宁南旱作农区集雨节水高效种植技术体系研究
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摘要
宁夏南部山区年降水量在280～450mm之间,年际间降雨和季节降雨变率比较大,农田水分的不足和自然降水与作物需水的矛盾限制了该区农业的发展,因此,如何利用和保蓄有限的降水资源成为农业可持续发展的关键。本研究在以宁南旱作农区为代表半干旱地区进行了集雨节水高效种植研究,对主要作物高效种植的微集水、水肥调控、地膜覆盖体系等作了较为系统的研究。主要结果如下:
1.春糜子微集水种植带型优化设计
抽穗期不同处理土壤含水量和蓄水量均比对照高。不同降雨强度下,垄上、垄侧和沟内100cm土壤含水量呈依次增加趋势。分蘖数、株高和单株干重均为宽垄窄沟型的带型处理效果好,处理3(30∶60)的最高,集水效果最优。处理2(30∶45)的籽粒产量最高,较对照增产15.8%。
2.谷子微集水增产技术
垄沟微集水种植蓄水作用效果明显,以垄沟比60∶60带型效果最好。7～9月份雨季蓄墒期不同微集水带型的土壤蓄墒效率为40.4～62.9%,蓄墒效率较露地平播(CK)提高51%以上。谷子垄沟集水种植主要经济指标均较露地平播(CK)高,平均穗长、小穗数和穗粒重分别比露地种植(CK)区增加了3.94～5.42cm、9.8～16.8个和5.2g～5.25g。
3.主要作物不同带型的增产效果
在欠水年和正常年,均以带型45∶45的谷子产量最高,平均为3975.8kg/hm~2,较对照增产200.4%,当带型宽度增加增产幅度下降。正常年带型75∶75较对照并不增产。玉米设置的1∶1二个带型宽度中,以带型60∶60的产量最高,比对照增加419.53%。
4.经济作物集雨节水种植增产效益
微集水种植的大豆和胡麻,产量均有大幅度提高。大豆增产553.5 kg/hm~2、胡麻增产333.5 kg/hm~2。
5.旱地糜子水肥调控
施肥能明显增加春糜子的产量和水分利用效率,其中以低肥处理(N45kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 40.5kg/hm~2)的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为1400.0 kg/hm~2和9.14kg/mm·hm~(-2),分别比无肥区(CK)提高18.63%和21.5%。
6.谷子与马铃薯水肥高效利用技术
施肥量为N90kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 81kg/hm~2时,谷子产量和WUE最高,分别达到2394.0kg/hm~2和7.28kg/mm·hm~(-2),分别较不施肥(CK)提高53.9%和51.4%。两年均以N120kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 48 kg/hm~2的施肥水平薯块商品率、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)最高,产量分别为20097.0 kg/hm~2和22834.5 kg/hm~2,WUE分别为65.25 kg/ mm·hm~(-2)和66.13 kg/mm·hm~(-2)。
7.谷子水肥联合调控节水高效种植技术
在自然降水基础上实施作物生育关键期补充灌水,同时与施肥合理配合,较大幅度地提高谷子产量。当不灌溉和补水量为40mm和80mm时,均以施肥量为N120kg/hm~2,P_2O_5108kg/hm~2时,产量达到最高,但随灌水量的增加,产量水平明显提高。在补灌量为120mm时,施肥量以N180 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5162 kg/hm~2谷子产量最高,为4356.0 kg/hm~2。
8.旱地玉米多元覆盖增产种植技术
收获时“平膜侧播”处理土壤蓄水量最低为322.9mm,“垄膜沟播+秸秆覆盖”处理最高为361.9 mm,其它处理之间差异不大。“平膜穴播”处理的产量、穗粒重和千粒重最高,分别为3622.5 kg/hm~2、108.8g和269.9g,分别比对照高出281.52%、281.75%和210.59%。水分利用效率以“平膜穴播”处理最高,比对照提高14.2 kg/mm·hm~(-2)。“垄膜沟播+秸秆覆盖”处理的玉米株高、穗长、穗粒数最大,比CK分别增加16.3%、15.5%、59.5%。
Changes of rainfall yearly and season distribution were relatively great in arid farming of south of Ningxia which is from 280mm to 450mm. Shortage of soil moisture in farming and contradiction between rainfall and plant need restricted agricultural progress in this areas,so how to use and conserve limited rainfall resource is the key of sustainable agriculture. This research was carried in the south of Ningxia, which is the representative of semi-arid area. The main research including the cultural system micro-catchment, regulation of water and nutrients and film mulching for high effective cultivation major crop. The main conclusions as follows:
1. Optimal design for stripshapes of micro-catchment cultivation on spring broom-corn millet
Soil moisture content and water storage among different treatments were more than that of CK at heading period. Soil moisture contents of 0～100 cm soil layer middle of ridge, side of ridge and middle of furrow went up at different rainfalls. The obvious effects on tillering number, plant height and dry matter weight were the treatments that were wide ridge and narrow furrow. Among those, treatment 3(30∶60)was the highest and its water catchment was optimal. Grain output of treatment 2(30∶45)was the highest and increased by 15.8% compared with that of CK.
