林农木本药材供给意愿与供给决策行为研究
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摘要
中药材产业是最具中华民族特色、最具中国独特优势、最具(国际贸易)绝对优势的产业。木本药材是中药材的重要组成部分同时也是中国传统的出口创汇产品。2010年中国木本药材产量达到117.43万吨。2011年中国药材播种面积达到137万公顷。以木本药材杜仲为例世界杜仲产地主要集中在中国2010年中国杜仲产量为23.46万吨杜仲药材出口数量为2315吨。木本药材杜仲以国内中药材市场为主并开始转向规范化栽培阶段。根据本次木本药材杜仲供给意愿调查结果显示约17.23%的林农表示具有木本药材杜仲的供给意愿。由于木本药材(包括木本药材杜仲)的经济价值、自然属性、和市场需求的原因导致野生木本药材资源濒临枯竭。目前中国全面推进集体林权改革超过50%的林地面积掌握在8700万林农手中林地做为林农的重要经济资源寻求经济效益较高的林业投资项目成为林农当前的首要问题。木本药材从野生转为家种在其生态位幅度内对于林地资源的立地条件要求并不严格适合荒山荒地绿化造林利国利民;木本药材经济价值高利于山区林农致富发家;木本药材具有特殊的药用价值是保证中华民族繁衍生息的济世本草。为了更充分的发挥中国林地资源禀赋充裕优势在当前背景下有必要系统地研究林农与木本药材供给的关系以探求林农木本药材供给意愿与供给决策行为的影响因素。
     由此确定本项目研究的总体目标:从木本药材供给者---林农的微观层面入手在深入研究木本药材的种植历史、木本药材产业的发展阶段、木本药材产业政策变迁、木本药材生长习性与地域分布、种植与生产现状、生产栽植技术及推广现状、国际与国内市场供需现状的基础上寻找林农木本药材供给意愿的主要影响因素提示林农木本药材供给的投入与产出之间的关系并通过线性规划法进行不同约束条件下木本药材供给潜力的模拟理论分析结合实证分析为木本药材产业政策与木本药材生产提供指导性建议。为了实现林农木本药材供给意愿与供给决策行为研究本研究通过文献综述法寻求研究的理论支撑和理论依据并在充分研究木本药材产业发展状况的基础上提出以杜仲为实例进行实证研究。在理论分析与实证分析的过程中本研究运用经济学、社会学、计量经济学、运筹学等学科的市场经济理论分析方法、问卷调查法和专家访谈法、随机抽样法、线性规划法作为本项目研究的基本方法并且运用了经济评价方法中的净现值法。根据本研究的具体需要构建林农木本药材---杜仲供给意愿模型并定义相关变量;木本药材---杜仲单位面积产量水平的主要影响因素分析与生产函数模型构建;构建林农木本药材---杜仲供给决策模型并定义相关变量。
     本研究内容包括:利用文献综述法深入木本药材产业发展的4个阶段中国家宏观产业政策的变迁、产业总体技术水平、产业发展的市场前景为研究林农木本药材供给宏观描述产业背景寻求林农木本药材供给意愿与供给行为决策的影响因素提出林农理性经济人假设确立林农利润最大化目标主要包括第二章和第三章。第四章本章主要构建林农木本药材供给理论分析与模型在充分分析林农供给意愿与行为影响因素的基础上分别构建林农杜仲供给意愿模型、杜仲单位面积产量生产函数模型、以及林农杜仲药材供给决策模型。第五章运用利用问卷调查法与专家访谈法设计、论证调查问卷通过分层抽样法与随机抽样法在福建省内寻找样本实地问卷调查收集林农供给意愿与影响其供给意愿的因素、收集杜仲种植地块关于林农单位面积投入与产出实际数据通过Excel软件对收集的相关数据进行整理采用描述性统计分析方法描述样本林农的基本特征;同时运用二元逻辑回归法研究林农杜仲供给意愿的关键变量的显著程度运用净现值法对比分析杉木与杜仲单位面积的利润净现值。第六章运用计量经济模型估计检验杜仲生产函数模型;第七章运用线性规划法求解杜仲最优投入与产出关系并模拟不同约束条件下木本药材杜仲的供给潜力。第八章根据本研究的主要结论提出有利于提高林农供给意愿及利于中国木本药材产业发展对策建议。
     本研究通过实证研究得出以下主要研究结论:(1)由于木本药材(以杜仲为例)药用价值和相应的原木及其它林副产品的价值比较高林农经营木本药材的经济效益高(与经营杉木相比较)但是供给意愿低。影响木本药材(以杜仲为例)的主要变量包括林农的年龄、性别、婚姻、受教育程度、土地规模、政策性补贴;由其是林农的中药材背景变量和林农对木本药材(以杜仲为例)了解程度变量对林农木本药材(以杜仲为例)供给意愿具有正向影响。(2)利用木本药材杜仲生产函数分析得出劳动投入变量、种植密度变量对于单位面积木本药材杜仲的产量具有较为显著的影响肥料变量对于单位面积木本药材杜仲的产量的影响并不显著仍需要进一步深入跟踪研究。(3)通过不同约束条件的情景模拟得出中国木本药材杜仲主要产区与次要产区(包括福建省在内)木本药材供给的潜力巨大。木本药材杜仲药材的价格变化影响当其价格下降至4.95元/kg时林农将会停止供给。另外生产要素价格与贴现率水平的变化对木本药材供给也具有一定的影响。
     基于上述研究结论结合中国木本药材产业的发展现状提出以下政策建议:(1)提高林农对木本药材的认知水平增加科学知识普及的力度定期开设木本药材种植技术推广的培训班。(2)完善木本药材造林扶持政策。针对政策性补贴对于增加林农木本药材供给意愿及其对林农经营林地资源决策行为的重要影响政府应该因势利导充分发挥政策性林业补贴的正能量。(3)完善木本药材产业链建设遵循“产、学、研、用”相结合的目标要求建立木本药材产业链平台推动木本药材产业持续健康发展。(4)制定木本药材产业发展规划确立木本药材产业发展的目标。
Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry is the most characteristics of theChinese nation the most unique advantages of China the absolute advantage of themost(international trade)industry.Woody Traditional Chinese Medicine is animportant part of Traditional Chinese Medicine is also China's traditional exportproducts.In2010,China woody Traditional Chinese Medicine production reached1174300tons.2011Chinese herbs sown area reached1.37million hectares.Woody Traditional Chinese Medicine Eucommia as example,the World Eucommiaorigin mainly in China,2010China Eucommia production was234600tons,Eucommia export volume was2315tons. World Eucommia origin mainly inChina,and began turning standardized cultivation phase. According to thiswillingness to supply woody Traditional Chinese Medicine Eucommia surveyresults show that about17.23%of the farmers have expressed willingness tosupply woody herbs Eucommia. Since woody herbs (including