、时间、姿态角、姿态变化率等数据,并研究这些数据的变化规律。
2.建立影像的定位模型
根据对影像数据的分析结果建立适合于ASTER影像的定位模型。建立了3种定位模型:基于元数据的快速定位模型,基于卫星轨道和姿态的绝对定位模型,双像立体定位模型。
3.影像定位试验与分析
在建立定位模型的基础上,对原始影像进行定位。分析各种定位模型的定位误差,通过分析,给出一种适合于ASTER影像定位的模型。
4.总结与展望
总结分析研究成果,并针对研究中出现的问题,提出以后的研究方向。
研究中用IDL语言编程,利用建立的模型实现对ASTER L-1A影像稀少控制点的定位。
Image geolocation technology is the core methodology of photogrammetry, and is the key step of coordinate transformation from image coordinate system to earth coordinate system.The geolocation is very important for the application of remote sensing image, because the positional parameters are basic information in the applications of remote sensing such as mapping and surveying, disaster monitoring, resource exploring, changing detecting and so on.The precise geolocation of remote sensing image and extracting 3-dimension terrain information from remote sensing image are hot and important topics in the research on remote sensing.
It is difficulty to acquire GCPs in some areas such as desert, alpine, polar region, sea and oversea areas for the terrain characters are undistinguishable or the areas are unreachable for humanbeings.So researchs on geolocation of remote sensing image in those areas under lack of GCPs are becoming an urgent task.
ASTER consists of three different subsystems: the Visible and Near-infrared (VNIR) has three bands with a spatial resolution of 15 m, and an additional backward telescope for stereo; the Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) has 6 bands with a spatial resolution of 30 m; and the Thermal Infrared (TIR) has 5 bands with a spatial resolution of 90 m.ASTER image can be applied in many domains such as land, sea, glacier, atmosphere and so on.
The Geolocation model of ASTER image was established in this paper, and the geolocation error analysis was implemented based on the geolocation model.The best geolocation method was presented to georeference the ASTER Level 1A image in difficulty area under lack of GCPs.
This paper is composed by the following parts:
1.Interpretion of ASTER data.
Analyze the data structure of ASTER data, give the method of reading the satellite position, velocity, time, attitude angle, attitude rate, then research into the changing rule of those data.
2.Establish the geolocation model.
Three geolocation models were established based on the data character of ASTER:1) the quick geolocation model based on ASTER metadata, 2) the geolocation modal based on satellite orbit and attitude, 3) the stereopair geolocation model.
3.Geolocation experiment and error analysis.
Geolocate the ASTER Level 1A image using the geolocation model established in portion 2, and analyze the geolocation error for each model, then present the best geolocaiton model for the georefrence of ASTER data.
4.Summarization and discussing.
Summarize and analyze the research result, and discuss the direction of future research.
The IDL( Interactive Data Language) programming language was used in the research.
在沙漠、高寒、极地、海洋、境外等地区由于地面特征不明显,人员无法到达等原因很难实施地面控制测量,研究如何对这些地区的遥感影像建立无地面控制点的定位模型,从而进行影像定位具有重要的意义。
ASTER影像具有较高的地面分辨率,能在可见光、近红外、短波红外、热红外的光谱范围间的14个通道成像,并且具有立体观测能力,因此ASTER影像具有广泛的用途,能用于陆地、海洋、冰川、大气等方面的研究。
本文建立了ASTER影像的定位模型,并以此模型为基础进行了ASTER影像定位误差的定量分析,实现了在没有控制点和稀少(小于4个)控制点的情况下对ASTER L-1A级影像进行定位,从而解决了困难地区ASTER影像的定位问题。本文主要研究内容为以下几部分:
1.ASTER影像数据解析解析ASTER数据的结构,研究如何正确读取卫星的位置、速度、时间、姿态角、姿态变化率等数据,并研究这些数据的变化规律。
2.建立影像的定位模型
根据对影像数据的分析结果建立适合于ASTER影像的定位模型。建立了3种定位模型:基于元数据的快速定位模型,基于卫星轨道和姿态的绝对定位模型,双像立体定位模型。
3.影像定位试验与分析
在建立定位模型的基础上,对原始影像进行定位。分析各种定位模型的定位误差,通过分析,给出一种适合于ASTER影像定位的模型。
4.总结与展望
总结分析研究成果,并针对研究中出现的问题,提出以后的研究方向。
研究中用IDL语言编程,利用建立的模型实现对ASTER L-1A影像稀少控制点的定位。
Image geolocation technology is the core methodology of photogrammetry, and is the key step of coordinate transformation from image coordinate system to earth coordinate system.The geolocation is very important for the application of remote sensing image, because the positional parameters are basic information in the applications of remote sensing such as mapping and surveying, disaster monitoring, resource exploring, changing detecting and so on.The precise geolocation of remote sensing image and extracting 3-dimension terrain information from remote sensing image are hot and important topics in the research on remote sensing.