2. Techniques of output increase of micro-catchment on foxtail millet
There were obvious effects on the water storage of micro-catchment cultivation. Among those, the optimal ridge and furrow ratio was 60∶60. The soil water storage efficiencies of different micro-catchment cultivation were 40.4%～62.9% during rainy period from July to September. The water storage efficiency increased over 51% than traditional cultivation (CK). The major economy indexes of ridge and furrow micro-catchment cultivation were higher compared with traditional cultivation (CK). The length per spike, number per spike and grain weight per spike increased by 3.94～5.42cm、9.8～16.8 and 5.2g～5.25g than the traditional cultivation(CK), respectively.
3. Effect of output increase of different stripshapes on major crop
The output of the stripshapes 45∶45 was the highest in drought year and mean rainfall year, the average output of the treatment was 3975.8 kg/hm~2 and increased by 200.4% than CK. The wider the width of stripshapes was, the lower effect of output increase among different stripshapes. The output of stripshapes 75∶75 in mean rainfall year didn’t increase than CK.
In maize experiment there were two stripshapes, the ratio of ridge to furrow was 1. Among those, the highest output was the stripshapes 60∶60, the output of the treatment increased by 419.53% than CK.
4. Benefit of output increase of water catchment and water saving cultivation on commercial crop
The output of soybean and flax of micro-catchment cultivation increased by 553.5 kg/hm~2 and 333.5kg/hm~2 than the traditional cultivation(CK), respectively.
5. Regulation of water and nutrients on broom-corn millet in arid areas
The fertilization could improve obvious the output and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring broom-corn millet. The low fertilizer treatment of N 45kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 40.5kg/hm~2 was the highest in output and WUE, which were 1400.0kg/hm~2 and 9.14kg/mm·hm~(-2) respectively, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 18.63% and 21.5% separately.
6. The high effective use techniques of water and nutrients on millet and potato
The fertilizer treatment of N 90kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 81kg/hm~2 were the highest in output and WUE of millet, which were 2394.0kg/hm~2 and 7.28kg/mm·hm~(-2) respectively, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 53.9% and 51.4% separately.
The highest percentage of commercial potato, output and WUE were the treatment with applying fertilizer N 120kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 48kg/hm~2 in two years. The outputs of potato of the treatment were 20097.0kg/hm~2 and 22834.5kg/hm~2 respectively. The WUE of potato of the treatment were 65.25kg/mm·hm~(-2) and 66.13kg/mm·hm~(-2) respectively.
7. The high effective cultivation techniques of coupling of water and nutrients on millet
Based on the precipitation, supplementary irrigation during the key growth period and combining with fertilizer could increase millet output greatly. The irrigation treatments of no irrigation, irrigated with 40mm and irrigated with 80mm, the highest outputs of millet were combined with fertilizer treatment of N 120kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 108kg/hm~2 separately, and the millet yields increase obviously with increase of supplementary irrigation quantities. Supplementary irrigation with 120mm, fertilizer amount with N 180kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 162kg/hm~2, the output of millet was the highest treatment and was 4356.0 kg/hm~2.
8. The output increase techniques of multivariate film mulching on maize cultivation in arid areas
Soil water storage of the side seeding under film was the lowest, which was 322.9mm; Soil water storage of furrow seeding with film and straw mulching was the highest, which was 361.9mm; the differences of other treatments were little.