woody herbsEucommia) the economic value of natural attributes,and market demand reasons,led to the brink of depletion of wild woody medicinal resources.At present Chinahas comprehensively promote the reform of collective forest rights more than50%of the woodland area lies in8700000foresters in the hands of the woodland as theforesters’ important economic resources to seek higher economic benefits offorestry investment projects become foresters primary problem.Woody TraditionalChinese Medicine from the wild to a home-grown the woodland resourcerequirements of site conditions is not strictly within the scope of its growth habitsuitable for afforestation of barren hills and wasteland do good to the country andthe people.The woody Traditional Chinese Medicine economic value is very highwhich will help the mountain foresters wealth fortune.The woody TraditionalChinese Medicine have medicinal value is to ensure that the world relief Materia Medica of the Chinese nation thrive.To play woodland resource endowmentsufficient advantage in the current context the systematic research the foresters andwoody Traditional Chinese Medicine supply relationships and explore foresterswoody Traditional Chinese Medicine supply willingness to supplydecision-making behavior influencing factors have important practicalsignificance.
     Thereby determining the overall goal of this research project:determine theoverall objective of the research projects.From woody Traditional ChineseMedicine providers---the micro-level foresters start in-depth study of the historyof the planting of woody Traditional Chinese Medicine the stage of developmentof the industry of woody Traditional Chinese Medicine woody Traditional ChineseMedicine Changes of Industrial Policy woody Traditional Chinese Medicinegrowth habit and geographical distribution planting production status productionand cultivation techniques and to promote the status quo on the basis of theinternational and domestic market supply and demand situation looking for thewillingness of foresters woody Traditional Chinese Medicine supply the mainfactors suggesting that the relationship between the input and output of the supplyof the foresters woody Traditional Chinese Medicine and simulation of the supplypotential of woody Traditional Chinese Medicine under different constraints bylinear programming theoretical analysis and empirical analysis to provide guidancerecommended for of woody Traditional Chinese Medicine industrial policy andwoody Traditional Chinese Medicine production.On the basis of research thisstudy in order to achieve the foresters woody Traditional Chinese Medicine supplywillingness to supply decision-making behavior through a literature review to seektheoretical support and theoretical basis of the research and woody TraditionalChinese Medicine industry development in the full study presented as an exampleof Eucommia empirical research.In this study economic sociology econometrics operations research and other disciplines of the market economy in the process oftheoretical analysis and empirical analysis theory analysis method questionnairesurvey and expert interviews random sampling method linear programmingmethod this project examines the basic method and the use of methods ofeconomic evaluation of the net present value method.
