黄土剖面中微生物与有机质的古气候记录——趋磁细菌对磁化率的贡献及其特征生物标志物研究
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摘要
本文根据气候及地质背景，选择位于黄土高原中部的甘肃西峰和东南部的
陕西段家坡为代表性黄土剖面，系统研究了黄土中趋磁细菌(MB)和磁小体
(MS)的特征；首次通过实验模拟了不同温度下MB的生长及MS的形成；
初步定量模拟了MB和MS对磁化率的贡献：探讨对比了华南沿海泥炭与西北
黄土MB和MS特征：分析了黄土-古土壤序列及其中MB内特征生物标志物
的组成，探讨了MB在黄土-古土壤序列中的化石行为及其古气候环境意义。
主要结果可总结如下：
1、MB广泛分布于黄土-古土壤序列；MB对黄土--古土壤序列磁化率的贡献表
现在两个方面：即菌体对磁化率的影响及细菌死亡后保存下来的MS“化石”
对磁化率和频率磁化率的影响；对10g样品，数十天培养之后，MB的生
长能使其磁化率增长最高可达116．4％；
2、MB广泛存在于各种沉积环境当中，菌体的多少、形态、大小等随环境变
化而发生一定的变化。MS与环境的关系则可能更为密切，体现在其数量、
形态、成分、大小，甚至能否形成。温度在一定范围内变化、中至偏碱的
环境、可供MB利用并合成MS的适量的Fe等是MS形成的有利条件；EDAX
等结果表明，段家坡与西峰黄土剖面的磁小体成份可能有些差异；
3、黄土剖面中总有机碳(TOC)分布可反映古气候演化的趋势。由干酪根热解
烃TMAX计算得出西峰剖面 S5-1层形成时古湿度达80%以上，而L1-L6其余各层
古湿度均低于60%；氢、氧指数的分布表明S6-1层时的古环境亦相当稳定。
3、L5－S5层段正构烷烃CPI值、C31/C29、C31/C27、脂肪酸的CPI(A)值、C16/C18
以及不饱和组分等参数表明，黄土地区当时古气候偏干冷，西峰地区较段
家坡更干冷。西峰剖面从S5-1形成到L5堆积时古湿度可能有一个突变，即
古气候由较湿润突然转变为极干燥；而段家坡地区当时的古气候变化较之
西峰要缓和。MB有可能是黄土剖面中脂肪酸的重要来源之一。
Characteristics of magnetotactic bacteria (MB) and the contained magnetosomes
(MS) in the Quatemary Chinese loess-paleosol sequences were studied systemically
through selecting sectinn Xifeng in Gansu Province in the central Loess Plateau and
section Duanjiapo in Shaanxi Province, the southeast of the Plateau on the basis of
the modem climatic and geologic backgrounds. The MB growth and MS formation
under differeni temperatures were simulated for the first time in China. Primary
studies on the contributions of MB and MS to the magnetic suscghbility of loess-
paleosol sequences were also carried out to try to reveal the mechanism of the
magnetic suscePtibility as a climatic proxy Moreovef, characteristics of MB and MS
in the peat, Southeast of China were compared with those in Loess. Besides,
characteristic Biomarkers of loess-paleosol sequences and the MB were analyzed to
show the "fossil behavior" of MB in loess-paleosol sequences and the paleo-climatic
significance. The major results can be drawn as fOllowing:
1. Influences of MB on the suscoptibility of loess-Paleosol sequences can be
represented in both the contributions of MB to the susceptibility and those of MS
"fossils" to the frequent susceptibility. It is shown by the expetimental results
that the susceptibility of 10g Chinese loess (paleosol) sarnples can be increased
116.4% at most after MB cultured fOr 10-60 days.
2. MBs are widely diStribllted in various environmenis. Howevet, the amount,
morphologies and sizes of MB vary somewhat in different environments.
Nevertheless, MS formation may be related more closely with the environment.
Conditions are favorable for MS formation with temperature varying in a certain
range (10℃ or above), neutral to alkaline pH and enough Fe which can be used
by MB. The EDAX results show that MS in section Xifeng may contain element
S, somewhat different from that in section Duanjiapo.
w~l
3. The Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) of the Chinese loess can reflect the
trend of the paleo-climatic changes. The paleo-humidity of S,-, paleosol
formation of section Xifeng was as high as 80% calculated by the T.^.' the
largest of layers from L, down to L,. The paleo-environment when S,-, formed
was quite stable shown by the OI and HI.
4. It is shown by CPI value, C,./C,,, C,,lC,, of n-alkane and CPI^ value, C,e/ C,, of
n-fatty acid and the unsaturated components of layers from L, to S, of both
sections that it was relatively cold then in the Loess Plateau, and colder in Xifeng
than in Duanjiapo. Furthermore, there might exist an abruPt humidity variation
from S, formation to Ls accumulation in section Xifeng. MB perhaPs is an
important origin of the fatty acid in loess-paleosol sequences.