The output, grain weight per spike and kernel weight of hole seeding under film were the highest, which were 3622.5kg/hm~2, 108.8g and 269.9g respectively, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 53.9% and 51.4% separately. The treatment of hole seeding under film was the highest in WUE, which increased by 14.2 kg/mm·hm~(-2) than CK. The furrow seeding with film and straw mulching treatment were the highest in plant height, length per spike and grain number per spike of maize, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 53.9% and 51.4% separately.
1.春糜子微集水种植带型优化设计
抽穗期不同处理土壤含水量和蓄水量均比对照高。不同降雨强度下,垄上、垄侧和沟内100cm土壤含水量呈依次增加趋势。分蘖数、株高和单株干重均为宽垄窄沟型的带型处理效果好,处理3(30∶60)的最高,集水效果最优。处理2(30∶45)的籽粒产量最高,较对照增产15.8%。
2.谷子微集水增产技术
垄沟微集水种植蓄水作用效果明显,以垄沟比60∶60带型效果最好。7～9月份雨季蓄墒期不同微集水带型的土壤蓄墒效率为40.4～62.9%,蓄墒效率较露地平播(CK)提高51%以上。谷子垄沟集水种植主要经济指标均较露地平播(CK)高,平均穗长、小穗数和穗粒重分别比露地种植(CK)区增加了3.94～5.42cm、9.8～16.8个和5.2g～5.25g。
3.主要作物不同带型的增产效果
在欠水年和正常年,均以带型45∶45的谷子产量最高,平均为3975.8kg/hm~2,较对照增产200.4%,当带型宽度增加增产幅度下降。正常年带型75∶75较对照并不增产。玉米设置的1∶1二个带型宽度中,以带型60∶60的产量最高,比对照增加419.53%。
4.经济作物集雨节水种植增产效益
微集水种植的大豆和胡麻,产量均有大幅度提高。大豆增产553.5 kg/hm~2、胡麻增产333.5 kg/hm~2。
5.旱地糜子水肥调控
施肥能明显增加春糜子的产量和水分利用效率,其中以低肥处理(N45kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 40.5kg/hm~2)的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为1400.0 kg/hm~2和9.14kg/mm·hm~(-2),分别比无肥区(CK)提高18.63%和21.5%。
6.谷子与马铃薯水肥高效利用技术
施肥量为N90kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 81kg/hm~2时,谷子产量和WUE最高,分别达到2394.0kg/hm~2和7.28kg/mm·hm~(-2),分别较不施肥(CK)提高53.9%和51.4%。两年均以N120kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 48 kg/hm~2的施肥水平薯块商品率、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)最高,产量分别为20097.0 kg/hm~2和22834.5 kg/hm~2,WUE分别为65.25 kg/ mm·hm~(-2)和66.13 kg/mm·hm~(-2)。
7.谷子水肥联合调控节水高效种植技术
在自然降水基础上实施作物生育关键期补充灌水,同时与施肥合理配合,较大幅度地提高谷子产量。当不灌溉和补水量为40mm和80mm时,均以施肥量为N120kg/hm~2,P_2O_5108kg/hm~2时,产量达到最高,但随灌水量的增加,产量水平明显提高。在补灌量为120mm时,施肥量以N180 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5162 kg/hm~2谷子产量最高,为4356.0 kg/hm~2。
8.旱地玉米多元覆盖增产种植技术
收获时“平膜侧播”处理土壤蓄水量最低为322.9mm,“垄膜沟播+秸秆覆盖”处理最高为361.9 mm,其它处理之间差异不大。“平膜穴播”处理的产量、穗粒重和千粒重最高,分别为3622.5 kg/hm~2、108.8g和269.9g,分别比对照高出281.52%、281.75%和210.59%。水分利用效率以“平膜穴播”处理最高,比对照提高14.2 kg/mm·hm~(-2)。“垄膜沟播+秸秆覆盖”处理的玉米株高、穗长、穗粒数最大,比CK分别增加16.3%、15.5%、59.5%。
Changes of rainfall yearly and season distribution were relatively great in arid farming of south of Ningxia which is from 280mm to 450mm. Shortage of soil moisture in farming and contradiction between rainfall and plant need restricted agricultural progress in this areas,so how to use and conserve limited rainfall resource is the key of sustainable agriculture. This research was carried in the south of Ningxia, which is the representative of semi-arid area. The main research including the cultural system micro-catchment, regulation of water and nutrients and film mulching for high effective cultivation major crop. The main conclusions as follows:
1. Optimal design for stripshapes of micro-catchment cultivation on spring broom-corn millet
Soil moisture content and water storage among different treatments were more than that of CK at heading period. Soil moisture contents of 0～100 cm soil layer middle of ridge, side of ridge and middle of furrow went up at different rainfalls. The obvious effects on tillering number, plant height and dry matter weight were the treatments that were wide ridge and narrow furrow. Among those, treatment 3(30∶60)was the highest and its water catchment was optimal. Grain output of treatment 2(30∶45)was the highest and increased by 15.8% compared with that of CK.
