中国独生子女刻板印象：结构、来源和后果
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摘要
刻板印象历来被视为认知心理学的核心概念,在过去20年间,相关研究经历了从背景到机制再回到背景的范式转变。本文借鉴Daniel Bar-Tal整合模型,对发展心理学的重要领域—独生子女及其发展进行研究。整个研究着重从刻板印象的背景变量和过渡性变量的层面,对独生子女刻板印象的内容、结构及其影响因素和后果进行了分析。
在对当前主要独生子女和刻板印象文献分析的基础上,研究提出了问题和框架,综合采用问卷抽样调查、实验室IAT技术实验、IEC分析、模糊情境测试等研究方法,全面考察独生子女刻板印象。研究总体分三部分进行：
第一部分：独生子女研究的文献综述和提出问题。首先从有关独生子女客观发展的争论入手,分析已有研究的贡献和不足,将本研究的对象界定为中国特殊社会历史发展阶段,政策性原因导致的独生子女群体,并力图以实证的方式对客观发展之外的主观印象进行讨论和分析。其次着重介绍心理学领域内刻板印象研究的理论溯源、总体框架和方法,特别是对近期受到大量学者关注的内隐刻板印象及其技术进行介绍,并简要分析几种刻板印象的结构观。
第二部分：中国独生子女刻板印象的实证研究。分为7个章节。
第一章在文献分析的基础上,利用刻板印象直接测量法对刻板印象的典型特质、强度,进行分析和讨论。综合运用形容词法和问卷调查,首先对独生子女外显刻板印象的内容进行研究,确定包括5个褒义词和5个贬义词的刻板印象形容词量表,并用问卷调查方法编制形容词问卷,了解其刻板印象的普遍性。并为下一阶段IAT实验准备词语样例。
第二章用IAT实验对独生子女内隐刻板印象效应进行验证和分析,研究将分群体进行,并在设计中考虑特定文化背景和时空因素的影响。
第三章着重考察独生子女内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象之间的关系,对内隐—外显刻板印象可能的相互作用机制进行探讨。
第四章运用IEC分析、模糊情境故事等方式对独生子女刻板印象与态度、行为判断之间的关系进行讨论,用中国独生子女样本来对刻板印象领域分离说、一致说以及双重态度模型的争论提供实证证据。
第五章：运用SCM理论对独生子女刻板印象背后的社会结构机制进行分析和讨论。
第六章：对独生子女刻板印象的其他影响因素进行研究。结合前期实验和问卷调查的结果,讨论宏观层面生育政策接受度,中观层面媒体启动等因素的作用,在此基础上展开对独生子女刻板印象的社会生成机制的研究。
第七章：讨论独生子女刻板印象的发展后果。首先采用横断研究的方法,考察不同年龄阶段独生子女刻板印象分布情况以及联系紧密程度,并进一步考察独生子女父母刻板印象对教育行为的影响,及其对独生子女自尊和健康发展的影响.
总体讨论和结论部分,在梳理总体结论的基础上,对独生子女刻板印象研究的结构意义、认知意义和符号意义进行讨论,在此基础上,对独生子女刻板印象的内容、结构、和发展后果进行梳理,并对未来的研究趋势进行展望。
Stereotype has been a central concept in cognitive psychology for one century. In the last 20 years, psychologists of this area have witnessed an important shift from context to mechanism and then back to context again. This dissertation uses Daniel Bar-Tal's Integrated Model of stereotyping for reference to carry out studies on Chinese only-children comprehensively. From the context and transition level, the author analyzed the contents, structures, factors and developmental consequences of Chinese only-children stereotypes.
Based on literatures of only-children and stereotype, this dissertation proposes questions, framework, and organized studies step by step. Using various methods including Survey, IAT technology, IEC and Fuzzy Scenario testing, the whole dissertation includes three parts:
Part one:A review on only-children studies. This part analyses the contributions and weaknesses of past studies at first. Only-children was defined as the outcome of family-plan policy in Chinese given social and historical period. This paper tries to discuss the only children development from a subjective aspect through a multi-quantitative way. Also this part traces the theoretical origin and methodology, especially IAT-a hottest technology concerned by many cognitive psychologists.
Part two:The empirical analysis on the stereotype of Chinese only-children. This part includs 7 chapters:
Chapter 1:Based on literatures, this chapter explores the traits and strength of only-children stereotype by direct measurement. Through free association, K-B & Garder measure, adjective method, survey, the author tries to find the key contents of Chinese only-children stereotype, identifies 5 commendatory and 5 derogatory stereotype traits, and develops an adjective measure tool for survey. This charper also prepares the exemplar words for the next Charpter-IAT test.
Chapter 2:IAT experiments- participants were divided into 3 groups and taken experiments under the design of a multi-factors.
Chapter 3 focuses on the construction of implicit and explicit stereotypes. Based on IEC technology, the studies discuss the relationship between the implicit - explicit stereotypes and the possible interaction mechanism.
Chapter 4 analyzes the relationship among stereotypes, attitudes and behavior by IEC, fuzzy stories, etc..
Chapter 5:Using SCM theory to analyze Chinese only-child stereotype and its mechanism of social structure.
Chapter 6 discusses other factors influencing only-children stereotypes. At the macro-level, the paper analyzes the influence of attitudes to fertility policy. At the meso-level, factors such as the role of the media, was studied in quasi-experiment way.
Chapter 7:Discussion of developmental consequences of Chinese only-children stereotypes. First, a cross-sectional method was used to study different cohort groups, secondly, this charpter studies the influence of only-children stereotyping on parents' education behavior, self-esteem and children development.