It is difficulty to acquire GCPs in some areas such as desert, alpine, polar region, sea and oversea areas for the terrain characters are undistinguishable or the areas are unreachable for humanbeings.So researchs on geolocation of remote sensing image in those areas under lack of GCPs are becoming an urgent task.
ASTER consists of three different subsystems: the Visible and Near-infrared (VNIR) has three bands with a spatial resolution of 15 m, and an additional backward telescope for stereo; the Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) has 6 bands with a spatial resolution of 30 m; and the Thermal Infrared (TIR) has 5 bands with a spatial resolution of 90 m.ASTER image can be applied in many domains such as land, sea, glacier, atmosphere and so on.
The Geolocation model of ASTER image was established in this paper, and the geolocation error analysis was implemented based on the geolocation model.The best geolocation method was presented to georeference the ASTER Level 1A image in difficulty area under lack of GCPs.
This paper is composed by the following parts:
1.Interpretion of ASTER data.
Analyze the data structure of ASTER data, give the method of reading the satellite position, velocity, time, attitude angle, attitude rate, then research into the changing rule of those data.
2.Establish the geolocation model.
Three geolocation models were established based on the data character of ASTER:1) the quick geolocation model based on ASTER metadata, 2) the geolocation modal based on satellite orbit and attitude, 3) the stereopair geolocation model.
3.Geolocation experiment and error analysis.
Geolocate the ASTER Level 1A image using the geolocation model established in portion 2, and analyze the geolocation error for each model, then present the best geolocaiton model for the georefrence of ASTER data.
4.Summarization and discussing.
Summarize and analyze the research result, and discuss the direction of future research.
The IDL( Interactive Data Language) programming language was used in the research.
引文
[1] 赵英时等.遥感应用分析原理与方法.北京:科学出版社,2003
[2] 孙家抦,舒 宁,关泽群.遥感原理、方法和应用.北京:测绘出版社,1997
[3] Thomas M.Lillesand,Ralph W.Kiefer(彭望琭,余先川,周涛,李小英等译).遥感与影像解译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[4] 陈鹰.遥感影像的数字摄影测量.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[5] 孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001
[6] 张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学.武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1996
[7] 周成虎,骆剑承,杨晓梅,杨存建,刘庆生.遥感影像地学理解与分析.北京:科学出版社,2003
[8] 闫殿武.IDL 可视化工具入门与提高.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[9] 王之卓.摄影测量原理.北京:测绘出版社,1979
[10] 张永军,张勇.SPOT5 HRS 立体影像无(稀少)控制绝对定位技术研究[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2006,31(11):941-944
[11] 宋伟东.稀少控制点下遥感影像纠正模型研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学,2004,12
[12] 韩颜顺.高分辨率卫星影像几何纠正模型研究及正射纠正试验[D].辽宁工程技术大学,2006,1
[13] 张过.缺少控制点的高分辨率卫星影像几何纠正[D].武汉大学,2005,4
[14] 张剑清,张祖勋.高分辨率遥感影像基于仿射变换的严格几何模型[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2002,27 (6):555-559
