迎面扰动作用下爆燃波与爆轰波传播特性的研究
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摘要
本文工作是研究在迎面扰动作用下,爆轰波与爆燃波的传播特性及其演变过程和机理。迎面扰动的产生采用两种方法,一是在光滑的直爆轰管道中设置一道扰动尺度小而均匀的孔栅,阻碍爆轰波的传播并使其前导激波与火焰面解耦而蜕化为爆燃波;二是产生一道与爆轰波相向运动的激波与之碰撞,使得爆轰波的前导激波波后获得进一步强化的高温高压流场。这二者的共同特点是,在近乎瞬间破坏原有爆轰波的稳定自持条件,为考察其后续发展过程乃至于形成或达到新的稳定自持爆轰产生特有的有重要研究价值的现象,而这正是本文关注的要点。
研究采用实验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法。实验方面,爆轰波与孔栅作用实验在一内径65mm,长4.5m,距起爆端2.5m处安置孔栅的爆轰管中进行;爆轰波与激波迎面作用实验中,激波的产生由上述爆轰管的另一端加接一高压驱动段产生,通过同步控制爆轰的起爆以确保激波与爆轰波在实验段相遇;试验气体为化学当量比的乙炔和氧气,以及80%氩气稀释的乙炔氧气混合气体。测量方面,基于两次通过纹影系统,采用转鼓高速摄影机记录爆轰波与迎面扰动作用及其发展过程的x-t纹影图;以分布于下游直管上的传感器跟踪爆燃波的后继发展历史;采用烟迹板记录爆轰胞格结构。为了提高数值计算效率,本文构建了一种适用上述预混气体燃烧过程的4组元、3步总体反应模型。该模型不仅能够体现真实基元反应诱导时间、主释热反应速率、产物平衡速率等各种重要尺度特征,也能很好地预测各种状况下的反应热和化学平衡状态,还可以大大降低非定常化学反应流数值计算的资源耗费。
在爆轰波透射孔栅的研究中,对比了两种不同可燃气体中爆燃波结构和传播特性的差异,一种是爆轰较为不规则的当量比乙炔/氧气混合气体(M1气体),另一种是爆轰较为规则的80%氩气稀释的乙炔/氧气混合气体(M2气体)。研究发现:随着初始压强的提高,M1气体中的爆燃波经历一个由层流结构到湍流结构的转变,一旦初始爆燃形成湍流结构,爆燃向爆轰的转变即可以在下游发生,转变前的爆燃波可传播十几倍管径的距离;M2气体当初压高于一定压强后,也可以发生爆燃向爆轰的转变,但这种转变的发生仅限于孔棚下游3倍管径距离以内,而且转变前爆燃波结构随初压的提高未见明显变化。在两种不同的孔栅扰动尺度下,M1发生爆轰转变的临界压强基本一致;而M2则表现出对孔栅扰动尺度的响应,较大尺度的扰动有利于爆燃向爆轰的转变。上述发现表明,M1气体中的爆燃流场一旦形成湍流燃烧,则可在传播过程中不断得到加强进而向爆轰转变;而M2气体中,这种转变则更多地依赖于初始的扰动。
利用孔栅对爆轰扰动形成爆燃波的独特优势,实验结果清晰地展示了爆燃向爆轰转变的临界状况对应于一种波速为50%-60%CJ爆速的临界爆燃,光滑直管中难以存在高于这一爆燃速度而低于爆轰速度的准稳态传播的高速爆燃波。就其机理问题,研究分析表明:准稳态传播的临界爆燃是燃烧加速与透射Taylor稀疏波相互竞争的结果,M1高速爆燃波中的湍流燃烧提供了能够抗衡稀疏波作用的燃烧加速机制,因而它能维持一定速度传播很长距离;而M2高速爆燃波难以形成湍流燃烧,因此不能抵制稀疏波作用,若起始扰动不能使之转化为爆轰,它将持续走向衰弱。
本文首次从实验x-t纹影图片中发现,爆轰波与正激波迎面相互作用后透射爆轰波后总是紧随一道稀疏波区,该结果表明两波碰撞后的透射爆轰波对应于一维理论分析的中CJ爆轰解。此外,研究还发现:(1)两波碰撞后透射爆轰波面特征尺度变小,波面更为稳定平缓;这在胞格图案上显示为更小和更为规则的胞格尺度;同时,受激波诱导来流作用,胞格长宽比也会下降。(2)两波碰撞过程存在一个有限的非平衡转变阶段。透射爆轰首先发生解耦,波速衰减,接着迅速进发为过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰;对于真实胞格爆轰这一转变过程在空间上并非均衡发展。实验、数值模拟和理论分析的有效结合在本项研究中得到了很好的体现。
An investigation was carried out for the behaviors of detonation and deflagration propagation after the interaction of head-on disturbances. Two kinds of so called "head-on" disturbances were chosen in the work, one is the disturbance generated by a perforated plate located on the way of detonation propagation, suffering from which the detonation will be decayed into a deflagration. The other is the head-on collision of a detonation with an opposite propagating shock wave, after which the combustion field behind the leading shock of the detonation will be enhanced by the incoming shock wave. Both of the disturbances play a similar role, that is, to destroy the condition of self-sustained detonation propagation almost instantaneously, so that the flow field will be forced to undergo an unstable process, which is the main interest of present work.
