定向凝固Al-Ni-Y三元共晶合金的相组成与凝固组织研究
|
摘要
人们目前对凝固理论的研究大多集中于以二元铝合金为材料的定向凝固,对于三元或多元铝合金定向凝固少有人触及。本文采用在5 K/mm温度梯度下,选用1 mm/min、5 mm/min、10 mm/min、15 mm/min四种下拉速率对成分为96.0 at% Al、1.0 at% Ni、3.0 at% Y的三元共晶合金进行定向凝固试验,研究下拉速率对合金组织演化的影响,以及凝固相的形成过程。
研究结果表明:定向凝固棒中间部分组织较为均匀,定向特征更为明显,凝固过程更为稳定。通过X射线衍射和光学显微镜分析表明合金由α-Al相、Al_3Y相、Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4相三相组成。当下拉速率为1 mm/min时,合金组织呈现三相共晶结构,纵截面有定向凝固趋势。下拉速率大于5 mm/min时,合金组织演变成两种二相共晶:一种是Al_3Y相与α-Al相形成菊花状的不规则二相共晶组织,另一种是Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4相与α-Al相形成层片状的规则二相共晶组织,纵截面上均有明显的定向凝固特征。在相同或不同下拉速率下,合金试样横、纵截面上晶粒生长取向发生了变化,尤其在纵截面上,与热流方向相近或成一定角度的取向快速生长,其晶面衍射峰的强度明显提高,而与热流方向相差较大的取向则生长缓慢甚至消失,其晶面衍射峰强度明显减弱。利用ICSD、Material-Studio软件建立起Al_3Y相的晶体结构,得出此相具有六个生长方向,即:[010]、[010]、[100]、[100]、[110]、[110]。
The binary aluminum alloy with directional solidification was concentrated at present, but ternary or multicomponent aluminum alloy with directional solidification was researched by few people. In order to study the effect of the pulling rates on the microstructure evolution of ternary eutectic Al-Ni-Y alloy, and the formation process of solidification phase, the upward directional solidification of the alloy with chemical composition of 96.0 at% Al, 1.0 at% Ni, 3.0 at% Y was carried out under the constant temperature gradient of 5 K/mm and the four different pulling rates of 1 mm/min, 5 mm/min,10 mm/min and 15 mm/min.
It showed that the middle part of the microstructure for directional solidified rod was homogeneous, directional characteristic was more obvious. The microstructure of the alloy was consisted ofα-Al, Al_3Y, Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4 phases by X-ray diffraction and optical microscope. When the pulling rates was low as 1 mm/min, three-phase eutectic structure was observed and characteristic of directional solidification could be found in longitudinal section. When the pulling rates increases up to 5 mm/min,two kinds of two-phase eutectic structure could be observed in the alloys as follows: one was chrysanthemum- like atactic two-phase eutectic structure consisted of Al_3Y phase andα-Al phase, the other was lamellar regular two-phase eutectic structure consisted of Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4 phase andα-Al phase. The obvious characteristic of directional solidification could be found in longitudinal section. The grains growth orientation of the alloy sample in cross section and longitudinal section changed at the same or different pulling rates, Especially, the grains growth orientation which paralleled or at an angle with the direction of heat flow was rapid growth, the intensity of crystal diffraction peak was increased, while the grains growth orientation which verticalled or at large angle with the direction of heat flow was slow-growing or disappear, the intensity of crystal diffraction peak was decreased obvious. The six different growth orientation of [010], [010], [100], [100], [110], [110] was found by ICSD and Material-Studio software which established the crystal structure of Al_3Y phases.
