上帝观念在波义耳科学思想中的作用探析
摘要
基督教在世俗活动中由于政治利益方面的原因，也因为主教们的偏狭而对一些科学工作者犯过不可饶恕的错误，我们不能忽视这段历史。但以简单的方式看待宗教(基督教)和科学的关系，否认其对于科学的实际发生所具有的某种正面意义，则是一种轻率的行为。可庆幸的是，从目前的研究显示，特别是上个世纪初以来，很多学者都认可了这样的事实，即基督教的一些思想观念促成了现代科学的萌芽。具体到波义耳，人们看到了他在科学与宗教之间所作的某些有益的调和，这应当说是一种认识上的进步。但是我们同时也看到，这些新的认识还缺乏应有的系统性，即在那一特定的历史背景下，到底有哪些宗教思想观念对科学家们的科学工作和科学实验起过显著的助推作用，以及这样的作用是如何发挥出来的。
这里，我们就针对波义耳做一个科学史案例分析，具体、实证地分析其严谨的科学研究活动及其浓厚的宗教情结，从而探究出上帝作为自然设计者的观念对近代早期科学家自然律意识的确立、可知论信念的确立等方面产生的积极影响。也希望通过这个研究，对目前这方面研究的欠缺有所弥补，并从中发掘认识科学、理解科学的新的思路。
文章共分五个部分：第一部分从总的方面探讨了历史上对科学与宗教的关系、对波义耳的研究以及相应的文献资料；第二部分进一步说明了在17世纪那个特定的历史环境下，对上帝的忠诚和对科学的执着追求有机地结合在波义耳身上，这成为我们研究当时时代特色的一个范例；第三部分着重探究了基督教观念中到底有哪些观念对波义耳的科学研究产生了积极的作用；第四部分则进一步说明了波义耳在上帝观念的影响下从事的科学研究工作；第五部分是该论文的结论，深入、系统地分析了波义耳现象的意义及上帝观念的存在对科学家们创立近代科学所起到的预设作用。
On the Role of the Faith in God in Boyle's Scientific thoughts
Christianity do wrong heavily to scientific workers in the common activities for political benefits , also for the bishops'insularities. We can't neglect this history. But it is a rash act to regard this relation between religion (Christianity) and science as a simple way and disclaim a kind of obverse significance what Christianity do during science produce actually. To our satisfaction, studies display, from the present, especially from the beginning of the last century, many scholars admit these facts that some thoughts or views in Christianity make modern science burgeon. To Boyle, people see that he had made some useful works between religion (Christianity) and science, which is a kind of progress in thought. But we also see, at the same time, that these new thoughts are short of system, that's to say, under that especial historic underground, which religion thoughts, after all, do make clearly an acceleration to scientific works and scientific experimentations for scientists, and how does this impact do?
In this thesis, we take Robert Boyle, one of the great founders of the modern science, as example and analyze carefully the role of his religious complex in his scientific activities. We can see more clearly by the analysis what positive influence the idea of God had in that age upon the formation of the concept "the laws of nature" and the belief that the human being can understand them. We also hope that this study can make up for defects in this area and can find new ways in how to get to know and how to understand science.
There are five parts in this paper. Generally, part one has discussed the relation between the modern science and the Christian religion in history and the studies about Boyle and the Corresponding literature data; Part two make it clear further that loyalty for God and the firm pursuit for the science had been combined well in Boyle at that particular historic background in the 17th century, which is our example that we can study that times's feature; Part three make it an emphasis that which views in Christian religion make an active impact on scientific works; Part four illustrates Boyle's scientific works with the help of the views of God; Part five is the conclusion of this paper, which analyze deeply the significance of the affair about Boyle in philosophy, in science and its impact in history.
这里，我们就针对波义耳做一个科学史案例分析，具体、实证地分析其严谨的科学研究活动及其浓厚的宗教情结，从而探究出上帝作为自然设计者的观念对近代早期科学家自然律意识的确立、可知论信念的确立等方面产生的积极影响。也希望通过这个研究，对目前这方面研究的欠缺有所弥补，并从中发掘认识科学、理解科学的新的思路。
文章共分五个部分：第一部分从总的方面探讨了历史上对科学与宗教的关系、对波义耳的研究以及相应的文献资料；第二部分进一步说明了在17世纪那个特定的历史环境下，对上帝的忠诚和对科学的执着追求有机地结合在波义耳身上，这成为我们研究当时时代特色的一个范例；第三部分着重探究了基督教观念中到底有哪些观念对波义耳的科学研究产生了积极的作用；第四部分则进一步说明了波义耳在上帝观念的影响下从事的科学研究工作；第五部分是该论文的结论，深入、系统地分析了波义耳现象的意义及上帝观念的存在对科学家们创立近代科学所起到的预设作用。
On the Role of the Faith in God in Boyle's Scientific thoughts
Christianity do wrong heavily to scientific workers in the common activities for political benefits , also for the bishops'insularities. We can't neglect this history. But it is a rash act to regard this relation between religion (Christianity) and science as a simple way and disclaim a kind of obverse significance what Christianity do during science produce actually. To our satisfaction, studies display, from the present, especially from the beginning of the last century, many scholars admit these facts that some thoughts or views in Christianity make modern science burgeon. To Boyle, people see that he had made some useful works between religion (Christianity) and science, which is a kind of progress in thought. But we also see, at the same time, that these new thoughts are short of system, that's to say, under that especial historic underground, which religion thoughts, after all, do make clearly an acceleration to scientific works and scientific experimentations for scientists, and how does this impact do?
