黑龙江省北安市大豆测土施肥指标体系的研究
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摘要
北安市是黑龙江省典型的黑土区,土壤肥沃,也是我省大豆的主产区。大豆种植面积占其耕地面积的50%以上。但长期以来,许多地区的农民不注重平衡施肥,使得该地区肥料利用率低,不但增加了农业生产成本,同时大豆产量也不能维持在一个较高的水平,甚至逐年减产,严重影响了农民收入,阻碍了农业可持续发展。本论文针对黑龙江省大豆主产区北安市目前大豆生产存在的施肥不合理现象,通过土壤样品采集测试,明确北安市土壤氮、磷、钾养分丰缺状况,通过2007-2009年大豆“3414”田间试验明确适宜的氮磷钾肥料用量与配比,确定该地区大豆施肥参数及施肥模型,为北安市大豆平衡施肥提供科学的理论依据与技术支撑。主要研究结果如下：
1.通过对2007年～2009年北安市九个乡镇共采集的8000个土样化验分析,结果表明,与第二次土壤普查结果相比,土壤肥力严重下降。其原因主要是农民不注重施农肥。
2.与第二次土壤普查相比,北安市不同类型土壤碱解氮含量均有所下降,下降的顺序分别为沼泽土>暗棕壤>草甸土>水稻土>黑土；除黑土外北安市不同类型土壤有效磷含量下降,下降的顺序分别为沼泽土>水稻土>草甸土>暗棕壤；不同类型土壤速效钾含量下降,下降的顺序分别为暗棕壤>沼泽土>黑土>草甸土>水稻土。
3.北安市耕地土壤碱解氮含量较高,绝大多数在1级、2级和3级,即基本都大于150mg/kg；有效磷含量较高,有效磷含量60%以上在20～40 mg/kg；含量在40～100 mg/kg的地区也较多。
4.氮、磷、钾配比合理显著增加大豆产量,不施肥或不平衡施肥严重影响大豆产量。氮、磷、钾对大豆产量贡献大小顺序为：N>K>P。
5.北安地区大豆生产氮磷钾肥农学效率变异幅度较大。氮肥的农学效率范围为3.8-20.0kg/kgN,平均为10.5 kg/kgN；磷肥的农学效率范围为0.8-10.5 kg/kg P205,平均为4.8 kg/kgP205；钾肥的农学效率范围为1.1～13.1 kg/kg K20,平均为6.2 kg/kg K20。
6.以大豆相对产量50%、65%、75%、85%为划分土壤碱解氮丰缺指标的依据,以大豆相对产量75%、80%、85%、90%为划分土壤速效磷、速效钾丰缺指标的依据,将北安市黑土碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量划分为极低、低等、中等、高等和极高五个级别。碱解氮养分丰缺指标临界值为72 mg/kg、150 mg/kg、244 mg/kg和397 mg/kg；速效磷养分丰缺指标临界值为11 mg/kg、19 mg/kg>34 mg/kg和61 mg/kg；速效钾养分丰缺指标临界值为118 mg/kg、152 mg/kg、197 mg/kg和255 mg/kg。
7.北安地区85%以上黑土碱解氮含量在高和极高范围内,70%以上黑土速效磷含量在高和极高范围内,80%以上黑土速效钾含量在极低、低和中等范围内,说明,该地区黑土总体碱解氮及速效磷含量较高,而速效钾含量较低,各地区之间仍有一定差异。
8.北安市不同地区施肥量各不相同,选取模型亦不同。氮磷钾施肥范围分别为N 22.4～67.5 kg/hm2, P2O5 36.6～90.0 kg/hm2, K2O 3.3～112.5 kg/hm2。平均最佳施量为N 48.0 kg/hm2、P2O5 67.2 kg/hm2和K2O 73.5 kg/hm2。黑土地区种植大豆氮磷钾施肥上限为N 67.5 kg/hm2, P2O5 90.0 kg/hm2, K2O 112.5 kg/hm2。
9.北安地区大豆氮肥利用率范围为21.2-39.7%,平均为32.0%；磷肥利用率范围为12.9%-20.7%,平均为16.1%；钾肥利用率范围为34.6%～47.3%,平均为40.9%。百公斤籽粒氮磷钾含量分别为7.14kg、1.84kg和4.18kg。大豆生产,氮磷钾肥利用率仍有很大的提高空间。
BeiAn city is one of the main soybean production regions in Hilongjiang province, with tipical black soil region and fertile soil. Soybean planting area accounts for more than 50% of the cultivated land area in BeiAn city. Continual unbalanced fertilization practices not only reduce the fertilizer utilization ratio, increased agricultural production costs, also can't maintain in a higher level on soybean production, and even cut year by year, which have influenced seriously the farmers' income, hampered agricultural sustainable development.According to the phenomenon of unreasonable fertilization applicatio at present, In this paper, Soil N, P, K nutrient content character was grasped by the soil sampling test, Appropriate NPK fertilizers and matching was knowed, soybean fertilization parameters and fertilization model of different regions in BeiAn city were made certain by soybean field experiments from the year 2007 to 2009. Through these studies, scientific theory and technology support were provided for soybean balanced fertilization in BeiAn city. The main research results are as follows:
1. Compared to the results of second soil survey, soil fertility decreased significantly by analyzing 8000 soil samples of year 2007 to 2009 from 9 towns of BeiAn city. The reason of which was that organic fertilizer was ignored by peasant.