研究结果表明:定向凝固棒中间部分组织较为均匀,定向特征更为明显,凝固过程更为稳定。通过X射线衍射和光学显微镜分析表明合金由α-Al相、Al_3Y相、Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4相三相组成。当下拉速率为1 mm/min时,合金组织呈现三相共晶结构,纵截面有定向凝固趋势。下拉速率大于5 mm/min时,合金组织演变成两种二相共晶:一种是Al_3Y相与α-Al相形成菊花状的不规则二相共晶组织,另一种是Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4相与α-Al相形成层片状的规则二相共晶组织,纵截面上均有明显的定向凝固特征。在相同或不同下拉速率下,合金试样横、纵截面上晶粒生长取向发生了变化,尤其在纵截面上,与热流方向相近或成一定角度的取向快速生长,其晶面衍射峰的强度明显提高,而与热流方向相差较大的取向则生长缓慢甚至消失,其晶面衍射峰强度明显减弱。利用ICSD、Material-Studio软件建立起Al_3Y相的晶体结构,得出此相具有六个生长方向,即:[010]、[010]、[100]、[100]、[110]、[110]。
The binary aluminum alloy with directional solidification was concentrated at present, but ternary or multicomponent aluminum alloy with directional solidification was researched by few people. In order to study the effect of the pulling rates on the microstructure evolution of ternary eutectic Al-Ni-Y alloy, and the formation process of solidification phase, the upward directional solidification of the alloy with chemical composition of 96.0 at% Al, 1.0 at% Ni, 3.0 at% Y was carried out under the constant temperature gradient of 5 K/mm and the four different pulling rates of 1 mm/min, 5 mm/min,10 mm/min and 15 mm/min.
It showed that the middle part of the microstructure for directional solidified rod was homogeneous, directional characteristic was more obvious. The microstructure of the alloy was consisted ofα-Al, Al_3Y, Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4 phases by X-ray diffraction and optical microscope. When the pulling rates was low as 1 mm/min, three-phase eutectic structure was observed and characteristic of directional solidification could be found in longitudinal section. When the pulling rates increases up to 5 mm/min,two kinds of two-phase eutectic structure could be observed in the alloys as follows: one was chrysanthemum- like atactic two-phase eutectic structure consisted of Al_3Y phase andα-Al phase, the other was lamellar regular two-phase eutectic structure consisted of Al_(23)Ni_6Y_4 phase andα-Al phase. The obvious characteristic of directional solidification could be found in longitudinal section. The grains growth orientation of the alloy sample in cross section and longitudinal section changed at the same or different pulling rates, Especially, the grains growth orientation which paralleled or at an angle with the direction of heat flow was rapid growth, the intensity of crystal diffraction peak was increased, while the grains growth orientation which verticalled or at large angle with the direction of heat flow was slow-growing or disappear, the intensity of crystal diffraction peak was decreased obvious. The six different growth orientation of [010], [010], [100], [100], [110], [110] was found by ICSD and Material-Studio software which established the crystal structure of Al_3Y phases.
引文
1.汤国兴,毛卫民,刘永峰.定向凝固技术的发展与应用.中国铸造装备与技术, 2007, (2): 11~16
2.杨森,黄卫东,林鑫等.定向凝固技术的研究进展.兵器材料科学与工程, 2000, 23(3): 44~49
3.吴和保,樊自田,黄乃瑜等.镁合金真空低压消失模铸造流动性的研究.特种铸造及有色合金, 2007, 27 (3): 177~179
4. A. L. Vasiliev, M. Aindow, M. J. Blackburna, T. J. Watson. Phase stability and microstructure in devitrified Al-rich Al-Y-Ni alloys. Intermetallics, 2004(12): 349~362
5. R. Raggio, G. Borzone, R. Ferro. The Al-rich region in the Y-Ni-Al system: microstructures and phase equilibria. Intermetallics, 2000(8): 247~257
6.高技术新材料要览编辑委员会.高技术新材料要览.中国科学技术出版社, 1993: 190
7.吴献明,吴维冈.消失模铸造铝硅合金组织及力学性能的研究.铸造, 2007, 56(4): 369~371
8.周振平,李荣德.定向凝固技术的发展.中国铸造装备与技术,2003, (2): 1~3
9.胡汉起.金属凝固原理.机械工业出版社, 1991.
10.张卫国,刘林,赵新宝.定向凝固高温合金的研究进展.铸造, 2009, 58(1): 1~6
11.常国威,王建中.金属凝固过程中的晶体生长与控制.冶金工业出版社, 2002
12.胡汉起.金属凝固原理.机械工业出版社, 1991: 74
13.常国威,王建中.金属凝固过程中的晶体生长与控制.冶金工业出版社, 2002: 148
14. F. L. Versnyder, M. E. Shank. Development of Cloumnar Grain and Single Crystal High Temperature Materials through Directional Solidification. Materials Science and Engineering, 1970, 6(4): 213~247
15. F. L. Versnyder, R. B. Barlow, L. W. Sink, et al. Directional Solidification in thePrecisi on Casting of Gas Turbine Parts . Modern Casting, 1967, 52(6): 68~75
16. J. S. Erickson, W. A. Owczarski, P. M. Curran. Advances in Fabricating Aerospace Structures. Process Speeds up Directional Solidification. Metal Progress, 1971, 99 (3): 58~60
17. A. F. Giamei, J. G. Tschinkel. Liquid Metal Cooling: A New Solidification Technique. Metallurgical Transactions, 1976, 7A(9): 1427~1434
18.傅恒志.铸钢和铸造高温合金及其熔炼.西北工业大学出版社, 1985.