[15] 袁修孝,张过,吴春华.缺少控制点的卫星遥感影像外推定位[ J ].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2005,30 (7) :575-579
[16] 林宗坚.遥感影像无(稀少) 地面控制点纠正技术[J ].地理与地理信息科学,2003,19 (4):64-65
[17] 袁修孝,张过.缺少控制点的卫星遥感对地目标定位[ J ].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2003,28(5) : 505-509
[18] 张永军,张剑清.异轨遥感立体像对外方位元素的求解算法[J ].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2003,28 (5):521-524
[19] 刘军.高分辨率卫星 CCD 立体影像定位技术研究[M].郑州: 信息工程大学,2003
[20] 朱述龙,史文中,张艳,等.线阵推扫式影像近似几何校正算法的精度比较[J ].遥感学报,2004,8(3):220-226
[21] 朱黎江,秦其明,陈思锦.ASTER 遥感数据解读与应用.国土资源遥感.2003,2,59-63
[22] 张莉,曾致远.基于 HDF4 文件格式的 MODIS 1B 影像数据提取的研究与实现.国土资源遥感,2004,4:27-32
[23] 沈 强,鄂栋臣,周春霞.ASTER 卫星影像自动生成南极格罗夫山地区相对DEM[J].遥感信息与工程.2005,30(3):47-49
[24] 巩丹超,张永生.有理函数模型的解算与应用[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(1):39-42
[25] 张永生,刘 军,高分辨率遥感卫星立体影像 RPC 模型定位的算法及其优化[J].测绘工程.2004,13(1):1-4
[26] 刘 军,张永生,范永弘.基于通用成像模型——有理函数模型的摄影测量定位方法[J].测绘通报,2003,(4):10-13
[27] 郭亚东,史 舟.先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪(ASTER)的特点及应用.遥感技术与应用[J].2003,18(5):346-352
[28] 王钦军,蔺启忠.包尔图地区 Aster 遥感岩性提取[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(2),9-13
[29] 周小成,汪小钦,向天梁,江 洪.基于 ASTER 影像的近海水产养殖信息自动提取方法[J].湿地科学,2003,4(1):64-68
[30] 王春兰,陈健飞.ASTER 高光谱影像在地面人工建筑物信息提取中的应用[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,20(1):88-91
[31] 宣文玲.以中小比例尺地形图为基准的高分辫率遥感影像定位方法研究[M].武汉大学,2005
[32] 二宫芳树,傅碧宏.帕尔马东北缘 ASTER 多光谱热红外遥感数据的岩性信息提取[J].2003,21(1),29-38
[33] 黄生海,石火生.基于 ASTER 数据的断裂构造判读—以甘肃白银地区为例[J],高校地质学报.2005,11(4)633-641
[34] 严伯铎.子午线弧长的一种新算法应用[J].海洋测绘,2003,5
[35] Genya SAITO,Naoki ISHITSUKA,Yoneharu MATANO and Masatane KATO.APPLICATION OF TERRA/ASTER DATA ON AGRICULTURE LAND MAPPING.22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,2001,9
[36] ZHU Guobin Dan G.Blumberg.An Urban Open Space Extraction M ethod:Combining Spectral and Geometric Characteristics[J].Geo_spatial Information Science,2004,7(4):249-254
[37] A.Sarwar1 and R.Bill2.Estimation of Surface Heat Fluxes in the Indus Basin Using ASTER Imagery[J].Pakistan Journal of Water Resources.2003,Vol.7(1) : 53-64
[38] Trevis J.Gigliotti.Mapping Macrophyte Vegetation in Onondaga Lake Using IKONOS and ASTER Image Data[M].State University of New York,2004,2
[39] Cara G.Schiek.Terrain Change Detection Using ASTER Optical Satellite Imagery Along the Kunlun Fault,Tibet[M].The University of Texas at El Paso.2004,7
[40] EL_Manadili,Novak.Precision Rectification of SPOT Imagery using the Direct Linear Transformation Model[J].PE&RS,1996 (1)
[41] Florin Savopol,Costas Armenakis.Modeling of the IRS-1C Satellite Pan Stereo-Imagery Using the DLT Model.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.32,Part 4,"GIS BetweenVisions and Applications",Stuttgart:1998
[42] Younian Wang.Automated Triangulation of Linear Scanner Imagery.Proceedings of ISPRS Work Groups,I/1,I/3,IV/4 on "Sensors and Mapping from Space 1999",Hanover:1999
[43] C.Vincent Tao,Yong Hu.Use of the Rational Function Model for Image Rectification.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2001,6
