黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业问题研究
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摘要
中国是个发展中的农业大国,三农问题由来以久,只有解决好“三农”问题,才能更好地推动我国的工业化与现代化进程,促进我国经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展。三农问题的首要问题是农民问题,而农民问题的关键不再是土地问题,而是增收问题,增收的关键在于农村劳动力是否能够充分就业。农业劳动力从农业部门向非农部门的转移,这不但是农民追求自身利益最大化的理性选择的结果,同时也是任何一个国家由农业社会向工业社会转化的必经历史过程。农业劳动力由传统农业部门向非农业部门转移的速度和程度是一个国家现代化与否的重要标志。
作为农业大省的黑龙江省,土地资源丰富,机械化程度较高。机械化水平的提高改变了传统以人力为主的生产方式,实现了由依靠人力向依靠机械的转变,这种生产方式的转变带来农业生产率的提高,同时也产生了大量的富余劳动力。据估算,目前黑龙江省至少有300万的富余农村劳动力需要转移到非农业部门,实现非农就业。黑龙江省冬季时间漫长,耕种时间短,这样的气候特点,使得农民有大量的农闲时间。因此黑龙江省农村“两个富余”(农村富余劳动力和富余时间)的问题比较突出。如何有效地将大量的富余农村劳动力从农业部门转移到非农业部门,更好地实现劳动力资源优化配置效应,促进经济增长,提高农村家庭的非农收入,已经成为摆在黑龙江省面前的一项重大任务,也是值得研究的一项重大课题。
黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业问题的研究有助于加强黑龙江省各级政府对农村劳动力非农就业工作的重视,为政府出台各项关于农村劳动力非农就业的制度和政策献计献策。本论题的研究可以进一步丰富这一领域的理论研究成果,有助于我国农村劳动力非农就业完整理论体系的形成,为正确认识和评价黑龙江省农村劳动力就业问题上的矛盾和困境提供理论借鉴。
鉴于此,本研究运用规范分析的方法以农村劳动力非农就业的内涵为切入点,界定了农村劳动力、农村劳动力农业就业、农村劳动力非农就业以及农村劳动力转移与非农就业等概念,以就业理论、农村劳动力转移理论、人力资本理论、新经济迁移理论等理论为基础,从制度变迁的视角在概括总结了我国农村劳动力非农就业发展历程,分别是1978-1988年农村劳动力非就业的起步与发展阶段；1989-1991年的三年徘徊期；1992—1998年农村劳动力非农就业的大发展时期；1999年到现在的农村劳动力非农就业进入全面有序发展的新阶段。在此基础上,立足于黑龙江省具体情况,对黑龙江农村劳动力非农就业问题进行了较为系统的研究。
在现有研究资料、统计数据、调研数据的基础上,以客观的视角,采用定性研究与定量研究相结合的方法对黑龙江省非农就业农村劳动力总量及特征、非农就业产业分布、行业构成、就业流向、就业途径、非农收入、创业情况等现状进行了较为深入的分析。通过对现状的分析,我们发现目前黑龙江省农业劳动力比重不断下降,从事非农产业的劳动力比重不断上升,而且外出就业人员以青壮年男性劳动力为主,但就业区域半径较小,大多选择在省内就业；由于农村劳动力的整体素质偏低的现实导致其就业质量不高,大多在劳动密集型企业从事技术含量较低的工作,虽然近年来黑龙江省农村劳动力的就业稳定性有所增强,但通过政府、培训机构、中介等组织实现就业的比例偏低,就业途径以市场配置为主,说明农村劳动力非农就业的组织化程度有待加强。
黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业受多方面因素影响,本文分析了促进黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业的因素和阻碍黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业因素。在促进因素分析中,利用Logistic模型对影响黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业的个体特征、家庭特征和社会网络特征等微观影响因素进行实证研究,分析了宏观经济增长、产业结构调整、农村非农产业的发展等宏观因素对农村劳动力非农就业的影响；阻碍黑龙江省农村劳动力就业的因素主要有七个方面,分别为农村劳动力观念淡薄、农村劳动力素质偏低、相关制度的制约、就业服务体系滞后、组织化程度偏低、产业结构失衡和城镇化建设滞后。淡薄的就业观念阻碍了农村劳动力转移的力度、偏低的整体素质制约非农就业质量的提升；传统的户籍制度影响了农村劳动力非农就业的稳定性、不完善的土地制度注定了农村劳动力转移的不彻底性、城乡不平等的就业制度堵塞了农村劳动力正规就业的渠道；滞后的就业服务体系抑制了农村劳动力非农就业的效率、偏低的组织化程度加大了农村劳动力就业的风险和成本；产业结构失衡,第三产业不发达制约了农村劳动力非农就业的规模城镇化建设滞后、乡镇企业增长乏力影响农村劳动力非农就业的速度。
农村劳动力的产业转移具有明显的经济效应与社会效应,本文对此进行了分析。通过建立经济模型,运用统计数据,定性与定量相结合分析了劳动力再配置效应、农村经济发展效应、农民家庭收入增长效应、产业结构调整效应、就业结构调整等经济效应；农村劳动力转移就业具有提升自身的人力资本水平、更新农村劳动力的观念、推进城市化进程、推动社会制度改革等社会效应。运用比较分析法,对英国、美国、日本、印度、韩国等有代表性的国家的非农化经验进行分析,总结有益启示与可借鉴之处。
基于前文研究,本文提出了促进黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业的对策和建议,可以从以下四方面入手,分别为：进一步深化制度体制改革；拓展就业空间；建立健全就业服务体系；提升农村劳动力的就业能力。本文认为,目前城乡间有区别的制度仍然是限制农村劳动力自由转移和协调城乡关系的现实障碍,因此要从推进户籍制度改革、完善社会保障制度、建立城乡平等的就业制度、深化土地流转制度改革等方面进行制度改革与创新；农村劳动力在黑龙江省的就业空间较为有限,因此可以从推进城镇化建设、加快产业结构调整、促进农业产业化升级和创业带动就业几方面拓展就业空间；通过建立就业登记和备案制度、建设就业信息网络系统、做好农村劳动力就业的组织工作和发展劳务中介组织几方面建立健全非农就业服务体系；农村劳动力实现向非农产业的转移,自身就业能力的高低是一个很重要的条件,因此可以从加强农村劳动力教育和培训两方面着手提高农村劳动力人力资本存量,进而提高农村劳动力的就业能力。