19. Y. G. Nakagawa, K. Murakami, A. Ohtomo. Directional Growth of Eutectic Composite by Fluidized Bed Quenching. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1980, 20(9): 614~623
20.周镇华,李建国,傅恒志.定向凝固技术及其研究进展.材料导报, 1996(6): 1~6
21.陈光,李建国,傅恒志.先进定向凝固技术.材料导报, 1999, 13(5): 5~7
22.蔡英文,李建国,毛协民.超高温度梯度场中的Al2Bi偏晶合金共生行为.材料研究学报, 1995, 9(3): 208~212
23.刘忠元,李建国,傅恒志.两种定向凝固方法DZ2合金的力学性能和组织.材料研究学报, 1996, 10 (1): 13~18
24. B. Lux, G. Haour, F. Mollard. Dynamic Undercooling of Superalloys. METALL, 1981, 35(12): 1235~1239
25.李德林,毛协民,傅恒志.动力学深过冷定向凝固的可行性研究.第一届全国相变会议,北京,1993: 322~327
26.李金山.钢的电磁约束成形定向凝固研究. [西北工业大学博士学位论文]. 1998.
27.彭广威,刘健,李理等.定向凝固理论与技术的研究现.铸造设备研究, 2005, 4(8): 44~47
28.金俊泽.电磁搅拌对灰铸铁宏观偏析的影响.金属学报, 1992, 28B(2): 80~83
29. H. E. Cline. Interlamellar spacing in directionally solidified eutectic thin films. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1983, 15(6): 1013~1017
30.陈荣章,王罗宝,李建华.铸造高温合金发展的回顾与展望.航空材料学报, 2000, 20(1): 55~61
31.傅恒志,沈军,郝启堂,李双明,李金山.镍基高温合金真空电磁约束成形与定向凝固.中国有色金属学报, 2002, 12(6): 1081~1086
32.郭建亭.一种性能优异的低成本定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ417G.金属学报, 2002, 38(11): 1163~1174
33.蒋成保,周寿增,张茂才等.定向凝固TbDyFe合金的取向、组织和磁致伸缩性能.金属学报, 1998, 34(2): 164
34.毕晓勤,李金山,耿兴国等.定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料显微组织和力学、电学性能研究.材料科学与工程学报, 2004, 22(4):498~501
35. A. Sayir, S. C. Farmer. The effect of the microstructure on mechanical properties of directionally solidified Al2O3-ZrO2(Y2O3) eutectic. Acta Materialia, 2000, 48: 4691~4697
36.肖华星,陈光,崔鹏.定向凝固多孔金属制造人工骨的前景展望.特种铸造及有色合金, 2001, (2): 88
37. S. K. Hyun, H. Nakajima. Anisotropic compressive properties of porous copper produced by unidirectional solidification. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2003, 340: 258~264
38. T. Nakahata, H. Nakajima. Fabrication of lotustype porous silicon by unidirectional solidification in hydrogen. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2004, 384: 373~376
39.刘源,李言祥,张华伟,万疆.金属-气体共晶定向凝固工艺参数对藕状多孔金属镁结构的影响.稀有金属材料与工程, 2005, 134(7): 1128~1130
40.丁宇涛,龙思远,蒋德平.凝固速率对Al-Ni合金组织特征的影响.材料导报, 2006, 11(20): 458～459
41.李喜,任忠鸣,王晖等.强磁场下Al2Ni合金凝固初生相Al3Ni的取向行为.中国有所金属报, 2006, 16(3): 476～481
42. K.A. Gschneidner Jr., F.W. Calderwood, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. 1989, 9(6): 658
43. H. L. Lukas. Thermochemical Database for Light Metal Alloys European Communities. Luxembourg, 1998: 99
44. Z.M.Du, W.J.Zhang. Thermodynamic assessment of the Ni-Y system. Journal of Alloys a Compounds, 1996, 245: 164~167
45.陈光,俞建威等.熔体热历史对AI-Cu合金定向凝固界面稳定性的影响.材料研究学报, 1999, 13(5): 497
46.冯坚,黄卫东,林鑫等. Al-Zn合金定向凝固过程中的组织形态选择.西北工业大学学报, 2000, 18(1): 52～54
47. R.C. Triveno,M. F.Oliveira,R.Caramb,etal.Directional and rapid solidification of Al-Nb-Ni ternary eutectic alloy.Materials Science and Engineering A,2004: 375～377, 565~570