In this thesis, we take Robert Boyle, one of the great founders of the modern science, as example and analyze carefully the role of his religious complex in his scientific activities. We can see more clearly by the analysis what positive influence the idea of God had in that age upon the formation of the concept "the laws of nature" and the belief that the human being can understand them. We also hope that this study can make up for defects in this area and can find new ways in how to get to know and how to understand science.
There are five parts in this paper. Generally, part one has discussed the relation between the modern science and the Christian religion in history and the studies about Boyle and the Corresponding literature data; Part two make it clear further that loyalty for God and the firm pursuit for the science had been combined well in Boyle at that particular historic background in the 17th century, which is our example that we can study that times's feature; Part three make it an emphasis that which views in Christian religion make an active impact on scientific works; Part four illustrates Boyle's scientific works with the help of the views of God; Part five is the conclusion of this paper, which analyze deeply the significance of the affair about Boyle in philosophy, in science and its impact in history.
引文
1、[英]约翰·H·布鲁克，《科学与宗教》，复旦大学出版社，苏贤贵译，复旦大学出版社，2000年
2、[英]亚·沃尔夫，《十六、十七世纪科学技术与哲学史》，周昌忠等译，商务印书馆，1985年
3、[英]E·A伯特，《近代物理科学的形而上学基础》，徐向东译，四川教育出版社，1994年
4、[英]罗伯特·波义耳，《怀疑的化学家》，袁江洋译，武汉出版社，1993年
5、许良英、范岱年编译，《爱因斯坦文集》(第一卷)，商务印书馆出版社，1976年
6、W·C·丹皮尔，《科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系》，李珩译，商务印书馆，1997年
7、R·K·默顿著，范岱年等译，《十七世纪英国的科学、技术与社会》，四川人民出版社，1986年
8、《伽利略：自然真理与<圣经>解释》，张增一著，《自然辩证法研究》第15卷，第1期
9、吴国盛编，《科学思想史指南》，四川教育出版社，1997年
10、[日]原光雄，《近代化学的奠基者》，黄静译，科学出版社，1986年
11、山冈望，《化学史传》，廖正衡等译，商务印书馆，1995年
12、刘小枫主编，《20世纪西方宗教哲学文选》，杨德友等译，上海三联书店，1991年
13、[英]阿利斯科·E·麦克格拉思，《科学与宗教引论》，王毅译，上海人民出版社，2000年
14、袁江洋，《论波义耳-牛顿思想体系及其信仰之矢》，自然辩证法通讯，1995年第1期
15、[英]A·N怀特海，《科学与近代世界》，何钦译，商务印书馆，1989年
16、[美]享利·M·莱斯特，《化学的历史背景》，吴忠译，商务印书馆，1982年
17、[英]J·R·柏廷顿，《化学简史》，胡作玄译，商务印书馆，1979年
18、袁江洋，《探索自然与颂扬上帝——波义耳的自然哲学与自然神学思想》，自然辩证法通讯，1991年第6期
19、肖巍，《开普勒：“上帝要求人们倾听天文学的音乐”》，自然辩证法通讯，1990
年第6期
20、《桥：科学与宗教》，泰德·彼得斯、江丕盛、格蒙·本纳德编，中国社会科学出版社，2002年
21、《中外著名化学家传略》，廖正衡主编，吉林教育出版社，1994年
22、培根著，许宝骙译，《新工具》，商务印书馆，1986年
23、James H·Fetzer, Philosophy of Science, by Paragon House in the U. S, 1993
24、[英]Robert Boyle, The Works of Robert Boyle, 14 Volume Set, Edited by Michael Hunter and Edward B Davis, Published by Pickimg and Chatto(Publishers) Limited, 1999
25、Robert Boyle by Himself And His Friends, Edited by Michael Hunter, London:William Pickering, 1994
26、R. E. W. Maddison Ph. D., The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle, F. R. S, by Taylor & Francis Ltd., Cannon House, Macklin Street, London, W. C. 2. 1969
27、Rose-Mary Sargent, The Diffident Naturalist—Robert Boyle and the Philosophy of Experiment, Chicago & London: The University Of Chicago Press, 1995
28、Robert Boyle: A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature, Edited by Edward B. Davis and Michael Hunter, Cambridge University Press, 1996
29、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/
30、The aspiring adept: Robert Boyle and his alchemical quest: including Boyle's "lost" Dialogue on the transamutation of metals/Lawrence M. Principe
31、Robert Boyle reconsidered/edited by Michael Hunter—Cambridge
32、L. T. More, Life and works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. New York. 1944
33、http://www.pickeringchatto.com/boylecorrespondence.htm