2. Compared to the results of second soil survey, different types of soil alkali nitrogen content were declined.The order was boggy soil> dark brown earth> meadow soil> paddy soil> black soil.Different types of soil available phosphorus content were declined in addition to black soil. The order was boggy soil> paddy soil> meadow soil> dark brown earth. Different types of soil available potassiums content were declined. The order was dark brown earth> boggy soil>black soil> meadow soil> paddy soil.
3. Soil alkali nitrogen content of BeiAn city was high levels.most of them was more than 150 mg/kg. Soil available phosphorus content of BeiAn city were higher, most of them was more than 20 mg/kg.
4. Soybean production was increased significantly under the condition of reasonable N,P,K ratios,and it was influnced by no fertilizer and inbanlanced fertilizer.The order of contribution of N,P,K fertilizers to soybean production was N>K>P.
5. Experiment results of BeiAn showed that range of variation of agronomic efficiency of N, P, K was larger extent. Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen was from 3.8 to 20.0 kg/kgN,average 10.5 kg/kgN; agronomic efficiency of phosphorus was from 0.8 to 10.5 kg/kg P2O5,average 4.8 kg/kg P2O5; agronomic efficiency of potassiums was from 1.1 to 13.1 kg/kg K2O,average 6.2 kg/kg K2O.
6. The content of soil alkali nitrogen available phosphorus and available potassiums of BeiAn city were divided into five levels according to soybean relative yield. Abundance or absence of soil alkali nitrogen content was determined by soybean relative yield of 50%,65%,75%,85%. Soil available phosphorus and available potassiums content were determined by soybean relative yield of 75%,80%,85%,90%.Soil alkali nitrogen content critical value was 72 mg/kg,150 mg/kg,244 mg/kg and 397 mg/kg. Soil available phosphorus content critical value was 11 mg/kg,19 mg/kg,34 mg/kg and 61 mg/kg.Soil available potassiums content critical value was 118 mg/kg,152 mg/kg,197 mg/kg and 255 mg/kg.
7. Soil alkali nitrogen content of BeiAn city was higher, and more than 85% was at high levels or very high levels. Soil available phosphorus content was higher, and more than 70% was at high levels or very high levels. Soil available potassiums content were lower and more than 80% was at low levels or very low levels and middle levels.There was some difference in content of available N,P and K among regions,
8. Different regions of BeiAn city has different fertilizing amount, and has different fertilization model. The range of N,P,K fertilizer was N from 22.4 kg/hm2 to 67.5 kg/hm2; P2O5 from 36.6 kg/hm2 to 90.0 kg/hm2, K2O from 3.3 kg/hm2 to 112.5 kg/hm2.The average of best fertilizing amount was N 48.0 kg/hm2,P2O567.2 kg/hm2,K2O 73.5 kg/hm2.Soybean upper limit fertilizing amount was N 67.5 kg/hm2,P2O590.0 kg/hm2,K2O 112.5 kg/hm2 in black soil of BeiAn city. Fertilizing amount can be induced on the basis of soil nutrient content in order to increase economic benefit.