48. J.Lapin, L.Ondrus, M.Naz. Directional solidification of intermetallic Ti-46Al -2W-0.5Si alloy in alumina moulds. Intermetallics, 2002, 10(10): 1019~1031
49. E. Cadirli, U. Boyuk, H. Kaya,etal.The effect of growth rate on microstructure and microindentation hardness in the In-Bi-Sn ternary alloy at low melting point.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 470(1~2): 150~156
50. J.Lapin, A.Klimova, R.Velisek. Directional solidification of Ni-Al-Cr-Fe alloy.Scripta Materialia, 1997, 37(1): 85~91
51. M.A.Suarez, A.G.Lara, F.M.Sanchez-Arevalo.Prediction and characterization of growth temperatures in Al-Zn-Mg alloys.Materials Characterization, 2009, 60(5): 420~424
52. H. N. Lee, D. R. Johnson, H. Inui.Directional solidification and creep deformation of a Ti-46Al-1.5Mo-0.2C(at%) alloy.Intermetallics, 2002, 10(9): 841~850
53. J. Lapin . Effect of directional solidification and heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of multiphase intermetallic Zr-doped Ni-Al-Cr-Ta-Mo alloy. Intermetallics, 2006, 14(12): 1417~1427
54.李浩,严文,陈建等.Fe-Cr-C过共晶原位生长复合材料定向凝固的研究.铸造技术, 2007, 28(3): 307~311
55.崔传勇,郭建亭,齐义辉等.定向凝固NiA1多相合金的高温超塑性研究.金属学报, 2002, 38(7): 679~683
56. S. Steinbach, L. Ratke. The effect of rotating magneticfields on the microstructure of directionally solidified Al-Si-Mg alloys.Materials Science and Engineering A, 2005, 413~414, 200~204
57. R. J. Contieri C, T. Rios, M. Zanotello, et al.Growth and three-dimensional analysis of a Nb-Al-Ni ternary eutectic.Materials Characterization, 2008, 59(6): 693~699
58. A. Inoue, K. Kita, Ohtera K, et al. Al-Ni-Y amorphous powders prepared by high-pressure gasatomization. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1988, (7): 1287~1290
59. A. P. Tsai, A. Inoue, T. Masumoto. Aluminum-Lithium powder metallurgy alloys with improved toughness. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1988, 19(3): 603~615
60. B. C. Ko, P. Wesseling, O. L. Vatamanu, G. J. Shiflet, J. J. Lewan, dowski. Intermetallics, 2002,10: 1099
61. S.H. Liu, Y. Du, H. L.Chen. A thermodynamic reassessment of the Al–Y system. Calphad, 2006, 30: 334~340
62. D. Wang, Y. Li, B.B. Sun, M.L. Sui, K. Lu, E. Ma, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84: 4029
63. Y. Wang et al. The best glass-forming compositions in Al-Co (or Ni)-Y ternary systems. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2006, 8: 182
64. G. Borzone, R. Raggio, S. Delsante, R. Ferro. Chemical and thermodynamic properties of several Al-Ni-R systems. Intermetallics, 2003, 11: 1217~1222
65. F. Q. Guo, S. J. Poon, G. J. Shiflet. Scripta Mater, 2000, 43: 1089
66. M. C. Gao, G. J. Shiflet. Mater Sci Forum, 2003, 426~432: 245
67. M. C. Gao. PhD Dissertation, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. 2002
68. M. C. Gao, G. J. Shiflet. Intermetallics, 2002,10: 1131
