河南复混肥料生产、流通、利用现状与发展对策研究
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摘要
本文采用随机抽样调查、重点调查和典型调查及资料查询、有偿问卷调查等多种统计调查方法,对河南复混肥料生产、流通、利用3个方面开展研究。主要研究了河南复混肥料生产方面的企业生产技术人才状况、生产能力、生产工艺、产品配方依据、产品典型配方、复混肥料的品种、执行标准与管理政策等7个方面；河南复混肥料流通方面的流通模式、农化服务、流通政策对复混肥流通的影响、流通市场质量状况、河南复混肥料影响力等5个方面；河南复混肥料利用方面的复混肥料与河南粮食生产的关系、河南复混肥料施用状况和农民对复混肥料的接受程度等方面。主要的研究结果如下：
1、河南复混肥料生产现状从事生产技术工作专业技术人才匮乏,具有本科及以上学历的专业技术人员很少：河南总体生产能力和实际生产量都可满足河南农业需要,但企业生产规模以小型企业为主,总数占到76%以上,市场竞争力较差；落后生产工艺正被淘汰,好的生产工艺正在兴起,目前复混肥料生产主要工艺是转鼓造粒,受调查的50家企业,拥有转鼓造粒的为48家；复混肥料配方的科技含量不高,真正根据某地土壤供肥性能和作物营养规律设计的配方几乎没有。
2、河南复混肥料流通现状复混肥料经营主体资格不断多元化；河南复混肥料农化服务状况令人担忧,50家受调查企业中无法开展农化服务的企业有35家,占70%；根据对睢县农业局和卧龙区农业局的调查,到2008年,两地的复混肥料合格率都在90%以上,但总体质量尚需进一步提高。
3、河南复混肥料利用现状河南粮食单产与化肥单位施用量之间有着显著相关性,增施化肥尤其复混肥料仍是粮食增产的重要措施；河南是我国最大的化肥消费市场与第二位复合肥消费市场；农民购买复混肥料按经销商介绍购买的占60%,看肥料价格购买的占20%,冲品牌购买的占10%,基本没人注意复混肥料配比,经别的农民推荐或看包装或临时决定的占不到10%。
4、河南复混肥料发展存在的问题生产方面：企业生产技术人才匮乏；企业生产规模小、产量低；复混肥料产品配方缺乏科学依据；复混肥料登记制度需要灵活完善,以促进复混肥品种的不断丰富；适合测土配方要求的掺混肥料生产和施用萎缩。流通方面：农化服务工作亟待加强；流通市场管理不规范。利用方面：复混肥施用比重仍然偏低；销售过程经销方误导消费时有发生,农民对复混肥料认识尚存在误区。
5、河南复混肥料发展的改进对策采取多种措施,切实提升复混肥料产品配方的科技内涵：强化企业生产技术人才队伍建设；完善现行的复混肥料登记制度,释放企业发展活力；加强企业农化服务队伍建设,实现企业、科研单位、政府有机结合的农化服务体系；加大监管力度,净化复混肥料流通领域；加强农民农业科技文化素质教育和培训,提高农民科学施肥水平。
Abstract:In this article, production, distribution and utilization will be researched in detail by various statistical investigation methods including random sampling research, major surveys and typical investigation, information query, questionnaire paid for money. Seven main aspects of compound fertilizer in Henan province will be studied including actuality of technicist in production, production capacity, production technics production formulation bases, production main formulation, kinds of compound fertilizer, production standard and production management. Five aspects also will be investigated in distribution model of compound fertilizer in Henan province, service of agriculture chemical,effect of distribution policy in compound fertilizer, quality actuality of distribution market, influence of compound fertilizer in Henan province. The relation of utilization of compound fertilizer and production of gain yield, the placement actuality and accepted degree of compound fertilizer in Henan province, also will be studied. Main results as the following.