2. Techniques of output increase of micro-catchment on foxtail millet
There were obvious effects on the water storage of micro-catchment cultivation. Among those, the optimal ridge and furrow ratio was 60∶60. The soil water storage efficiencies of different micro-catchment cultivation were 40.4%～62.9% during rainy period from July to September. The water storage efficiency increased over 51% than traditional cultivation (CK). The major economy indexes of ridge and furrow micro-catchment cultivation were higher compared with traditional cultivation (CK). The length per spike, number per spike and grain weight per spike increased by 3.94～5.42cm、9.8～16.8 and 5.2g～5.25g than the traditional cultivation(CK), respectively.
3. Effect of output increase of different stripshapes on major crop
The output of the stripshapes 45∶45 was the highest in drought year and mean rainfall year, the average output of the treatment was 3975.8 kg/hm~2 and increased by 200.4% than CK. The wider the width of stripshapes was, the lower effect of output increase among different stripshapes. The output of stripshapes 75∶75 in mean rainfall year didn’t increase than CK.
In maize experiment there were two stripshapes, the ratio of ridge to furrow was 1. Among those, the highest output was the stripshapes 60∶60, the output of the treatment increased by 419.53% than CK.
4. Benefit of output increase of water catchment and water saving cultivation on commercial crop
The output of soybean and flax of micro-catchment cultivation increased by 553.5 kg/hm~2 and 333.5kg/hm~2 than the traditional cultivation(CK), respectively.
5. Regulation of water and nutrients on broom-corn millet in arid areas
The fertilization could improve obvious the output and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring broom-corn millet. The low fertilizer treatment of N 45kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 40.5kg/hm~2 was the highest in output and WUE, which were 1400.0kg/hm~2 and 9.14kg/mm·hm~(-2) respectively, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 18.63% and 21.5% separately.
6. The high effective use techniques of water and nutrients on millet and potato
The fertilizer treatment of N 90kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 81kg/hm~2 were the highest in output and WUE of millet, which were 2394.0kg/hm~2 and 7.28kg/mm·hm~(-2) respectively, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 53.9% and 51.4% separately.
The highest percentage of commercial potato, output and WUE were the treatment with applying fertilizer N 120kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 48kg/hm~2 in two years. The outputs of potato of the treatment were 20097.0kg/hm~2 and 22834.5kg/hm~2 respectively. The WUE of potato of the treatment were 65.25kg/mm·hm~(-2) and 66.13kg/mm·hm~(-2) respectively.
7. The high effective cultivation techniques of coupling of water and nutrients on millet
Based on the precipitation, supplementary irrigation during the key growth period and combining with fertilizer could increase millet output greatly. The irrigation treatments of no irrigation, irrigated with 40mm and irrigated with 80mm, the highest outputs of millet were combined with fertilizer treatment of N 120kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 108kg/hm~2 separately, and the millet yields increase obviously with increase of supplementary irrigation quantities. Supplementary irrigation with 120mm, fertilizer amount with N 180kg/hm~2 and P_2O_5 162kg/hm~2, the output of millet was the highest treatment and was 4356.0 kg/hm~2.
8. The output increase techniques of multivariate film mulching on maize cultivation in arid areas
Soil water storage of the side seeding under film was the lowest, which was 322.9mm; Soil water storage of furrow seeding with film and straw mulching was the highest, which was 361.9mm; the differences of other treatments were little.
The output, grain weight per spike and kernel weight of hole seeding under film were the highest, which were 3622.5kg/hm~2, 108.8g and 269.9g respectively, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 53.9% and 51.4% separately. The treatment of hole seeding under film was the highest in WUE, which increased by 14.2 kg/mm·hm~(-2) than CK. The furrow seeding with film and straw mulching treatment were the highest in plant height, length per spike and grain number per spike of maize, the percentage of increase (compared with CK) were 53.9% and 51.4% separately.
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