9. The range of nitrogen utilization efficiency was 21.2-39.7%, average 32.0%; phosphorus utilization efficiency was 12.9-20.7%, average 16.1%; potassiums utilization efficiency was 34.6-47.3%, average 40.9%. N, P2O5, K2O contents were respectively 7.14kg,1.84kg and 4.18kg in 100 kilogram soybean. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiums utilization efficiency have large improving extent on planting soybean in BeiAn city.
1.通过对2007年～2009年北安市九个乡镇共采集的8000个土样化验分析,结果表明,与第二次土壤普查结果相比,土壤肥力严重下降。其原因主要是农民不注重施农肥。
2.与第二次土壤普查相比,北安市不同类型土壤碱解氮含量均有所下降,下降的顺序分别为沼泽土>暗棕壤>草甸土>水稻土>黑土；除黑土外北安市不同类型土壤有效磷含量下降,下降的顺序分别为沼泽土>水稻土>草甸土>暗棕壤；不同类型土壤速效钾含量下降,下降的顺序分别为暗棕壤>沼泽土>黑土>草甸土>水稻土。
3.北安市耕地土壤碱解氮含量较高,绝大多数在1级、2级和3级,即基本都大于150mg/kg；有效磷含量较高,有效磷含量60%以上在20～40 mg/kg；含量在40～100 mg/kg的地区也较多。
4.氮、磷、钾配比合理显著增加大豆产量,不施肥或不平衡施肥严重影响大豆产量。氮、磷、钾对大豆产量贡献大小顺序为：N>K>P。
5.北安地区大豆生产氮磷钾肥农学效率变异幅度较大。氮肥的农学效率范围为3.8-20.0kg/kgN,平均为10.5 kg/kgN；磷肥的农学效率范围为0.8-10.5 kg/kg P205,平均为4.8 kg/kgP205；钾肥的农学效率范围为1.1～13.1 kg/kg K20,平均为6.2 kg/kg K20。
6.以大豆相对产量50%、65%、75%、85%为划分土壤碱解氮丰缺指标的依据,以大豆相对产量75%、80%、85%、90%为划分土壤速效磷、速效钾丰缺指标的依据,将北安市黑土碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量划分为极低、低等、中等、高等和极高五个级别。碱解氮养分丰缺指标临界值为72 mg/kg、150 mg/kg、244 mg/kg和397 mg/kg；速效磷养分丰缺指标临界值为11 mg/kg、19 mg/kg>34 mg/kg和61 mg/kg；速效钾养分丰缺指标临界值为118 mg/kg、152 mg/kg、197 mg/kg和255 mg/kg。
7.北安地区85%以上黑土碱解氮含量在高和极高范围内,70%以上黑土速效磷含量在高和极高范围内,80%以上黑土速效钾含量在极低、低和中等范围内,说明,该地区黑土总体碱解氮及速效磷含量较高,而速效钾含量较低,各地区之间仍有一定差异。
8.北安市不同地区施肥量各不相同,选取模型亦不同。氮磷钾施肥范围分别为N 22.4～67.5 kg/hm2, P2O5 36.6～90.0 kg/hm2, K2O 3.3～112.5 kg/hm2。平均最佳施量为N 48.0 kg/hm2、P2O5 67.2 kg/hm2和K2O 73.5 kg/hm2。黑土地区种植大豆氮磷钾施肥上限为N 67.5 kg/hm2, P2O5 90.0 kg/hm2, K2O 112.5 kg/hm2。
9.北安地区大豆氮肥利用率范围为21.2-39.7%,平均为32.0%；磷肥利用率范围为12.9%-20.7%,平均为16.1%；钾肥利用率范围为34.6%～47.3%,平均为40.9%。百公斤籽粒氮磷钾含量分别为7.14kg、1.84kg和4.18kg。大豆生产,氮磷钾肥利用率仍有很大的提高空间。
BeiAn city is one of the main soybean production regions in Hilongjiang province, with tipical black soil region and fertile soil. Soybean planting area accounts for more than 50% of the cultivated land area in BeiAn city. Continual unbalanced fertilization practices not only reduce the fertilizer utilization ratio, increased agricultural production costs, also can't maintain in a higher level on soybean production, and even cut year by year, which have influenced seriously the farmers' income, hampered agricultural sustainable development.According to the phenomenon of unreasonable fertilization applicatio at present, In this paper, Soil N, P, K nutrient content character was grasped by the soil sampling test, Appropriate NPK fertilizers and matching was knowed, soybean fertilization parameters and fertilization model of different regions in BeiAn city were made certain by soybean field experiments from the year 2007 to 2009. Through these studies, scientific theory and technology support were provided for soybean balanced fertilization in BeiAn city. The main research results are as follows:
1. Compared to the results of second soil survey, soil fertility decreased significantly by analyzing 8000 soil samples of year 2007 to 2009 from 9 towns of BeiAn city. The reason of which was that organic fertilizer was ignored by peasant.
