大仓鼠（Cricetulus triton de Winton, 1889）种群分化及其环境适应
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摘要
大仓鼠(Cricetulus triton de Winton，1889)(英文名：Greater long-tailed hamster)属于啮齿目(Rodentia)仓鼠科(Cricetidae)仓鼠属(Cricetulus)。体型较大，是仓鼠属中体型最大和种类，也是我国北方农田主要害鼠，有着广泛的地域分布。以往对大仓鼠生长、发育、繁殖以及行为和种群生态有着较为深入的研究。分子生物学方法也开始被运用到大仓鼠在不同年龄、不同季节、中心与边缘种群、山区与平原种群间结构的差异研究。
有关大仓鼠亚种的划分一直是争论不休的问题，其焦点在于是否承认大仓鼠甘肃亚种的分类地位。同时，以往对大仓鼠种群的系统发生、分化及环境适应也少有研究。
本文以采自甘肃(包括Allen命名的甘肃仓鼠模式标本产地甘南卓尼)、宁夏和陕西部分地区的大仓鼠以及中国科学院动物研究所馆减标本为实验材料，以形态学方法对西北地区与华北地区(指名亚种)、东北地区(东北亚种)大仓鼠进行了比对。以线粒体DNA序列为标记，对控制区D-loop环序列进行了测定分析。结合古生物学相关资料，探讨甘肃、宁夏地区大仓鼠的分类地位，并试图阐明其种群间以及与华北地区大仓鼠系统进化关系。同时，结合环境因子研究了大仓鼠种群分布与环境适应的关系，环境变化对其分布可能的影响。本研究得出以下主要结论：
1．无论是形态学还是分子生物学，其结果都支持甘肃、宁夏地区所采集的标本为大仓鼠，否认了以往甘肃仓鼠属的分类意见。形态学统计结果，与大仓鼠指名亚种和东北亚种间大部分外形和头骨量度差异不显著，少部分量度存在显著差异。遗传距离估算，与华北地区大仓鼠种群分歧时间约为24.3万年。据此，甘肃、宁夏地区所采标本应属于大仓鼠甘肃亚种(C. triton cansus)。
2．从对邻接法得到的系统树分析，西北地区大仓鼠种群应为华北地区大仓鼠种群扩散而来，但二者间关系较为复杂。推断中更新世以来，随着冰期、间冰期的交替出现，两地之间曾出现过灭绝、迁移、再灭绝、再迁移的过程。
3．形态学研究，大仓鼠个体大小遵从Bergmann定律，耳长、后足长遵从Allen定律。在环境因子中，海拔对大仓鼠形念的影响最为显著。多元回归分析表明，心脏、肝脏相对干重与海拔显著正相关。随海拔升高，头骨有变小的趋势，推断为低
Greater long-tailed hamster (Cricetulus triton de Winton, 1889) is one of the major rodent pests in farmlands of Northern China. The distribution ranges from northern China to Korea and the adjacent areas of Russia. In China, it mainly distributes from the northern Yangtze River through the North China Plain, Northeast Plain, to Shaanxi plain. The greater long-tailed hamster generally coccupies the farmland, grassland and valley near the cropland, and lives solitarily throughout the year. The general ecology of the C. triton has been extensively investigated, and a preliminary study using RAPD method on its genetic diversity is also reported. There are five subspecies in China, C. t. triton, C. t. fuscipes, C. t. collinus, C. t. incanus and C. t. canus. But the taxonomic status about C. t. canus has been discussed since 1928 when it was reported as Cansumys canus by Allen G.M..
We compared the morphological characteristics and partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region(621bp, 502bp) of specimen from different regions. The result show that the most morphological characteristics of the specemen from Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has no distinct difference except few body and skull measurements. Though there is no haplotype shared by the North China Plain population and, NJ tree and genetic distance indicate their relationship is close. The Northwesten population diverged from the North China Plain population about 24, 3000 years ago. The indivuduals in differental populations were influenced by various environmental factors and caused some phenotypic variations. We reached the following conclusion:
1. Supported by the results of morphological and molecular biology analysis,the taxonomic status of Cricetulus triton cansus should be accepted.