The experiments were conducted in a detonation tube, whose diameter is 65mm and 4.5m in length. During the tests of detonation-perforated plate interaction, a perforated plate of 5mm thick separated the tube into two parts 2.5 m away from the ignition end. On the other hand, the head-on collision of detonation and shock wave was generated with an additional driver of shock tube connected to the other end of the detonation tube, in which the ignition of the detonation was triggered by the incoming shock wave, in order to guarantee the detonation and the shock wave to meet at the windows. A stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen mixture (M1), as well as 80% Ar diluted acetylene-oxygen mixture (M2), were tested during the operations. Right downstream the perforated plate, there were a pair of 300 mm long 2 mm wide slice windows for streak schlieren photography. The averaged structure and its evolution of the initially transmitted deflagration waves thus could be recorded in the film as an x-t diagram. Meanwhile, pressure transducers and ion probes mounted on the downstream tube traced the further development of the flame and wave front. A global reaction model of 4 reactant species and 3 reaction steps was proposed for a fast numerical calculation, in which the characteristic scales of induction time, heat release, as well as products were reasonably included.
For the interaction of detonation with perforated plate, the main interest was focused on deflagration-detonation transition. It was found that, with the increase of initial pressure in Ml gas mixture, the deflagration wave varies from a laminar structure to a turbulent one, after which the transition to detonation will occur within a dozen of diameter length. The deflagration can also be switched into detonation when the initial pressure is high enough in M2 gas mixture, where transition takes place within a couple of diameter length with no obvious turbulence occurrence, which implies that the initial disturbance plays an important role for the transition.
Thanks to the advantage of nearly 1 -D disturbance generated by the perforated plate, it was possible to demonstrate clearly that there is a critical state of deflagration with up to 50-60% of CJ detonation speed before the transition. And the deflagration can hardly exist with a speed in between the above state and the CJ detonation speed. The analysis of present work showed that, the deflagrations with laminar structure usually can not stand the attenuation of background Taylor rarefaction and keeps on slowing down, whereas the turbulent one is capable of accelerating and running up to a detonation wave. Therefore, it might be explained that for Ml gas mixture, the deflagration who is capable of propagating for a relatively long distance with 50-60% CJ detonation speed could be attributed to the competition between the turbulence enhancement and the Taylor rarefaction attenuation.