Third Part: General discussion and conclusion. Based on a series of studies on the contents, constructions and consequences of the only-children stereotype, the paper analyzes the structural meaning, cognitive meaning and symbolic significance, concludes the main finds and prospects for future research.
在对当前主要独生子女和刻板印象文献分析的基础上,研究提出了问题和框架,综合采用问卷抽样调查、实验室IAT技术实验、IEC分析、模糊情境测试等研究方法,全面考察独生子女刻板印象。研究总体分三部分进行：
第一部分：独生子女研究的文献综述和提出问题。首先从有关独生子女客观发展的争论入手,分析已有研究的贡献和不足,将本研究的对象界定为中国特殊社会历史发展阶段,政策性原因导致的独生子女群体,并力图以实证的方式对客观发展之外的主观印象进行讨论和分析。其次着重介绍心理学领域内刻板印象研究的理论溯源、总体框架和方法,特别是对近期受到大量学者关注的内隐刻板印象及其技术进行介绍,并简要分析几种刻板印象的结构观。
第二部分：中国独生子女刻板印象的实证研究。分为7个章节。
第一章在文献分析的基础上,利用刻板印象直接测量法对刻板印象的典型特质、强度,进行分析和讨论。综合运用形容词法和问卷调查,首先对独生子女外显刻板印象的内容进行研究,确定包括5个褒义词和5个贬义词的刻板印象形容词量表,并用问卷调查方法编制形容词问卷,了解其刻板印象的普遍性。并为下一阶段IAT实验准备词语样例。
第二章用IAT实验对独生子女内隐刻板印象效应进行验证和分析,研究将分群体进行,并在设计中考虑特定文化背景和时空因素的影响。
第三章着重考察独生子女内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象之间的关系,对内隐—外显刻板印象可能的相互作用机制进行探讨。
第四章运用IEC分析、模糊情境故事等方式对独生子女刻板印象与态度、行为判断之间的关系进行讨论,用中国独生子女样本来对刻板印象领域分离说、一致说以及双重态度模型的争论提供实证证据。
第五章：运用SCM理论对独生子女刻板印象背后的社会结构机制进行分析和讨论。
第六章：对独生子女刻板印象的其他影响因素进行研究。结合前期实验和问卷调查的结果,讨论宏观层面生育政策接受度,中观层面媒体启动等因素的作用,在此基础上展开对独生子女刻板印象的社会生成机制的研究。
第七章：讨论独生子女刻板印象的发展后果。首先采用横断研究的方法,考察不同年龄阶段独生子女刻板印象分布情况以及联系紧密程度,并进一步考察独生子女父母刻板印象对教育行为的影响,及其对独生子女自尊和健康发展的影响.
总体讨论和结论部分,在梳理总体结论的基础上,对独生子女刻板印象研究的结构意义、认知意义和符号意义进行讨论,在此基础上,对独生子女刻板印象的内容、结构、和发展后果进行梳理,并对未来的研究趋势进行展望。
Stereotype has been a central concept in cognitive psychology for one century. In the last 20 years, psychologists of this area have witnessed an important shift from context to mechanism and then back to context again. This dissertation uses Daniel Bar-Tal's Integrated Model of stereotyping for reference to carry out studies on Chinese only-children comprehensively. From the context and transition level, the author analyzed the contents, structures, factors and developmental consequences of Chinese only-children stereotypes.
Based on literatures of only-children and stereotype, this dissertation proposes questions, framework, and organized studies step by step. Using various methods including Survey, IAT technology, IEC and Fuzzy Scenario testing, the whole dissertation includes three parts:
Part one:A review on only-children studies. This part analyses the contributions and weaknesses of past studies at first. Only-children was defined as the outcome of family-plan policy in Chinese given social and historical period. This paper tries to discuss the only children development from a subjective aspect through a multi-quantitative way. Also this part traces the theoretical origin and methodology, especially IAT-a hottest technology concerned by many cognitive psychologists.
Part two:The empirical analysis on the stereotype of Chinese only-children. This part includs 7 chapters:
Chapter 1:Based on literatures, this chapter explores the traits and strength of only-children stereotype by direct measurement. Through free association, K-B & Garder measure, adjective method, survey, the author tries to find the key contents of Chinese only-children stereotype, identifies 5 commendatory and 5 derogatory stereotype traits, and develops an adjective measure tool for survey. This charper also prepares the exemplar words for the next Charpter-IAT test.
Chapter 2:IAT experiments- participants were divided into 3 groups and taken experiments under the design of a multi-factors.
Chapter 3 focuses on the construction of implicit and explicit stereotypes. Based on IEC technology, the studies discuss the relationship between the implicit - explicit stereotypes and the possible interaction mechanism.
Chapter 4 analyzes the relationship among stereotypes, attitudes and behavior by IEC, fuzzy stories, etc..
Chapter 5:Using SCM theory to analyze Chinese only-child stereotype and its mechanism of social structure.
Chapter 6 discusses other factors influencing only-children stereotypes. At the macro-level, the paper analyzes the influence of attitudes to fertility policy. At the meso-level, factors such as the role of the media, was studied in quasi-experiment way.
Chapter 7:Discussion of developmental consequences of Chinese only-children stereotypes. First, a cross-sectional method was used to study different cohort groups, secondly, this charpter studies the influence of only-children stereotyping on parents' education behavior, self-esteem and children development.
Third Part: General discussion and conclusion. Based on a series of studies on the contents, constructions and consequences of the only-children stereotype, the paper analyzes the structural meaning, cognitive meaning and symbolic significance, concludes the main finds and prospects for future research.
引文
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