China is a developing agricultural country, rural issues is long-standing, only to solve the "three rural" issues, in order to better promote the country's industrialization and modernization process, to promote China's economic and social comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development. Three rural issues most important issue is the issue of farmers, the farmers key is no longer the land issue, but the income problem, the increases in the key lies in whether the rural labor force to full employment. Agricultural labor force from the agricultural sector shift to non-agricultural sector, which is not only the farmers to pursue their own interests to maximize the result of rational choice, but also to go through the course of history of any country in transition from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The speed and extent of the transfer of agricultural labor from the traditional agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector is an important symbol of the modernization of a country or not.
As a big agricultural province, Heilongjiang Province has rich land resources, a higher degree of mechanization, the mechanized raising the level of change traditional human-based mode of production, realized by relying on human to rely on mechanical changes, the transformation of the mode of production with to improve agricultural productivity, but also generates a lot of surplus labor, It is estimated that at least300million surplus rural labor force in Heilongjiang Province need to be transferred to the non-agricultural sector, non-farm employment. Heilongjiang Province in winter long time, short time farming characteristics of this climate, farmers have a lot of slack time. Heilongjiang Province rural "surplus"(rural surplus labor and surplus time). How effectively the large number of surplus rural labor force from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector, to achieve better optimize labor resources allocation effect, promote economic growth, increase of non-farm income of rural households, has become one in front of Heilongjiang Province a major task, but also a major topic of research. The problem of non-farm employment of the rural labor force in Heilongjiang Province helps strengthen all levels of government in Heilongjiang Province, the importance of non-farm employment of rural labor, the government has introduced various systems and policies on non-farm employment of rural labor brainstorming. The topics of study can further enrich the theoretical research in this area, and contribute to the formation of a complete theoretical system of non-farm employment of rural labor force in China, and provide a theoretical draw for a correct understanding and evaluation of the contradictions and dilemmas in Heilongjiang Province, the issue of employment of the rural labor force.