[44] C.Vincent Tao,Yong Hu.3-D Reconstruction Algorithms with the Rational Function Model and their Applications for IKONOS Stereo Imagery.Proceedings of ISPRS Working Groups I/2,I/5 and I/7 on "High Resolution Mapping from Space 2001",Hanover: 2001
[45] Yong Hu,C.Vincent Tao.Updating Solutions of Rational Functional Model Using Additional Control Points for Enhanced Photogrammetric Processing?Proceedings of ISPRS Working Groups I/2,I/5 and I/7 on "High Resolution Mapping from Space 2001"}Hanover: 2001
[46] Atsushi Okamoto,CliveFraser,etc.An Alternative Approach to the Triangulation of SPOT imagery.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.32,Part 4,"GIS Between Visions and Applications",Stuttgart:1998
[47] Atsushi Okamoto,Tetsu Ono,etc.Geometric Characteristics of Alternative Triangulation Models for Satellite Imagery.ASPRS 1999 Annual Conference Proceedings,Oregon:1999
[48] Xinghe Yang.Accuracy of Rational Function Approximation In Photogrammetry.ASPRS 2000 AnnualConference Proceedings,Washington D.C.,2000
[49] Ian Dowman.An Evaluation of Rational Functions for Photogrammetric Restitution.Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.XIX,Part B3,Amsterdam:International,2000
[50] AkiraHiranoa,RoyWelcha,HaroldLangb.Mapping from ASTER stereo image data: DEM validation and accuracy assessment.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 57(2003) 356–370
[51] Richard Selby.Creating Digitial Elevation Models and Orthoimages from ASTER Imagery.PCI Geomatics
[52] Peter Aniello.Using ASTER DEMS to Produce IKONOS Orthophotos.Space Imaging
[53] Richard Thomas Walker.A remote sensing study of active folding and faulting in southern Kerman province,S.E.Iran.Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28,654-668
[54] Masatane Kato,Yuko Fukui and Atsuo Yoshino.ASTER emergency observation of huge earthquake and tsunami in Sumatra,Indonesia.RSDAC
[55] K??b,etc.GLACIER MONITORING FROM ASTER IMAGERY:ACCURACY AND APPLICATIONS A.Proceedings of EARSeL-LISSIG-Workshop Observing our Cryosphere from Space,Bern,March 11 – 13,200,43-52
[56] David W Fanning.IDL Programming Techniques.Fort Collins,CO:Fanning Software Consulting,2000
[57] ERSDAC(Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center).ASTER User’s Guide Part-II (Ver.5.0)
[58] ERSDAC.Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for ASTER Level-1 DataProcessing
[59] ERSDAC.ASTER LEVEL 1 DATA PRODICTS SPECIALFICATION(GDS Version) Version 1.3
[60] ERSDAC.ASTER USER HANDBOOK Version 2.0
[61] Dennis D.McCarthy,G′erard Petit.IERS Conventions (2003).International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service Central Bureau,2004
[62] NIMA(National Imagery Mapping Agency).Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984-Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems,2000,1
[63] P.V.Radhadevi.,R.Ramachandran,A.S.R.K.V.Murali Mohan,Restitution of IRS-1C PAN data using an orbit attitude model and minimum control[J],Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing,1998,53:262- 271.