From the streak schlieren visualization results, it was clearly observed for the first time that, after head-on collision of planar shock with detonation, the transmitted detonation wave in shock-compressed flow is always followed by a fan of rarefaction wave, which implies the transmitted equilibrium detonation wave to be in CJ state. It was also revealed that, (1) The cell size of the detonation decreases obviously and distributes more regularly after the collision, and furthermore, the length scale along the flow direction is compressed even shorter by the incoming shock wave; and (2) There exists an unstable process during the collision, the detonation wave decouples at the initial stage of the collision, followed by a quick switch into overdriven detonation wave which then approach gradually to the steady CJ state, and this process develops non-uniformly for real cellular detonation. The combination of experiment, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis was well performed in this part of the work.
研究采用实验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法。实验方面,爆轰波与孔栅作用实验在一内径65mm,长4.5m,距起爆端2.5m处安置孔栅的爆轰管中进行;爆轰波与激波迎面作用实验中,激波的产生由上述爆轰管的另一端加接一高压驱动段产生,通过同步控制爆轰的起爆以确保激波与爆轰波在实验段相遇;试验气体为化学当量比的乙炔和氧气,以及80%氩气稀释的乙炔氧气混合气体。测量方面,基于两次通过纹影系统,采用转鼓高速摄影机记录爆轰波与迎面扰动作用及其发展过程的x-t纹影图;以分布于下游直管上的传感器跟踪爆燃波的后继发展历史;采用烟迹板记录爆轰胞格结构。为了提高数值计算效率,本文构建了一种适用上述预混气体燃烧过程的4组元、3步总体反应模型。该模型不仅能够体现真实基元反应诱导时间、主释热反应速率、产物平衡速率等各种重要尺度特征,也能很好地预测各种状况下的反应热和化学平衡状态,还可以大大降低非定常化学反应流数值计算的资源耗费。
在爆轰波透射孔栅的研究中,对比了两种不同可燃气体中爆燃波结构和传播特性的差异,一种是爆轰较为不规则的当量比乙炔/氧气混合气体(M1气体),另一种是爆轰较为规则的80%氩气稀释的乙炔/氧气混合气体(M2气体)。研究发现:随着初始压强的提高,M1气体中的爆燃波经历一个由层流结构到湍流结构的转变,一旦初始爆燃形成湍流结构,爆燃向爆轰的转变即可以在下游发生,转变前的爆燃波可传播十几倍管径的距离;M2气体当初压高于一定压强后,也可以发生爆燃向爆轰的转变,但这种转变的发生仅限于孔棚下游3倍管径距离以内,而且转变前爆燃波结构随初压的提高未见明显变化。在两种不同的孔栅扰动尺度下,M1发生爆轰转变的临界压强基本一致;而M2则表现出对孔栅扰动尺度的响应,较大尺度的扰动有利于爆燃向爆轰的转变。上述发现表明,M1气体中的爆燃流场一旦形成湍流燃烧,则可在传播过程中不断得到加强进而向爆轰转变;而M2气体中,这种转变则更多地依赖于初始的扰动。
利用孔栅对爆轰扰动形成爆燃波的独特优势,实验结果清晰地展示了爆燃向爆轰转变的临界状况对应于一种波速为50%-60%CJ爆速的临界爆燃,光滑直管中难以存在高于这一爆燃速度而低于爆轰速度的准稳态传播的高速爆燃波。就其机理问题,研究分析表明:准稳态传播的临界爆燃是燃烧加速与透射Taylor稀疏波相互竞争的结果,M1高速爆燃波中的湍流燃烧提供了能够抗衡稀疏波作用的燃烧加速机制,因而它能维持一定速度传播很长距离;而M2高速爆燃波难以形成湍流燃烧,因此不能抵制稀疏波作用,若起始扰动不能使之转化为爆轰,它将持续走向衰弱。
本文首次从实验x-t纹影图片中发现,爆轰波与正激波迎面相互作用后透射爆轰波后总是紧随一道稀疏波区,该结果表明两波碰撞后的透射爆轰波对应于一维理论分析的中CJ爆轰解。此外,研究还发现:(1)两波碰撞后透射爆轰波面特征尺度变小,波面更为稳定平缓;这在胞格图案上显示为更小和更为规则的胞格尺度;同时,受激波诱导来流作用,胞格长宽比也会下降。(2)两波碰撞过程存在一个有限的非平衡转变阶段。透射爆轰首先发生解耦,波速衰减,接着迅速进发为过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰;对于真实胞格爆轰这一转变过程在空间上并非均衡发展。实验、数值模拟和理论分析的有效结合在本项研究中得到了很好的体现。
An investigation was carried out for the behaviors of detonation and deflagration propagation after the interaction of head-on disturbances. Two kinds of so called "head-on" disturbances were chosen in the work, one is the disturbance generated by a perforated plate located on the way of detonation propagation, suffering from which the detonation will be decayed into a deflagration. The other is the head-on collision of a detonation with an opposite propagating shock wave, after which the combustion field behind the leading shock of the detonation will be enhanced by the incoming shock wave. Both of the disturbances play a similar role, that is, to destroy the condition of self-sustained detonation propagation almost instantaneously, so that the flow field will be forced to undergo an unstable process, which is the main interest of present work.