陕西段家坡为代表性黄土剖面，系统研究了黄土中趋磁细菌(MB)和磁小体
(MS)的特征；首次通过实验模拟了不同温度下MB的生长及MS的形成；
初步定量模拟了MB和MS对磁化率的贡献：探讨对比了华南沿海泥炭与西北
黄土MB和MS特征：分析了黄土-古土壤序列及其中MB内特征生物标志物
的组成，探讨了MB在黄土-古土壤序列中的化石行为及其古气候环境意义。
主要结果可总结如下：
1、MB广泛分布于黄土-古土壤序列；MB对黄土--古土壤序列磁化率的贡献表
现在两个方面：即菌体对磁化率的影响及细菌死亡后保存下来的MS“化石”
对磁化率和频率磁化率的影响；对10g样品，数十天培养之后，MB的生
长能使其磁化率增长最高可达116．4％；
2、MB广泛存在于各种沉积环境当中，菌体的多少、形态、大小等随环境变
化而发生一定的变化。MS与环境的关系则可能更为密切，体现在其数量、
形态、成分、大小，甚至能否形成。温度在一定范围内变化、中至偏碱的
环境、可供MB利用并合成MS的适量的Fe等是MS形成的有利条件；EDAX
等结果表明，段家坡与西峰黄土剖面的磁小体成份可能有些差异；
3、黄土剖面中总有机碳(TOC)分布可反映古气候演化的趋势。由干酪根热解
烃TMAX计算得出西峰剖面 S5-1层形成时古湿度达80%以上，而L1-L6其余各层
古湿度均低于60%；氢、氧指数的分布表明S6-1层时的古环境亦相当稳定。
3、L5－S5层段正构烷烃CPI值、C31/C29、C31/C27、脂肪酸的CPI(A)值、C16/C18
以及不饱和组分等参数表明，黄土地区当时古气候偏干冷，西峰地区较段
家坡更干冷。西峰剖面从S5-1形成到L5堆积时古湿度可能有一个突变，即
古气候由较湿润突然转变为极干燥；而段家坡地区当时的古气候变化较之
西峰要缓和。MB有可能是黄土剖面中脂肪酸的重要来源之一。
Characteristics of magnetotactic bacteria (MB) and the contained magnetosomes
(MS) in the Quatemary Chinese loess-paleosol sequences were studied systemically
through selecting sectinn Xifeng in Gansu Province in the central Loess Plateau and
section Duanjiapo in Shaanxi Province, the southeast of the Plateau on the basis of
the modem climatic and geologic backgrounds. The MB growth and MS formation
under differeni temperatures were simulated for the first time in China. Primary
studies on the contributions of MB and MS to the magnetic suscghbility of loess-
paleosol sequences were also carried out to try to reveal the mechanism of the
magnetic suscePtibility as a climatic proxy Moreovef, characteristics of MB and MS
in the peat, Southeast of China were compared with those in Loess. Besides,
characteristic Biomarkers of loess-paleosol sequences and the MB were analyzed to
show the "fossil behavior" of MB in loess-paleosol sequences and the paleo-climatic
significance. The major results can be drawn as fOllowing:
1. Influences of MB on the suscoptibility of loess-Paleosol sequences can be
represented in both the contributions of MB to the susceptibility and those of MS
"fossils" to the frequent susceptibility. It is shown by the expetimental results
that the susceptibility of 10g Chinese loess (paleosol) sarnples can be increased
116.4% at most after MB cultured fOr 10-60 days.
2. MBs are widely diStribllted in various environmenis. Howevet, the amount,
morphologies and sizes of MB vary somewhat in different environments.
Nevertheless, MS formation may be related more closely with the environment.
Conditions are favorable for MS formation with temperature varying in a certain
range (10℃ or above), neutral to alkaline pH and enough Fe which can be used
by MB. The EDAX results show that MS in section Xifeng may contain element
S, somewhat different from that in section Duanjiapo.
w~l
3. The Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) of the Chinese loess can reflect the
trend of the paleo-climatic changes. The paleo-humidity of S,-, paleosol
formation of section Xifeng was as high as 80% calculated by the T.^.' the
largest of layers from L, down to L,. The paleo-environment when S,-, formed
was quite stable shown by the OI and HI.
4. It is shown by CPI value, C,./C,,, C,,lC,, of n-alkane and CPI^ value, C,e/ C,, of
n-fatty acid and the unsaturated components of layers from L, to S, of both
sections that it was relatively cold then in the Loess Plateau, and colder in Xifeng
than in Duanjiapo. Furthermore, there might exist an abruPt humidity variation
from S, formation to Ls accumulation in section Xifeng. MB perhaPs is an
important origin of the fatty acid in loess-paleosol sequences.
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