[2] 孙家抦,舒 宁,关泽群.遥感原理、方法和应用.北京:测绘出版社,1997
[3] Thomas M.Lillesand,Ralph W.Kiefer(彭望琭,余先川,周涛,李小英等译).遥感与影像解译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[4] 陈鹰.遥感影像的数字摄影测量.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[5] 孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001
[6] 张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学.武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1996
[7] 周成虎,骆剑承,杨晓梅,杨存建,刘庆生.遥感影像地学理解与分析.北京:科学出版社,2003
[8] 闫殿武.IDL 可视化工具入门与提高.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[9] 王之卓.摄影测量原理.北京:测绘出版社,1979
[10] 张永军,张勇.SPOT5 HRS 立体影像无(稀少)控制绝对定位技术研究[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2006,31(11):941-944
[11] 宋伟东.稀少控制点下遥感影像纠正模型研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学,2004,12
[12] 韩颜顺.高分辨率卫星影像几何纠正模型研究及正射纠正试验[D].辽宁工程技术大学,2006,1
[13] 张过.缺少控制点的高分辨率卫星影像几何纠正[D].武汉大学,2005,4
[14] 张剑清,张祖勋.高分辨率遥感影像基于仿射变换的严格几何模型[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2002,27 (6):555-559
[15] 袁修孝,张过,吴春华.缺少控制点的卫星遥感影像外推定位[ J ].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2005,30 (7) :575-579
[16] 林宗坚.遥感影像无(稀少) 地面控制点纠正技术[J ].地理与地理信息科学,2003,19 (4):64-65
[17] 袁修孝,张过.缺少控制点的卫星遥感对地目标定位[ J ].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2003,28(5) : 505-509
[18] 张永军,张剑清.异轨遥感立体像对外方位元素的求解算法[J ].武汉大学学报?信息科学版,2003,28 (5):521-524
[19] 刘军.高分辨率卫星 CCD 立体影像定位技术研究[M].郑州: 信息工程大学,2003
[20] 朱述龙,史文中,张艳,等.线阵推扫式影像近似几何校正算法的精度比较[J ].遥感学报,2004,8(3):220-226
[21] 朱黎江,秦其明,陈思锦.ASTER 遥感数据解读与应用.国土资源遥感.2003,2,59-63
[22] 张莉,曾致远.基于 HDF4 文件格式的 MODIS 1B 影像数据提取的研究与实现.国土资源遥感,2004,4:27-32
[23] 沈 强,鄂栋臣,周春霞.ASTER 卫星影像自动生成南极格罗夫山地区相对DEM[J].遥感信息与工程.2005,30(3):47-49
[24] 巩丹超,张永生.有理函数模型的解算与应用[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(1):39-42
[25] 张永生,刘 军,高分辨率遥感卫星立体影像 RPC 模型定位的算法及其优化[J].测绘工程.2004,13(1):1-4
[26] 刘 军,张永生,范永弘.基于通用成像模型——有理函数模型的摄影测量定位方法[J].测绘通报,2003,(4):10-13
[27] 郭亚东,史 舟.先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪(ASTER)的特点及应用.遥感技术与应用[J].2003,18(5):346-352
[28] 王钦军,蔺启忠.包尔图地区 Aster 遥感岩性提取[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(2),9-13
[29] 周小成,汪小钦,向天梁,江 洪.基于 ASTER 影像的近海水产养殖信息自动提取方法[J].湿地科学,2003,4(1):64-68
[30] 王春兰,陈健飞.ASTER 高光谱影像在地面人工建筑物信息提取中的应用[J].福建师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,20(1):88-91
[31] 宣文玲.以中小比例尺地形图为基准的高分辫率遥感影像定位方法研究[M].武汉大学,2005
[32] 二宫芳树,傅碧宏.帕尔马东北缘 ASTER 多光谱热红外遥感数据的岩性信息提取[J].2003,21(1),29-38
[33] 黄生海,石火生.基于 ASTER 数据的断裂构造判读—以甘肃白银地区为例[J],高校地质学报.2005,11(4)633-641
[34] 严伯铎.子午线弧长的一种新算法应用[J].海洋测绘,2003,5
[35] Genya SAITO,Naoki ISHITSUKA,Yoneharu MATANO and Masatane KATO.APPLICATION OF TERRA/ASTER DATA ON AGRICULTURE LAND MAPPING.22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,2001,9
[36] ZHU Guobin Dan G.Blumberg.An Urban Open Space Extraction M ethod:Combining Spectral and Geometric Characteristics[J].Geo_spatial Information Science,2004,7(4):249-254
[37] A.Sarwar1 and R.Bill2.Estimation of Surface Heat Fluxes in the Indus Basin Using ASTER Imagery[J].Pakistan Journal of Water Resources.2003,Vol.7(1) : 53-64
[38] Trevis J.Gigliotti.Mapping Macrophyte Vegetation in Onondaga Lake Using IKONOS and ASTER Image Data[M].State University of New York,2004,2
[39] Cara G.Schiek.Terrain Change Detection Using ASTER Optical Satellite Imagery Along the Kunlun Fault,Tibet[M].The University of Texas at El Paso.2004,7
[40] EL_Manadili,Novak.Precision Rectification of SPOT Imagery using the Direct Linear Transformation Model[J].PE&RS,1996 (1)