2. Compared to the results of second soil survey, different types of soil alkali nitrogen content were declined.The order was boggy soil> dark brown earth> meadow soil> paddy soil> black soil.Different types of soil available phosphorus content were declined in addition to black soil. The order was boggy soil> paddy soil> meadow soil> dark brown earth. Different types of soil available potassiums content were declined. The order was dark brown earth> boggy soil>black soil> meadow soil> paddy soil.
3. Soil alkali nitrogen content of BeiAn city was high levels.most of them was more than 150 mg/kg. Soil available phosphorus content of BeiAn city were higher, most of them was more than 20 mg/kg.
4. Soybean production was increased significantly under the condition of reasonable N,P,K ratios,and it was influnced by no fertilizer and inbanlanced fertilizer.The order of contribution of N,P,K fertilizers to soybean production was N>K>P.
5. Experiment results of BeiAn showed that range of variation of agronomic efficiency of N, P, K was larger extent. Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen was from 3.8 to 20.0 kg/kgN,average 10.5 kg/kgN; agronomic efficiency of phosphorus was from 0.8 to 10.5 kg/kg P2O5,average 4.8 kg/kg P2O5; agronomic efficiency of potassiums was from 1.1 to 13.1 kg/kg K2O,average 6.2 kg/kg K2O.
6. The content of soil alkali nitrogen available phosphorus and available potassiums of BeiAn city were divided into five levels according to soybean relative yield. Abundance or absence of soil alkali nitrogen content was determined by soybean relative yield of 50%,65%,75%,85%. Soil available phosphorus and available potassiums content were determined by soybean relative yield of 75%,80%,85%,90%.Soil alkali nitrogen content critical value was 72 mg/kg,150 mg/kg,244 mg/kg and 397 mg/kg. Soil available phosphorus content critical value was 11 mg/kg,19 mg/kg,34 mg/kg and 61 mg/kg.Soil available potassiums content critical value was 118 mg/kg,152 mg/kg,197 mg/kg and 255 mg/kg.
7. Soil alkali nitrogen content of BeiAn city was higher, and more than 85% was at high levels or very high levels. Soil available phosphorus content was higher, and more than 70% was at high levels or very high levels. Soil available potassiums content were lower and more than 80% was at low levels or very low levels and middle levels.There was some difference in content of available N,P and K among regions,
8. Different regions of BeiAn city has different fertilizing amount, and has different fertilization model. The range of N,P,K fertilizer was N from 22.4 kg/hm2 to 67.5 kg/hm2; P2O5 from 36.6 kg/hm2 to 90.0 kg/hm2, K2O from 3.3 kg/hm2 to 112.5 kg/hm2.The average of best fertilizing amount was N 48.0 kg/hm2,P2O567.2 kg/hm2,K2O 73.5 kg/hm2.Soybean upper limit fertilizing amount was N 67.5 kg/hm2,P2O590.0 kg/hm2,K2O 112.5 kg/hm2 in black soil of BeiAn city. Fertilizing amount can be induced on the basis of soil nutrient content in order to increase economic benefit.
9. The range of nitrogen utilization efficiency was 21.2-39.7%, average 32.0%; phosphorus utilization efficiency was 12.9-20.7%, average 16.1%; potassiums utilization efficiency was 34.6-47.3%, average 40.9%. N, P2O5, K2O contents were respectively 7.14kg,1.84kg and 4.18kg in 100 kilogram soybean. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiums utilization efficiency have large improving extent on planting soybean in BeiAn city.
引文
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