69. M. C. Gao, R. E. Hackenberg, G. J. Shiflet. J Alloys Compd, 2003, 353:114
70. A.L.Vasilieva, M. Aindowa, M.J. Blackburna, T.J. Watsonb. The structure of ternary compounds in a devitrified Al-rich Al-Ni-Gd alloy. Intermetallics, 2005, 13: 741~748
71. A. Inoue, K.A.Gschneidner Jr, L.Eyring. Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths, vol. 24. Amsterdam. The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1997: 83
72. R. Raggior, G. Borzone, R. Ferro. Intermetallics, 2000, 8: 247~257
73. A.L.Vasiliev, M. Aindow, M.J. Blackburn, Intermetallics, 2004, 12: 349~362
74.屈敏,刘林,唐峰涛等.试样直径对Al-Cu合金定向凝固温度梯度和一次枝晶间距的影响.中国有色金属学报, 2008, 18(2): 282~287
75.张钦霞,赵九洲,何杰等. Al-Pb合金的快速定向凝固及其模拟.金属学报, 2007, 43(9): 925~929
76.胡小武,李双明,刘林等.Sn-16%Sb包晶合金的定向凝固组织演化研究.铸造, 2008, 57(5): 446~450
77.班春燕,陈丹丹,韩逸等.强磁场对Al-2.89%Fe合金凝固组织的影响.金属学报, 2008, 44(10): 1224~1230
78.李晓历,李金山,胡锐等.定向凝固下Cu-0.5Cr合金的界面形态和组织演化.特种铸造及有色合金, 2007, 27(9): 666~669
79.罗文忠,沈军,李庆林等. Ti-47A1合金籽晶法定向凝固过程中的组织演化.金属学报, 2007, 43(9): 897~902
80. R. Raggior, G. Borzone, R. Ferro. Intermetallics, 2000, 8: 247~257
81. R. M. Rykhal, O. S. Zarechnyuk, Y. P. Yarmolyuk. Kristallografiya, 1972, 17(3): 521~524
82. R.E. Gladyshevskii, E. Parth′e, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C: Cryst. Struct.Commun. C. 1992, 48 (2): 229~232
83. R.E. Gladyshevskii, K. Cenzual, E. Parth′e, J. Solid State Chem, 1992, 100(1): 9~15
84. R.E. Gladyshevskii, E. Parth′e, Z. Kristallogr. 1992,198 (1/2): 171~172
85. O.S. Zarechnyuk, R.M. Rykhal,Vestn. L’vov. Unta. Ser. Khim,1981, 23: 45~47
86. D. Shin, J. G William. First-principles study of Al–Ni–Y ternary compounds for crystal structure validation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2007, 8: 16755~16760
87. R.aggior, G.Borzone, R.Ferro. The Al-rich region in the Y-Ni-Al system: microstructures and phase equilibria. 2000, (8): 247
88. P. Magnin, J.T. Mason, R. Trivedi, Acta Metall. Mater. 1991, (39): 469
89. R. Abbaschian, M.D. Lipschutz, Mater. Sci. Eng, 1997, (13): A226~228
90.阮莹,魏炳波.三元Al-Cu-Si共晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固.科学通报, 2008, 53(22): 2716
91.时海芳,吴冰,徐瑞. Al-Ni-Y三元合金不同拉伸速率的定向凝固组织.热加工工艺,2009, 38(1): 15
92.梅策香,阮莹,代富平,魏炳波.深过冷Ag-Cu-Ge三元共晶合金的相组成与凝固特征.物理通报, 2007, 56(2): 988
2.杨森,黄卫东,林鑫等.定向凝固技术的研究进展.兵器材料科学与工程, 2000, 23(3): 44~49
3.吴和保,樊自田,黄乃瑜等.镁合金真空低压消失模铸造流动性的研究.特种铸造及有色合金, 2007, 27 (3): 177~179
4. A. L. Vasiliev, M. Aindow, M. J. Blackburna, T. J. Watson. Phase stability and microstructure in devitrified Al-rich Al-Y-Ni alloys. Intermetallics, 2004(12): 349~362
5. R. Raggio, G. Borzone, R. Ferro. The Al-rich region in the Y-Ni-Al system: microstructures and phase equilibria. Intermetallics, 2000(8): 247~257
6.高技术新材料要览编辑委员会.高技术新材料要览.中国科学技术出版社, 1993: 190
7.吴献明,吴维冈.消失模铸造铝硅合金组织及力学性能的研究.铸造, 2007, 56(4): 369~371
8.周振平,李荣德.定向凝固技术的发展.中国铸造装备与技术,2003, (2): 1~3
9.胡汉起.金属凝固原理.机械工业出版社, 1991.