34、The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1636-1691, The Pickering Masters Edited by Michael Hunter
35、http://www.booktide.com/News/20000708/200007080011.Html苏贤贵，穿越宗教的科学话题2000-07-08/13:10
36、http://www.cc.org.cn/dongfang/gwqk/0208/0208007.htm丁林，《拯救信仰的努力》
37、http://www.yuhoo.com.cn/fyrw/kjms/yg4.htm，《世界科技名人》
38、http://www.scitom.com.cn/history/event/eVt024.html《巨人的另一面——离开科学殿堂的牛顿》
39、http://www.syinfo.gov.cn/peopl/mounent.htm信息产业网——科学人物
40、http://bbs.xmu.edu.cn/bbsanc?path=/groups/GROUP_1/D_Phys/zhuanji/M.956418450.A
41、Lawrence M. Principe, 《The aspiring adept: Robert Boyle and his alchemical quest: including Boyle's 'lost' Dialogue on the transmutation of metals》, Princeton University Press, 1998
42、http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/6439.html 中国外交部网站
43、http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/sciencefaith.html
44、http://www.pickeringchatto.com/boylebyhimself.htm, Robert Boyle: By Himself and His Friends, With a fragment of William Wotton's lost Life of BoylEdited, with an introduction by Michael Hunter
45、http://www.cup.org/Titles/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521442052
46、袁江洋，在科学与宗教之间http://www.gmdaily.com.cn/O.ds/2000/20000315/gb/2000%5E291%5EO%SEDS2409.htm
47、http://iweb.tntech.edu/chem281-tf/Boyle.htm
48、http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/215/handouts/b13_rbp, doc
49、http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/biog.html, The Life and Thought of Robert Boyle, By Michael Hunter, Birkbeck College, University of London
50、http://www.thoemmes.com/science/boyle_intro.htm, The Works of Robert Boyle, Peter Alexander, University of Bristol, 1999
51、HYPERLINK"http://www.godoor.net/text/history/zhuanji7.htm"科学家波义耳和法拉第小传 阮无袂 在科学中敬拜——记“化学之父”波义耳
52、http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html
53、James H·Fetzer, Philosophy of Science, Published by Paragon House in the U. S, 1993,
54、南怀瑾：《论语别裁》，复旦大学出版社，1996年
55、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Huygens 1888, 10:239, HYPERLINK
56、"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
57、http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/492/stillwell/sample_answer.html LBS 333, Topics in the History of the Physical Sciences, Spring 1998, Sample Take Home Exam Essay Answer
58、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
59、"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Birch 1772, I:xlv, HYPERLINK
2、[英]亚·沃尔夫，《十六、十七世纪科学技术与哲学史》，周昌忠等译，商务印书馆，1985年
3、[英]E·A伯特，《近代物理科学的形而上学基础》，徐向东译，四川教育出版社，1994年
4、[英]罗伯特·波义耳，《怀疑的化学家》，袁江洋译，武汉出版社，1993年
5、许良英、范岱年编译，《爱因斯坦文集》(第一卷)，商务印书馆出版社，1976年
6、W·C·丹皮尔，《科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系》，李珩译，商务印书馆，1997年
7、R·K·默顿著，范岱年等译，《十七世纪英国的科学、技术与社会》，四川人民出版社，1986年
8、《伽利略：自然真理与<圣经>解释》，张增一著，《自然辩证法研究》第15卷，第1期
9、吴国盛编，《科学思想史指南》，四川教育出版社，1997年
10、[日]原光雄，《近代化学的奠基者》，黄静译，科学出版社，1986年
11、山冈望，《化学史传》，廖正衡等译，商务印书馆，1995年
12、刘小枫主编，《20世纪西方宗教哲学文选》，杨德友等译，上海三联书店，1991年
13、[英]阿利斯科·E·麦克格拉思，《科学与宗教引论》，王毅译，上海人民出版社，2000年
14、袁江洋，《论波义耳-牛顿思想体系及其信仰之矢》，自然辩证法通讯，1995年第1期
15、[英]A·N怀特海，《科学与近代世界》，何钦译，商务印书馆，1989年
16、[美]享利·M·莱斯特，《化学的历史背景》，吴忠译，商务印书馆，1982年
17、[英]J·R·柏廷顿，《化学简史》，胡作玄译，商务印书馆，1979年
18、袁江洋，《探索自然与颂扬上帝——波义耳的自然哲学与自然神学思想》，自然辩证法通讯，1991年第6期
19、肖巍，《开普勒：“上帝要求人们倾听天文学的音乐”》，自然辩证法通讯，1990
年第6期
20、《桥：科学与宗教》，泰德·彼得斯、江丕盛、格蒙·本纳德编，中国社会科学出版社，2002年
21、《中外著名化学家传略》，廖正衡主编，吉林教育出版社，1994年
22、培根著，许宝骙译，《新工具》，商务印书馆，1986年
23、James H·Fetzer, Philosophy of Science, by Paragon House in the U. S, 1993
24、[英]Robert Boyle, The Works of Robert Boyle, 14 Volume Set, Edited by Michael Hunter and Edward B Davis, Published by Pickimg and Chatto(Publishers) Limited, 1999