1,The production actuality of compound fertilizer in Henan province.It is very scarce that the professional and technical personnel at production technology, with bachelor degree or above; Henan overall production capacity and actual production can meet needs, but the enterprise Henan agricultural production scale, the total number of small and medium-sized enterprises to 76%, market competitiveness is poor, backward technology are eliminated, good technology are rising, fertilizer production craft is mainly a drum granulator,50 companies surveyed, drum granulator to 48, currently. The scientific and technological content of the formulation is not high, according to the soil and crop nutrition supply performance design formulation is almost no existence.
2, The distribution actuality of compound fertilizer in Henan province. It is worried that compound fertilizer's agrichemical service,35 enterprises of 50 companies surveyed can't provide compound fertilizer's agrichemical service, accounting for 70%. According to survey of the Sui County and Wolong District agriculture bureau, fertilizer quality reaching its standard was 90% in 2008,but it need to further improve in whole quality.
3,The utilization actuality of compound fertilizer in Henan province. Henan grain yield per unit and the unit area amount of application of fertilizer has significant correlation, increasing fertilizers especially compound fertilizer placement is still the important measures of increasing food production, Henan province is the china's largest fertilizer consumption market and the second compound fertilizer consumption market, the peasant purchase 60% of compound fertilizer was purchased based on distributor introducing,20% based on purchase price of fertilizer,10% based on brand. but nobody noticed different formulation of compound fertilizer, it is less than 10% compound fertilizer purchased introduced by others or basing on pack or doing casual decision.
4, The problems of compound fertilizer development in Henan province. Aspects of the production:enterprise lacks production and technical personnel; the scale of company is small and production is low; compound fertilizer lacks scientific formulation; its registration system needs flexibility to promote the kinds of compound fertilizer more plentifully; the production and use of bulk blending fertilizer was decreased. Aspects of the distribution:agrichemical services need to be strengthened and market management was not standardized. Aspects of the utilization: the proportion of compound fertilizer is still low; sometimes sale agent will mislead consumers, farmers still have erroneous understanding of compound fertilizers.
5,The improvement countermeasures in development of compound fertilizer in Henan province. Various measures can be adopted to actually increasing formulation technology of compound fertilizer. Many technicist will be in important place in management of enterprise. The existent system of compound fertilizer registration will be perfected in order to release vitality of enterprise development. To strengthen enterprise agrichemical service construction, achieved the enterprise, research institutions, government of the organic combination in agrichemical service system. Supervision strictly will be taken in order to purify the distribution field of compound fertilizer. Farmer's agricultural science and technology culture quality education and cultivation will be strengthened in order to increase the level of placement fertilizer.
1、河南复混肥料生产现状从事生产技术工作专业技术人才匮乏,具有本科及以上学历的专业技术人员很少：河南总体生产能力和实际生产量都可满足河南农业需要,但企业生产规模以小型企业为主,总数占到76%以上,市场竞争力较差；落后生产工艺正被淘汰,好的生产工艺正在兴起,目前复混肥料生产主要工艺是转鼓造粒,受调查的50家企业,拥有转鼓造粒的为48家；复混肥料配方的科技含量不高,真正根据某地土壤供肥性能和作物营养规律设计的配方几乎没有。
2、河南复混肥料流通现状复混肥料经营主体资格不断多元化；河南复混肥料农化服务状况令人担忧,50家受调查企业中无法开展农化服务的企业有35家,占70%；根据对睢县农业局和卧龙区农业局的调查,到2008年,两地的复混肥料合格率都在90%以上,但总体质量尚需进一步提高。
3、河南复混肥料利用现状河南粮食单产与化肥单位施用量之间有着显著相关性,增施化肥尤其复混肥料仍是粮食增产的重要措施；河南是我国最大的化肥消费市场与第二位复合肥消费市场；农民购买复混肥料按经销商介绍购买的占60%,看肥料价格购买的占20%,冲品牌购买的占10%,基本没人注意复混肥料配比,经别的农民推荐或看包装或临时决定的占不到10%。
4、河南复混肥料发展存在的问题生产方面：企业生产技术人才匮乏；企业生产规模小、产量低；复混肥料产品配方缺乏科学依据；复混肥料登记制度需要灵活完善,以促进复混肥品种的不断丰富；适合测土配方要求的掺混肥料生产和施用萎缩。流通方面：农化服务工作亟待加强；流通市场管理不规范。利用方面：复混肥施用比重仍然偏低；销售过程经销方误导消费时有发生,农民对复混肥料认识尚存在误区。
5、河南复混肥料发展的改进对策采取多种措施,切实提升复混肥料产品配方的科技内涵：强化企业生产技术人才队伍建设；完善现行的复混肥料登记制度,释放企业发展活力；加强企业农化服务队伍建设,实现企业、科研单位、政府有机结合的农化服务体系；加大监管力度,净化复混肥料流通领域；加强农民农业科技文化素质教育和培训,提高农民科学施肥水平。