In view of this, the study is the use of normative analysis method as the entry point from the connotation of non-farm employment of rural labor force, employment theory, rural labor transfer theory, the theory of human capital theory, new economic migration theory is based, from the perspective of institutional change in summarized on the basis of the course of development of non-agricultural employment of rural labor force in China, based on the specific situation in Heilongjiang province and carried out a systematic study of the problem of the rural labor force non-agricultural employment in Heilongjiang.
Objective perspective on the basis of the existing research data, statistical data, research data, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of Heilongjiang Province, the total rural labor force and the characteristics of the non-farm employment, non-farm employment industry distribution, industry structure, status of employment flows, avenues for employment, non-farm income, entrepreneurship, through the analysis of the current situation, we found that the proportion of agricultural labor in Heilongjiang Province declining, rising in the proportion of the labor force engaged in non-agricultural industries, but also go out to the employees labor mainly young men, but the smaller radius of the employment area, most of the employment in the province led to the high quality of employment, due to the reality of the overall quality of the rural labor force is low, mostly in labor-intensive enterprises engaged in low-tech the work, although in recent years, Heilongjiang Province, the employment of the rural labor force stability has been enhanced, but by the government, training institutions, intermediaries and other organizations to achieve the low proportion of employment, employment avenues to market allocation,non-farm employment of rural labor The degree of organization needs to be strengthened. With the impact of the related reform, relaxation of the policy, economic development and other factors, the transfer of rural labor employment development momentum in Heilongjiang Province, the better, but at this stage there are still some obstacles to factors that affect the process of Heilongjiang Province, rural non-farm employment of labor, mainly in the rural labor force main level, the institutional level, the management level, the employment environment. Weak employment concepts hinder the transfer of rural labor intensity, low overall quality constraints to enhance the quality of the non-farm payrolls; conventional household registration system affects the stability of the non-farm employment of rural labor, the imperfect system of land destined to the transfer of rural labor did not thoroughly, the employment system of the urban-rural inequality clogged channels of informal employment of rural labor; the lagging employment service system inhibits the efficiency of the rural non-farm employment of labor, the low degree of organization to increase the risk of rural labor employment and cost; imbalance in the industrial structure, the tertiary industry is underdeveloped restricted non-farm employment of rural labor scale urbanization lag, the sluggish growth of township enterprises affect the speed of non-agricultural employment in rural labor.
Logistic model the impact of the individual characteristics of the rural labor force non-farm employment in Heilongjiang Province, family characteristics and social network characteristics, such as micro-influencing factors Empirical Research and macroeconomic growth, industrial restructuring, the development of non-agricultural industries in rural areas such as macroeconomic factors on rural the impact of the employment of the labor force. Industrial transfer of the rural labor force has significant economic effects and social effects, through the establishment of the economic model, the use of statistical data, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the labor re-allocation effect, the rural economy to create effects, the farmers household income growth effect, industrial restructuring effects The employment effects of structural adjustment; transfer of rural labor employment to enhance their level of human capital, promoting the spread of advanced culture and modern civilization, and promote the process of urbanization, to promote the reform of the social system. The use of comparative analysis, from an international perspective as the representative of the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and other developed countries, developing countries India, Taiwan and South Korea on behalf of the newly industrialized countries in the transfer of rural labor employment The experience and lessons learned analysis, to summarize useful insights and learn from.
Former paper studies based on institutional reform, expand employment space, establish and improve the employment service system, strengthen the education and training of the rural labor force four aspects proposed suggestions Heilongjiang Province, to promote non-farm employment of rural labor. Four aspects depth analysis from advancing the reform of the household registration system, improve the social security system, deepen the reform of rural land transfer system, the establishment of urban and rural equal employment system reform; accelerate urbanization, vigorously develop tertiary industry, promote the industrialization of agriculture upgrade entrepreneurship to create employment in four areas to expand employment space; gradually establish and improve employment registration system foundation established from strengthening to improve employment services, employment information network system, and the development of labor intermediary organizations; The two aspects of the education and training of the rural labor force to improve the stock of human capital of the rural labor force, and to improve the employability of the rural labor force.