10.张卫国,刘林,赵新宝.定向凝固高温合金的研究进展.铸造, 2009, 58(1): 1~6
11.常国威,王建中.金属凝固过程中的晶体生长与控制.冶金工业出版社, 2002
12.胡汉起.金属凝固原理.机械工业出版社, 1991: 74
13.常国威,王建中.金属凝固过程中的晶体生长与控制.冶金工业出版社, 2002: 148
14. F. L. Versnyder, M. E. Shank. Development of Cloumnar Grain and Single Crystal High Temperature Materials through Directional Solidification. Materials Science and Engineering, 1970, 6(4): 213~247
15. F. L. Versnyder, R. B. Barlow, L. W. Sink, et al. Directional Solidification in thePrecisi on Casting of Gas Turbine Parts . Modern Casting, 1967, 52(6): 68~75
16. J. S. Erickson, W. A. Owczarski, P. M. Curran. Advances in Fabricating Aerospace Structures. Process Speeds up Directional Solidification. Metal Progress, 1971, 99 (3): 58~60
17. A. F. Giamei, J. G. Tschinkel. Liquid Metal Cooling: A New Solidification Technique. Metallurgical Transactions, 1976, 7A(9): 1427~1434
18.傅恒志.铸钢和铸造高温合金及其熔炼.西北工业大学出版社, 1985.
19. Y. G. Nakagawa, K. Murakami, A. Ohtomo. Directional Growth of Eutectic Composite by Fluidized Bed Quenching. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1980, 20(9): 614~623
20.周镇华,李建国,傅恒志.定向凝固技术及其研究进展.材料导报, 1996(6): 1~6
21.陈光,李建国,傅恒志.先进定向凝固技术.材料导报, 1999, 13(5): 5~7
22.蔡英文,李建国,毛协民.超高温度梯度场中的Al2Bi偏晶合金共生行为.材料研究学报, 1995, 9(3): 208~212
23.刘忠元,李建国,傅恒志.两种定向凝固方法DZ2合金的力学性能和组织.材料研究学报, 1996, 10 (1): 13~18
24. B. Lux, G. Haour, F. Mollard. Dynamic Undercooling of Superalloys. METALL, 1981, 35(12): 1235~1239
25.李德林,毛协民,傅恒志.动力学深过冷定向凝固的可行性研究.第一届全国相变会议,北京,1993: 322~327
26.李金山.钢的电磁约束成形定向凝固研究. [西北工业大学博士学位论文]. 1998.
27.彭广威,刘健,李理等.定向凝固理论与技术的研究现.铸造设备研究, 2005, 4(8): 44~47
28.金俊泽.电磁搅拌对灰铸铁宏观偏析的影响.金属学报, 1992, 28B(2): 80~83
29. H. E. Cline. Interlamellar spacing in directionally solidified eutectic thin films. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1983, 15(6): 1013~1017
30.陈荣章,王罗宝,李建华.铸造高温合金发展的回顾与展望.航空材料学报, 2000, 20(1): 55~61
31.傅恒志,沈军,郝启堂,李双明,李金山.镍基高温合金真空电磁约束成形与定向凝固.中国有色金属学报, 2002, 12(6): 1081~1086
32.郭建亭.一种性能优异的低成本定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ417G.金属学报, 2002, 38(11): 1163~1174
33.蒋成保,周寿增,张茂才等.定向凝固TbDyFe合金的取向、组织和磁致伸缩性能.金属学报, 1998, 34(2): 164
34.毕晓勤,李金山,耿兴国等.定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料显微组织和力学、电学性能研究.材料科学与工程学报, 2004, 22(4):498~501
35. A. Sayir, S. C. Farmer. The effect of the microstructure on mechanical properties of directionally solidified Al2O3-ZrO2(Y2O3) eutectic. Acta Materialia, 2000, 48: 4691~4697
36.肖华星,陈光,崔鹏.定向凝固多孔金属制造人工骨的前景展望.特种铸造及有色合金, 2001, (2): 88
37. S. K. Hyun, H. Nakajima. Anisotropic compressive properties of porous copper produced by unidirectional solidification. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2003, 340: 258~264
38. T. Nakahata, H. Nakajima. Fabrication of lotustype porous silicon by unidirectional solidification in hydrogen. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2004, 384: 373~376
39.刘源,李言祥,张华伟,万疆.金属-气体共晶定向凝固工艺参数对藕状多孔金属镁结构的影响.稀有金属材料与工程, 2005, 134(7): 1128~1130