     In this study include: the use of woody herbs depth literature review of fourstages of industrial development in the national macro-industrial policy changes,the overall level of technology industry,industrial development market prospectsfor the study of macroscopic description foresters woody herbs supply industrialbackground willingness to seek foresters supply of woody herbs and supply factorsinfluence behavioral decision made foresters to establish farmers’ rationaleconomic man assumption of profit maximization goals include Chapter II and III.Chapter IV build foresters’ woody herbs supply theory analysis and model ofwillingness to supply farmers in the full analysis and behavioral factors wereconstructed on the basis of farmers' willingness to supply model Eucommia yieldper unit area production function model, as well as supplying medicinesEucommia foresters Decision model. Chapter V apply using the questionnairedesign and expert interviews,questionnaires demonstrated through stratifiedrandom sampling method to look for in Fujian field survey samples collectedwillingness to supply farmers with the factors affecting their willingness tosupply,collecting Eucommia planting plots on the input and output per unit areaforesters actual data collected through Excel software to collate relevant data usingdescriptive statistical analysis method describes the basic characteristics of thesample farmers; while the use of binary logistic regression willingness forestersEucommia supply key variables a significant degree of comparative analysis usingNPV fir with gutta NPV profit per unit area. Chapter VI econometric model toestimate the production function model test Eucommia;Chapter VII of the use of linear programming method for solving the optimal Eucommia relationships andanalog inputs and outputs of different constraints woody herbs gutta supplypotential. Under Chapter VIII of the main conclusions of the study will helpimprove farmers' willingness to supply woody herbs and conducive to China'sindustrial development countermeasures and suggestions.
     In this study,empirical study reached the following main conclusions:(1) dueto the woody herbs (Eucommia for example) the value of medicinal value and thecorresponding logs and other forest products is relatively high foresters businesswoody herbs economic benefits (compared with operating fir) However thewillingness low supply. Foresters woody herbs (Eucommia for example) variablesinclude age,gender,marital status,education level,large-scale land policysubsidies its foresters Chinese herbal background variables and foresters woodyherbs (Eucommia for example) has a positive impact on the level of understandingof variables foresters woody herbs (Eucommia example) supply wishes.(2)use ofwoody herbs Eucommia production function analyzed labor input variablesplanting density variable has a more significant effect on the per unit area yield ofwoody herbs Eucommia the fertilizer variable per unit area yield of woody herbsEucommia is not significant still need further in-depth follow-up study.(3)ondifferent constraints scenario simulation the main producing areas of woody herbsEucommia and secondary production areas (including Fujian Province) a hugepotential supply of woody herbs. The woody medicinal the Eucommia herbs ofprice change when its price fell to4.95Yuan per kg foresters will stop the supply.In addition,the changes in the prices of production factors and the discount ratelevel also has a certain impact on the supply of woody herbs.
     Based on the above research findings combined with Chinese herbalmedicine industry development woody asked the following policyrecommendations:(1) to improve the cognitive level foresters’ woody herbs efforts to increase scientific literacy opened of woody herbs growing technologypromotion training courses on a regular basis.(2) to improve the woody herbsafforestation support policies. Increase foresters woody herbs supply the wishes oftheir woodland resources decision-making behavior foresters operating policysubsidies the government should grasp this opportunity to give full play to thepositive energy of the forestry subsidy policy.(3) to improve the woody herbsconstruction industry chain follow the “Production learning research and utilize”combining the objectives and requirements the establishment of woody herbsindustry chain platform to promote the sustained and healthy development ofwoody herbs industry.(4) to formulate a the woody herbs industry developmentplan established the goal of industrial development of woody herbs etc..
引文
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