作为农业大省的黑龙江省,土地资源丰富,机械化程度较高。机械化水平的提高改变了传统以人力为主的生产方式,实现了由依靠人力向依靠机械的转变,这种生产方式的转变带来农业生产率的提高,同时也产生了大量的富余劳动力。据估算,目前黑龙江省至少有300万的富余农村劳动力需要转移到非农业部门,实现非农就业。黑龙江省冬季时间漫长,耕种时间短,这样的气候特点,使得农民有大量的农闲时间。因此黑龙江省农村“两个富余”(农村富余劳动力和富余时间)的问题比较突出。如何有效地将大量的富余农村劳动力从农业部门转移到非农业部门,更好地实现劳动力资源优化配置效应,促进经济增长,提高农村家庭的非农收入,已经成为摆在黑龙江省面前的一项重大任务,也是值得研究的一项重大课题。
黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业问题的研究有助于加强黑龙江省各级政府对农村劳动力非农就业工作的重视,为政府出台各项关于农村劳动力非农就业的制度和政策献计献策。本论题的研究可以进一步丰富这一领域的理论研究成果,有助于我国农村劳动力非农就业完整理论体系的形成,为正确认识和评价黑龙江省农村劳动力就业问题上的矛盾和困境提供理论借鉴。
鉴于此,本研究运用规范分析的方法以农村劳动力非农就业的内涵为切入点,界定了农村劳动力、农村劳动力农业就业、农村劳动力非农就业以及农村劳动力转移与非农就业等概念,以就业理论、农村劳动力转移理论、人力资本理论、新经济迁移理论等理论为基础,从制度变迁的视角在概括总结了我国农村劳动力非农就业发展历程,分别是1978-1988年农村劳动力非就业的起步与发展阶段；1989-1991年的三年徘徊期；1992—1998年农村劳动力非农就业的大发展时期；1999年到现在的农村劳动力非农就业进入全面有序发展的新阶段。在此基础上,立足于黑龙江省具体情况,对黑龙江农村劳动力非农就业问题进行了较为系统的研究。
在现有研究资料、统计数据、调研数据的基础上,以客观的视角,采用定性研究与定量研究相结合的方法对黑龙江省非农就业农村劳动力总量及特征、非农就业产业分布、行业构成、就业流向、就业途径、非农收入、创业情况等现状进行了较为深入的分析。通过对现状的分析,我们发现目前黑龙江省农业劳动力比重不断下降,从事非农产业的劳动力比重不断上升,而且外出就业人员以青壮年男性劳动力为主,但就业区域半径较小,大多选择在省内就业；由于农村劳动力的整体素质偏低的现实导致其就业质量不高,大多在劳动密集型企业从事技术含量较低的工作,虽然近年来黑龙江省农村劳动力的就业稳定性有所增强,但通过政府、培训机构、中介等组织实现就业的比例偏低,就业途径以市场配置为主,说明农村劳动力非农就业的组织化程度有待加强。
黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业受多方面因素影响,本文分析了促进黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业的因素和阻碍黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业因素。在促进因素分析中,利用Logistic模型对影响黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业的个体特征、家庭特征和社会网络特征等微观影响因素进行实证研究,分析了宏观经济增长、产业结构调整、农村非农产业的发展等宏观因素对农村劳动力非农就业的影响；阻碍黑龙江省农村劳动力就业的因素主要有七个方面,分别为农村劳动力观念淡薄、农村劳动力素质偏低、相关制度的制约、就业服务体系滞后、组织化程度偏低、产业结构失衡和城镇化建设滞后。淡薄的就业观念阻碍了农村劳动力转移的力度、偏低的整体素质制约非农就业质量的提升；传统的户籍制度影响了农村劳动力非农就业的稳定性、不完善的土地制度注定了农村劳动力转移的不彻底性、城乡不平等的就业制度堵塞了农村劳动力正规就业的渠道；滞后的就业服务体系抑制了农村劳动力非农就业的效率、偏低的组织化程度加大了农村劳动力就业的风险和成本；产业结构失衡,第三产业不发达制约了农村劳动力非农就业的规模城镇化建设滞后、乡镇企业增长乏力影响农村劳动力非农就业的速度。
农村劳动力的产业转移具有明显的经济效应与社会效应,本文对此进行了分析。通过建立经济模型,运用统计数据,定性与定量相结合分析了劳动力再配置效应、农村经济发展效应、农民家庭收入增长效应、产业结构调整效应、就业结构调整等经济效应；农村劳动力转移就业具有提升自身的人力资本水平、更新农村劳动力的观念、推进城市化进程、推动社会制度改革等社会效应。运用比较分析法,对英国、美国、日本、印度、韩国等有代表性的国家的非农化经验进行分析,总结有益启示与可借鉴之处。
基于前文研究,本文提出了促进黑龙江省农村劳动力非农就业的对策和建议,可以从以下四方面入手,分别为：进一步深化制度体制改革；拓展就业空间；建立健全就业服务体系；提升农村劳动力的就业能力。本文认为,目前城乡间有区别的制度仍然是限制农村劳动力自由转移和协调城乡关系的现实障碍,因此要从推进户籍制度改革、完善社会保障制度、建立城乡平等的就业制度、深化土地流转制度改革等方面进行制度改革与创新；农村劳动力在黑龙江省的就业空间较为有限,因此可以从推进城镇化建设、加快产业结构调整、促进农业产业化升级和创业带动就业几方面拓展就业空间；通过建立就业登记和备案制度、建设就业信息网络系统、做好农村劳动力就业的组织工作和发展劳务中介组织几方面建立健全非农就业服务体系；农村劳动力实现向非农产业的转移,自身就业能力的高低是一个很重要的条件,因此可以从加强农村劳动力教育和培训两方面着手提高农村劳动力人力资本存量,进而提高农村劳动力的就业能力。