40.丁宇涛,龙思远,蒋德平.凝固速率对Al-Ni合金组织特征的影响.材料导报, 2006, 11(20): 458～459
41.李喜,任忠鸣,王晖等.强磁场下Al2Ni合金凝固初生相Al3Ni的取向行为.中国有所金属报, 2006, 16(3): 476～481
42. K.A. Gschneidner Jr., F.W. Calderwood, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. 1989, 9(6): 658
43. H. L. Lukas. Thermochemical Database for Light Metal Alloys European Communities. Luxembourg, 1998: 99
44. Z.M.Du, W.J.Zhang. Thermodynamic assessment of the Ni-Y system. Journal of Alloys a Compounds, 1996, 245: 164~167
45.陈光,俞建威等.熔体热历史对AI-Cu合金定向凝固界面稳定性的影响.材料研究学报, 1999, 13(5): 497
46.冯坚,黄卫东,林鑫等. Al-Zn合金定向凝固过程中的组织形态选择.西北工业大学学报, 2000, 18(1): 52～54
47. R.C. Triveno,M. F.Oliveira,R.Caramb,etal.Directional and rapid solidification of Al-Nb-Ni ternary eutectic alloy.Materials Science and Engineering A,2004: 375～377, 565~570
48. J.Lapin, L.Ondrus, M.Naz. Directional solidification of intermetallic Ti-46Al -2W-0.5Si alloy in alumina moulds. Intermetallics, 2002, 10(10): 1019~1031
49. E. Cadirli, U. Boyuk, H. Kaya,etal.The effect of growth rate on microstructure and microindentation hardness in the In-Bi-Sn ternary alloy at low melting point.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 470(1~2): 150~156
50. J.Lapin, A.Klimova, R.Velisek. Directional solidification of Ni-Al-Cr-Fe alloy.Scripta Materialia, 1997, 37(1): 85~91
51. M.A.Suarez, A.G.Lara, F.M.Sanchez-Arevalo.Prediction and characterization of growth temperatures in Al-Zn-Mg alloys.Materials Characterization, 2009, 60(5): 420~424
52. H. N. Lee, D. R. Johnson, H. Inui.Directional solidification and creep deformation of a Ti-46Al-1.5Mo-0.2C(at%) alloy.Intermetallics, 2002, 10(9): 841~850
53. J. Lapin . Effect of directional solidification and heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of multiphase intermetallic Zr-doped Ni-Al-Cr-Ta-Mo alloy. Intermetallics, 2006, 14(12): 1417~1427
54.李浩,严文,陈建等.Fe-Cr-C过共晶原位生长复合材料定向凝固的研究.铸造技术, 2007, 28(3): 307~311
55.崔传勇,郭建亭,齐义辉等.定向凝固NiA1多相合金的高温超塑性研究.金属学报, 2002, 38(7): 679~683
56. S. Steinbach, L. Ratke. The effect of rotating magneticfields on the microstructure of directionally solidified Al-Si-Mg alloys.Materials Science and Engineering A, 2005, 413~414, 200~204
57. R. J. Contieri C, T. Rios, M. Zanotello, et al.Growth and three-dimensional analysis of a Nb-Al-Ni ternary eutectic.Materials Characterization, 2008, 59(6): 693~699
58. A. Inoue, K. Kita, Ohtera K, et al. Al-Ni-Y amorphous powders prepared by high-pressure gasatomization. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1988, (7): 1287~1290
59. A. P. Tsai, A. Inoue, T. Masumoto. Aluminum-Lithium powder metallurgy alloys with improved toughness. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1988, 19(3): 603~615
60. B. C. Ko, P. Wesseling, O. L. Vatamanu, G. J. Shiflet, J. J. Lewan, dowski. Intermetallics, 2002,10: 1099
61. S.H. Liu, Y. Du, H. L.Chen. A thermodynamic reassessment of the Al–Y system. Calphad, 2006, 30: 334~340