2. Diverged from the North China Plain populations, C. triton cansus might
有关大仓鼠亚种的划分一直是争论不休的问题，其焦点在于是否承认大仓鼠甘肃亚种的分类地位。同时，以往对大仓鼠种群的系统发生、分化及环境适应也少有研究。
本文以采自甘肃(包括Allen命名的甘肃仓鼠模式标本产地甘南卓尼)、宁夏和陕西部分地区的大仓鼠以及中国科学院动物研究所馆减标本为实验材料，以形态学方法对西北地区与华北地区(指名亚种)、东北地区(东北亚种)大仓鼠进行了比对。以线粒体DNA序列为标记，对控制区D-loop环序列进行了测定分析。结合古生物学相关资料，探讨甘肃、宁夏地区大仓鼠的分类地位，并试图阐明其种群间以及与华北地区大仓鼠系统进化关系。同时，结合环境因子研究了大仓鼠种群分布与环境适应的关系，环境变化对其分布可能的影响。本研究得出以下主要结论：
1．无论是形态学还是分子生物学，其结果都支持甘肃、宁夏地区所采集的标本为大仓鼠，否认了以往甘肃仓鼠属的分类意见。形态学统计结果，与大仓鼠指名亚种和东北亚种间大部分外形和头骨量度差异不显著，少部分量度存在显著差异。遗传距离估算，与华北地区大仓鼠种群分歧时间约为24.3万年。据此，甘肃、宁夏地区所采标本应属于大仓鼠甘肃亚种(C. triton cansus)。
2．从对邻接法得到的系统树分析，西北地区大仓鼠种群应为华北地区大仓鼠种群扩散而来，但二者间关系较为复杂。推断中更新世以来，随着冰期、间冰期的交替出现，两地之间曾出现过灭绝、迁移、再灭绝、再迁移的过程。
3．形态学研究，大仓鼠个体大小遵从Bergmann定律，耳长、后足长遵从Allen定律。在环境因子中，海拔对大仓鼠形念的影响最为显著。多元回归分析表明，心脏、肝脏相对干重与海拔显著正相关。随海拔升高，头骨有变小的趋势，推断为低
Greater long-tailed hamster (Cricetulus triton de Winton, 1889) is one of the major rodent pests in farmlands of Northern China. The distribution ranges from northern China to Korea and the adjacent areas of Russia. In China, it mainly distributes from the northern Yangtze River through the North China Plain, Northeast Plain, to Shaanxi plain. The greater long-tailed hamster generally coccupies the farmland, grassland and valley near the cropland, and lives solitarily throughout the year. The general ecology of the C. triton has been extensively investigated, and a preliminary study using RAPD method on its genetic diversity is also reported. There are five subspecies in China, C. t. triton, C. t. fuscipes, C. t. collinus, C. t. incanus and C. t. canus. But the taxonomic status about C. t. canus has been discussed since 1928 when it was reported as Cansumys canus by Allen G.M..
We compared the morphological characteristics and partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region(621bp, 502bp) of specimen from different regions. The result show that the most morphological characteristics of the specemen from Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has no distinct difference except few body and skull measurements. Though there is no haplotype shared by the North China Plain population and, NJ tree and genetic distance indicate their relationship is close. The Northwesten population diverged from the North China Plain population about 24, 3000 years ago. The indivuduals in differental populations were influenced by various environmental factors and caused some phenotypic variations. We reached the following conclusion:
1. Supported by the results of morphological and molecular biology analysis,the taxonomic status of Cricetulus triton cansus should be accepted.
2. Diverged from the North China Plain populations, C. triton cansus might
引文
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