China is a developing agricultural country, rural issues is long-standing, only to solve the "three rural" issues, in order to better promote the country's industrialization and modernization process, to promote China's economic and social comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development. Three rural issues most important issue is the issue of farmers, the farmers key is no longer the land issue, but the income problem, the increases in the key lies in whether the rural labor force to full employment. Agricultural labor force from the agricultural sector shift to non-agricultural sector, which is not only the farmers to pursue their own interests to maximize the result of rational choice, but also to go through the course of history of any country in transition from an agricultural society to an industrial society. The speed and extent of the transfer of agricultural labor from the traditional agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector is an important symbol of the modernization of a country or not.
As a big agricultural province, Heilongjiang Province has rich land resources, a higher degree of mechanization, the mechanized raising the level of change traditional human-based mode of production, realized by relying on human to rely on mechanical changes, the transformation of the mode of production with to improve agricultural productivity, but also generates a lot of surplus labor, It is estimated that at least300million surplus rural labor force in Heilongjiang Province need to be transferred to the non-agricultural sector, non-farm employment. Heilongjiang Province in winter long time, short time farming characteristics of this climate, farmers have a lot of slack time. Heilongjiang Province rural "surplus"(rural surplus labor and surplus time). How effectively the large number of surplus rural labor force from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector, to achieve better optimize labor resources allocation effect, promote economic growth, increase of non-farm income of rural households, has become one in front of Heilongjiang Province a major task, but also a major topic of research. The problem of non-farm employment of the rural labor force in Heilongjiang Province helps strengthen all levels of government in Heilongjiang Province, the importance of non-farm employment of rural labor, the government has introduced various systems and policies on non-farm employment of rural labor brainstorming. The topics of study can further enrich the theoretical research in this area, and contribute to the formation of a complete theoretical system of non-farm employment of rural labor force in China, and provide a theoretical draw for a correct understanding and evaluation of the contradictions and dilemmas in Heilongjiang Province, the issue of employment of the rural labor force.