62. D. Wang, Y. Li, B.B. Sun, M.L. Sui, K. Lu, E. Ma, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84: 4029
63. Y. Wang et al. The best glass-forming compositions in Al-Co (or Ni)-Y ternary systems. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2006, 8: 182
64. G. Borzone, R. Raggio, S. Delsante, R. Ferro. Chemical and thermodynamic properties of several Al-Ni-R systems. Intermetallics, 2003, 11: 1217~1222
65. F. Q. Guo, S. J. Poon, G. J. Shiflet. Scripta Mater, 2000, 43: 1089
66. M. C. Gao, G. J. Shiflet. Mater Sci Forum, 2003, 426~432: 245
67. M. C. Gao. PhD Dissertation, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. 2002
68. M. C. Gao, G. J. Shiflet. Intermetallics, 2002,10: 1131
69. M. C. Gao, R. E. Hackenberg, G. J. Shiflet. J Alloys Compd, 2003, 353:114
70. A.L.Vasilieva, M. Aindowa, M.J. Blackburna, T.J. Watsonb. The structure of ternary compounds in a devitrified Al-rich Al-Ni-Gd alloy. Intermetallics, 2005, 13: 741~748
71. A. Inoue, K.A.Gschneidner Jr, L.Eyring. Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths, vol. 24. Amsterdam. The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1997: 83
72. R. Raggior, G. Borzone, R. Ferro. Intermetallics, 2000, 8: 247~257
73. A.L.Vasiliev, M. Aindow, M.J. Blackburn, Intermetallics, 2004, 12: 349~362
74.屈敏,刘林,唐峰涛等.试样直径对Al-Cu合金定向凝固温度梯度和一次枝晶间距的影响.中国有色金属学报, 2008, 18(2): 282~287
75.张钦霞,赵九洲,何杰等. Al-Pb合金的快速定向凝固及其模拟.金属学报, 2007, 43(9): 925~929
76.胡小武,李双明,刘林等.Sn-16%Sb包晶合金的定向凝固组织演化研究.铸造, 2008, 57(5): 446~450
77.班春燕,陈丹丹,韩逸等.强磁场对Al-2.89%Fe合金凝固组织的影响.金属学报, 2008, 44(10): 1224~1230
78.李晓历,李金山,胡锐等.定向凝固下Cu-0.5Cr合金的界面形态和组织演化.特种铸造及有色合金, 2007, 27(9): 666~669
79.罗文忠,沈军,李庆林等. Ti-47A1合金籽晶法定向凝固过程中的组织演化.金属学报, 2007, 43(9): 897~902
80. R. Raggior, G. Borzone, R. Ferro. Intermetallics, 2000, 8: 247~257
81. R. M. Rykhal, O. S. Zarechnyuk, Y. P. Yarmolyuk. Kristallografiya, 1972, 17(3): 521~524
82. R.E. Gladyshevskii, E. Parth′e, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C: Cryst. Struct.Commun. C. 1992, 48 (2): 229~232
83. R.E. Gladyshevskii, K. Cenzual, E. Parth′e, J. Solid State Chem, 1992, 100(1): 9~15
84. R.E. Gladyshevskii, E. Parth′e, Z. Kristallogr. 1992,198 (1/2): 171~172
85. O.S. Zarechnyuk, R.M. Rykhal,Vestn. L’vov. Unta. Ser. Khim,1981, 23: 45~47
86. D. Shin, J. G William. First-principles study of Al–Ni–Y ternary compounds for crystal structure validation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2007, 8: 16755~16760
87. R.aggior, G.Borzone, R.Ferro. The Al-rich region in the Y-Ni-Al system: microstructures and phase equilibria. 2000, (8): 247
88. P. Magnin, J.T. Mason, R. Trivedi, Acta Metall. Mater. 1991, (39): 469
89. R. Abbaschian, M.D. Lipschutz, Mater. Sci. Eng, 1997, (13): A226~228
90.阮莹,魏炳波.三元Al-Cu-Si共晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固.科学通报, 2008, 53(22): 2716
91.时海芳,吴冰,徐瑞. Al-Ni-Y三元合金不同拉伸速率的定向凝固组织.热加工工艺,2009, 38(1): 15
92.梅策香,阮莹,代富平,魏炳波.深过冷Ag-Cu-Ge三元共晶合金的相组成与凝固特征.物理通报, 2007, 56(2): 988