The experiments were conducted in a detonation tube, whose diameter is 65mm and 4.5m in length. During the tests of detonation-perforated plate interaction, a perforated plate of 5mm thick separated the tube into two parts 2.5 m away from the ignition end. On the other hand, the head-on collision of detonation and shock wave was generated with an additional driver of shock tube connected to the other end of the detonation tube, in which the ignition of the detonation was triggered by the incoming shock wave, in order to guarantee the detonation and the shock wave to meet at the windows. A stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen mixture (M1), as well as 80% Ar diluted acetylene-oxygen mixture (M2), were tested during the operations. Right downstream the perforated plate, there were a pair of 300 mm long 2 mm wide slice windows for streak schlieren photography. The averaged structure and its evolution of the initially transmitted deflagration waves thus could be recorded in the film as an x-t diagram. Meanwhile, pressure transducers and ion probes mounted on the downstream tube traced the further development of the flame and wave front. A global reaction model of 4 reactant species and 3 reaction steps was proposed for a fast numerical calculation, in which the characteristic scales of induction time, heat release, as well as products were reasonably included.
For the interaction of detonation with perforated plate, the main interest was focused on deflagration-detonation transition. It was found that, with the increase of initial pressure in Ml gas mixture, the deflagration wave varies from a laminar structure to a turbulent one, after which the transition to detonation will occur within a dozen of diameter length. The deflagration can also be switched into detonation when the initial pressure is high enough in M2 gas mixture, where transition takes place within a couple of diameter length with no obvious turbulence occurrence, which implies that the initial disturbance plays an important role for the transition.
Thanks to the advantage of nearly 1 -D disturbance generated by the perforated plate, it was possible to demonstrate clearly that there is a critical state of deflagration with up to 50-60% of CJ detonation speed before the transition. And the deflagration can hardly exist with a speed in between the above state and the CJ detonation speed. The analysis of present work showed that, the deflagrations with laminar structure usually can not stand the attenuation of background Taylor rarefaction and keeps on slowing down, whereas the turbulent one is capable of accelerating and running up to a detonation wave. Therefore, it might be explained that for Ml gas mixture, the deflagration who is capable of propagating for a relatively long distance with 50-60% CJ detonation speed could be attributed to the competition between the turbulence enhancement and the Taylor rarefaction attenuation.
From the streak schlieren visualization results, it was clearly observed for the first time that, after head-on collision of planar shock with detonation, the transmitted detonation wave in shock-compressed flow is always followed by a fan of rarefaction wave, which implies the transmitted equilibrium detonation wave to be in CJ state. It was also revealed that, (1) The cell size of the detonation decreases obviously and distributes more regularly after the collision, and furthermore, the length scale along the flow direction is compressed even shorter by the incoming shock wave; and (2) There exists an unstable process during the collision, the detonation wave decouples at the initial stage of the collision, followed by a quick switch into overdriven detonation wave which then approach gradually to the steady CJ state, and this process develops non-uniformly for real cellular detonation. The combination of experiment, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis was well performed in this part of the work.
引文
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