Abstract:In this article, production, distribution and utilization will be researched in detail by various statistical investigation methods including random sampling research, major surveys and typical investigation, information query, questionnaire paid for money. Seven main aspects of compound fertilizer in Henan province will be studied including actuality of technicist in production, production capacity, production technics production formulation bases, production main formulation, kinds of compound fertilizer, production standard and production management. Five aspects also will be investigated in distribution model of compound fertilizer in Henan province, service of agriculture chemical,effect of distribution policy in compound fertilizer, quality actuality of distribution market, influence of compound fertilizer in Henan province. The relation of utilization of compound fertilizer and production of gain yield, the placement actuality and accepted degree of compound fertilizer in Henan province, also will be studied. Main results as the following.
1,The production actuality of compound fertilizer in Henan province.It is very scarce that the professional and technical personnel at production technology, with bachelor degree or above; Henan overall production capacity and actual production can meet needs, but the enterprise Henan agricultural production scale, the total number of small and medium-sized enterprises to 76%, market competitiveness is poor, backward technology are eliminated, good technology are rising, fertilizer production craft is mainly a drum granulator,50 companies surveyed, drum granulator to 48, currently. The scientific and technological content of the formulation is not high, according to the soil and crop nutrition supply performance design formulation is almost no existence.
2, The distribution actuality of compound fertilizer in Henan province. It is worried that compound fertilizer's agrichemical service,35 enterprises of 50 companies surveyed can't provide compound fertilizer's agrichemical service, accounting for 70%. According to survey of the Sui County and Wolong District agriculture bureau, fertilizer quality reaching its standard was 90% in 2008,but it need to further improve in whole quality.
3,The utilization actuality of compound fertilizer in Henan province. Henan grain yield per unit and the unit area amount of application of fertilizer has significant correlation, increasing fertilizers especially compound fertilizer placement is still the important measures of increasing food production, Henan province is the china's largest fertilizer consumption market and the second compound fertilizer consumption market, the peasant purchase 60% of compound fertilizer was purchased based on distributor introducing,20% based on purchase price of fertilizer,10% based on brand. but nobody noticed different formulation of compound fertilizer, it is less than 10% compound fertilizer purchased introduced by others or basing on pack or doing casual decision.
4, The problems of compound fertilizer development in Henan province. Aspects of the production:enterprise lacks production and technical personnel; the scale of company is small and production is low; compound fertilizer lacks scientific formulation; its registration system needs flexibility to promote the kinds of compound fertilizer more plentifully; the production and use of bulk blending fertilizer was decreased. Aspects of the distribution:agrichemical services need to be strengthened and market management was not standardized. Aspects of the utilization: the proportion of compound fertilizer is still low; sometimes sale agent will mislead consumers, farmers still have erroneous understanding of compound fertilizers.
5,The improvement countermeasures in development of compound fertilizer in Henan province. Various measures can be adopted to actually increasing formulation technology of compound fertilizer. Many technicist will be in important place in management of enterprise. The existent system of compound fertilizer registration will be perfected in order to release vitality of enterprise development. To strengthen enterprise agrichemical service construction, achieved the enterprise, research institutions, government of the organic combination in agrichemical service system. Supervision strictly will be taken in order to purify the distribution field of compound fertilizer. Farmer's agricultural science and technology culture quality education and cultivation will be strengthened in order to increase the level of placement fertilizer.
引文
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