25、Robert Boyle by Himself And His Friends, Edited by Michael Hunter, London:William Pickering, 1994
26、R. E. W. Maddison Ph. D., The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle, F. R. S, by Taylor & Francis Ltd., Cannon House, Macklin Street, London, W. C. 2. 1969
27、Rose-Mary Sargent, The Diffident Naturalist—Robert Boyle and the Philosophy of Experiment, Chicago & London: The University Of Chicago Press, 1995
28、Robert Boyle: A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature, Edited by Edward B. Davis and Michael Hunter, Cambridge University Press, 1996
29、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/
30、The aspiring adept: Robert Boyle and his alchemical quest: including Boyle's "lost" Dialogue on the transamutation of metals/Lawrence M. Principe
31、Robert Boyle reconsidered/edited by Michael Hunter—Cambridge
32、L. T. More, Life and works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. New York. 1944
33、http://www.pickeringchatto.com/boylecorrespondence.htm
34、The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1636-1691, The Pickering Masters Edited by Michael Hunter
35、http://www.booktide.com/News/20000708/200007080011.Html苏贤贵，穿越宗教的科学话题2000-07-08/13:10
36、http://www.cc.org.cn/dongfang/gwqk/0208/0208007.htm丁林，《拯救信仰的努力》
37、http://www.yuhoo.com.cn/fyrw/kjms/yg4.htm，《世界科技名人》
38、http://www.scitom.com.cn/history/event/eVt024.html《巨人的另一面——离开科学殿堂的牛顿》
39、http://www.syinfo.gov.cn/peopl/mounent.htm信息产业网——科学人物
40、http://bbs.xmu.edu.cn/bbsanc?path=/groups/GROUP_1/D_Phys/zhuanji/M.956418450.A
41、Lawrence M. Principe, 《The aspiring adept: Robert Boyle and his alchemical quest: including Boyle's 'lost' Dialogue on the transmutation of metals》, Princeton University Press, 1998
42、http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/6439.html 中国外交部网站
43、http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/sciencefaith.html
44、http://www.pickeringchatto.com/boylebyhimself.htm, Robert Boyle: By Himself and His Friends, With a fragment of William Wotton's lost Life of BoylEdited, with an introduction by Michael Hunter
45、http://www.cup.org/Titles/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521442052
46、袁江洋，在科学与宗教之间http://www.gmdaily.com.cn/O.ds/2000/20000315/gb/2000%5E291%5EO%SEDS2409.htm
47、http://iweb.tntech.edu/chem281-tf/Boyle.htm
48、http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/215/handouts/b13_rbp, doc
49、http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/biog.html, The Life and Thought of Robert Boyle, By Michael Hunter, Birkbeck College, University of London
50、http://www.thoemmes.com/science/boyle_intro.htm, The Works of Robert Boyle, Peter Alexander, University of Bristol, 1999
51、HYPERLINK"http://www.godoor.net/text/history/zhuanji7.htm"科学家波义耳和法拉第小传 阮无袂 在科学中敬拜——记“化学之父”波义耳
52、http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html
53、James H·Fetzer, Philosophy of Science, Published by Paragon House in the U. S, 1993,
54、南怀瑾：《论语别裁》，复旦大学出版社，1996年
55、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Huygens 1888, 10:239, HYPERLINK
56、"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
57、http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/492/stillwell/sample_answer.html LBS 333, Topics in the History of the Physical Sciences, Spring 1998, Sample Take Home Exam Essay Answer
58、http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
59、"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Birch 1772, I:xlv, HYPERLINK