[41] Florin Savopol,Costas Armenakis.Modeling of the IRS-1C Satellite Pan Stereo-Imagery Using the DLT Model.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.32,Part 4,"GIS BetweenVisions and Applications",Stuttgart:1998
[42] Younian Wang.Automated Triangulation of Linear Scanner Imagery.Proceedings of ISPRS Work Groups,I/1,I/3,IV/4 on "Sensors and Mapping from Space 1999",Hanover:1999
[43] C.Vincent Tao,Yong Hu.Use of the Rational Function Model for Image Rectification.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2001,6
[44] C.Vincent Tao,Yong Hu.3-D Reconstruction Algorithms with the Rational Function Model and their Applications for IKONOS Stereo Imagery.Proceedings of ISPRS Working Groups I/2,I/5 and I/7 on "High Resolution Mapping from Space 2001",Hanover: 2001
[45] Yong Hu,C.Vincent Tao.Updating Solutions of Rational Functional Model Using Additional Control Points for Enhanced Photogrammetric Processing?Proceedings of ISPRS Working Groups I/2,I/5 and I/7 on "High Resolution Mapping from Space 2001"}Hanover: 2001
[46] Atsushi Okamoto,CliveFraser,etc.An Alternative Approach to the Triangulation of SPOT imagery.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.32,Part 4,"GIS Between Visions and Applications",Stuttgart:1998
[47] Atsushi Okamoto,Tetsu Ono,etc.Geometric Characteristics of Alternative Triangulation Models for Satellite Imagery.ASPRS 1999 Annual Conference Proceedings,Oregon:1999
[48] Xinghe Yang.Accuracy of Rational Function Approximation In Photogrammetry.ASPRS 2000 AnnualConference Proceedings,Washington D.C.,2000
[49] Ian Dowman.An Evaluation of Rational Functions for Photogrammetric Restitution.Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.XIX,Part B3,Amsterdam:International,2000
[50] AkiraHiranoa,RoyWelcha,HaroldLangb.Mapping from ASTER stereo image data: DEM validation and accuracy assessment.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 57(2003) 356–370
[51] Richard Selby.Creating Digitial Elevation Models and Orthoimages from ASTER Imagery.PCI Geomatics
[52] Peter Aniello.Using ASTER DEMS to Produce IKONOS Orthophotos.Space Imaging
[53] Richard Thomas Walker.A remote sensing study of active folding and faulting in southern Kerman province,S.E.Iran.Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28,654-668
[54] Masatane Kato,Yuko Fukui and Atsuo Yoshino.ASTER emergency observation of huge earthquake and tsunami in Sumatra,Indonesia.RSDAC
[55] K??b,etc.GLACIER MONITORING FROM ASTER IMAGERY:ACCURACY AND APPLICATIONS A.Proceedings of EARSeL-LISSIG-Workshop Observing our Cryosphere from Space,Bern,March 11 – 13,200,43-52
[56] David W Fanning.IDL Programming Techniques.Fort Collins,CO:Fanning Software Consulting,2000
[57] ERSDAC(Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center).ASTER User’s Guide Part-II (Ver.5.0)
[58] ERSDAC.Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for ASTER Level-1 DataProcessing
[59] ERSDAC.ASTER LEVEL 1 DATA PRODICTS SPECIALFICATION(GDS Version) Version 1.3
[60] ERSDAC.ASTER USER HANDBOOK Version 2.0
[61] Dennis D.McCarthy,G′erard Petit.IERS Conventions (2003).International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service Central Bureau,2004
[62] NIMA(National Imagery Mapping Agency).Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984-Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems,2000,1
[63] P.V.Radhadevi.,R.Ramachandran,A.S.R.K.V.Murali Mohan,Restitution of IRS-1C PAN data using an orbit attitude model and minimum control[J],Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing,1998,53:262- 271.