In view of this, the study is the use of normative analysis method as the entry point from the connotation of non-farm employment of rural labor force, employment theory, rural labor transfer theory, the theory of human capital theory, new economic migration theory is based, from the perspective of institutional change in summarized on the basis of the course of development of non-agricultural employment of rural labor force in China, based on the specific situation in Heilongjiang province and carried out a systematic study of the problem of the rural labor force non-agricultural employment in Heilongjiang.
Objective perspective on the basis of the existing research data, statistical data, research data, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of Heilongjiang Province, the total rural labor force and the characteristics of the non-farm employment, non-farm employment industry distribution, industry structure, status of employment flows, avenues for employment, non-farm income, entrepreneurship, through the analysis of the current situation, we found that the proportion of agricultural labor in Heilongjiang Province declining, rising in the proportion of the labor force engaged in non-agricultural industries, but also go out to the employees labor mainly young men, but the smaller radius of the employment area, most of the employment in the province led to the high quality of employment, due to the reality of the overall quality of the rural labor force is low, mostly in labor-intensive enterprises engaged in low-tech the work, although in recent years, Heilongjiang Province, the employment of the rural labor force stability has been enhanced, but by the government, training institutions, intermediaries and other organizations to achieve the low proportion of employment, employment avenues to market allocation,non-farm employment of rural labor The degree of organization needs to be strengthened. With the impact of the related reform, relaxation of the policy, economic development and other factors, the transfer of rural labor employment development momentum in Heilongjiang Province, the better, but at this stage there are still some obstacles to factors that affect the process of Heilongjiang Province, rural non-farm employment of labor, mainly in the rural labor force main level, the institutional level, the management level, the employment environment. Weak employment concepts hinder the transfer of rural labor intensity, low overall quality constraints to enhance the quality of the non-farm payrolls; conventional household registration system affects the stability of the non-farm employment of rural labor, the imperfect system of land destined to the transfer of rural labor did not thoroughly, the employment system of the urban-rural inequality clogged channels of informal employment of rural labor; the lagging employment service system inhibits the efficiency of the rural non-farm employment of labor, the low degree of organization to increase the risk of rural labor employment and cost; imbalance in the industrial structure, the tertiary industry is underdeveloped restricted non-farm employment of rural labor scale urbanization lag, the sluggish growth of township enterprises affect the speed of non-agricultural employment in rural labor.
Logistic model the impact of the individual characteristics of the rural labor force non-farm employment in Heilongjiang Province, family characteristics and social network characteristics, such as micro-influencing factors Empirical Research and macroeconomic growth, industrial restructuring, the development of non-agricultural industries in rural areas such as macroeconomic factors on rural the impact of the employment of the labor force. Industrial transfer of the rural labor force has significant economic effects and social effects, through the establishment of the economic model, the use of statistical data, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the labor re-allocation effect, the rural economy to create effects, the farmers household income growth effect, industrial restructuring effects The employment effects of structural adjustment; transfer of rural labor employment to enhance their level of human capital, promoting the spread of advanced culture and modern civilization, and promote the process of urbanization, to promote the reform of the social system. The use of comparative analysis, from an international perspective as the representative of the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and other developed countries, developing countries India, Taiwan and South Korea on behalf of the newly industrialized countries in the transfer of rural labor employment The experience and lessons learned analysis, to summarize useful insights and learn from.
Former paper studies based on institutional reform, expand employment space, establish and improve the employment service system, strengthen the education and training of the rural labor force four aspects proposed suggestions Heilongjiang Province, to promote non-farm employment of rural labor. Four aspects depth analysis from advancing the reform of the household registration system, improve the social security system, deepen the reform of rural land transfer system, the establishment of urban and rural equal employment system reform; accelerate urbanization, vigorously develop tertiary industry, promote the industrialization of agriculture upgrade entrepreneurship to create employment in four areas to expand employment space; gradually establish and improve employment registration system foundation established from strengthening to improve employment services, employment information network system, and the development of labor intermediary organizations; The two aspects of the education and training of the rural labor force to improve the stock of human capital of the rural labor force, and to improve the employability of the rural labor force.
引文
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