猪粪堆肥的理化特征及腐熟度评价研究
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摘要
好氧堆肥是固体有机废弃物资源化的主要手段。评估堆肥腐熟度是确保堆肥产品质量必不可少的步骤,但常规的堆肥腐熟度评价指标存在耗时较长、费用昂贵的问题。本研究拟发展基于三维荧光光谱与荧光区域指数(Excitation emission matrix-fluorescence regional index, EEM-FRI)的堆肥腐熟度快速评估方法,通过其与堆肥腐熟度评估指标相关性分析,寻求一种简单、快速的堆肥腐熟度评估方法。
本文通过不同配比的猪粪和稻草、砻糠堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中主要物质的物理、化学、生物学指标以及光谱学特征的动态变化,揭示了不同辅料配比的猪粪堆肥过程中物质变化的基本规律,并评价了EEM-FRI表征猪粪堆肥腐熟度的可行性。
通过不同辅料配比的猪粪堆肥试验,考察了不同辅料配比条件下,堆体中的物理、化学及生物学指标的动态变化。结果表明,碳氮比(17.7)最高,水溶性碳氮比(1.4)最低的堆体发酵效果最好；碳氮比(13.9)最低,水溶性碳氮比(2.8)高的堆体发酵效果最差,且该堆体至堆肥结束时,仍未完全腐熟。
通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法和多重荧光标记-激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察,确定细菌主要作用于升温阶段和高温阶段的初始期,且G+C含量低的菌体在堆肥的前期较降温期多；蛋白类物质主要存在于猪粪中,而α-多糖类物质主要存在于秸秆等植株细胞中,细胞主要存在于猪粪和稻草的表面和内部,但死亡细胞主要分布在稻草的杆状内部；在高温阶段存活的微生物主要用于降解纤维素和α-多糖类物质。堆体建堆26天后,堆体中的蛋白质、α-多糖、纤维素的含量和死亡细胞的数量逐渐降低,微生物总体的数量逐步升高。
红外光谱和核磁共振光谱的结果表明,随堆肥时间的延长,有机肥的芳香度不断上升。堆肥水溶性物质中约90%的碳是以脂肪化形式存在的,仅有少部分的碳以芳香化形式存在。脂肪族碳主要集中在烷基碳和碳水化合物中,芳香族碳主要在表征烯烃碳的112-145ppm区域中。
酚、醇和氨基酸,脂肪长链中的亚甲基,芳香结构的烯烃或酰胺键,羧酸盐,粘土矿物硅质,其他微生物降解易降解有机物及稻草中的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、多糖等存在于堆肥的全过程。升温期和高温期是蛋白质等降解为简单的酰胺类物质的主要阶段。在建堆后18天为纤维素、木质素等的主要降解阶段。
EEM-FRI结果表明,在猪粪堆肥过程中,蛋白类物质的含量逐步下降,腐殖酸类物质和富里酸类物质的含量均呈整体上升趋势。通过EEM-FRI与化学、生物学指标的相关性分析确定,EEM-FRI可用于评价猪粪堆肥的腐熟度。
Composting is a cheap, efficient and sustainable way for solid wastes utilization. Assessment of compost maturity is of utmost importance for achieving high quality compost to guarantee its marketability. However, traditional methods to assess compost maturity were time-consuming and high-costing. Therefore, excitation-emission matrix combined with fluorescence regional integration (EEM-FRI) method is developed as an easy-operated and fast method to assess compost maturity in this study.
Composts with different ratios of pig manure, rice husk and straw were carried out in this study. Parameters of chemical, biological and spectrum of composts were characterized to reflect variations of organic matters during composting process, and the feasibility of EEM-FRI method to assess compost maturity were tested. The results were listed as follows.
The highest quality composts came from the treatment with the highest carbon to nitrogen ratio (17.7) and the lowest water soluble carbon to water soluble nitrogen ratio (1.4), while the treatment with the lowest carbon to nitrogen ratio (13.9) and the highest water soluble carbon to water soluble nitrogen ratio (2.8) did not mature till the end of composting process.
Multiple fluorescence labeling combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were adopted to study the composition, architecture, and function of biofilms constituents at the microscale and change of bacteria, respectively. Bacteria with low G+C content played an important role in mesophilic and thermophilic phases. Most proteins were found in pig manure, whileα-polysaccharides existed in straw. Dead cells presented in the inner of straw, while cellulose and total cells existed in both pig manure and straw.
Microorganisms in thermophilic phase mainly degraded cellulose andα-polysaccharides matters. Straw and pig manure were not completely degraded in thermophilic phase. Compared with thermophilic phase, the intensity of proteins,α-polysaccharides, cellulose and dead cells of cooling phase reduced while the number of microorganisms increased.
The degree of aromaticity increased with composting process. More than ninety percent of carbon in water-soluble compounds was aliphatic carbon, and most of it was alkyl carbon and carbon in carbohydrates. Majority of aromatic carbon was olefinic carbon.
Phenolic, alcoholic, amino acid, aliphilatic methylene, aromatic and olefinic, carboxyl, silicate, easy-degradable compounds and lignin, cellulose, hemi-cellulose were found in the whole composting process.
Proteins were degraded in mesophilic and thermophilic phase, while cellulose and lignin were degraded in thermophilic and cooling phase.
With the composting process, protein-like substances decreased while the concentration of fulvic-like and humic-like matters increased. EEM-FRI method was suitable to assess the maturity of pig manure compost.
本文通过不同配比的猪粪和稻草、砻糠堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中主要物质的物理、化学、生物学指标以及光谱学特征的动态变化,揭示了不同辅料配比的猪粪堆肥过程中物质变化的基本规律,并评价了EEM-FRI表征猪粪堆肥腐熟度的可行性。
通过不同辅料配比的猪粪堆肥试验,考察了不同辅料配比条件下,堆体中的物理、化学及生物学指标的动态变化。结果表明,碳氮比(17.7)最高,水溶性碳氮比(1.4)最低的堆体发酵效果最好；碳氮比(13.9)最低,水溶性碳氮比(2.8)高的堆体发酵效果最差,且该堆体至堆肥结束时,仍未完全腐熟。
通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法和多重荧光标记-激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察,确定细菌主要作用于升温阶段和高温阶段的初始期,且G+C含量低的菌体在堆肥的前期较降温期多；蛋白类物质主要存在于猪粪中,而α-多糖类物质主要存在于秸秆等植株细胞中,细胞主要存在于猪粪和稻草的表面和内部,但死亡细胞主要分布在稻草的杆状内部；在高温阶段存活的微生物主要用于降解纤维素和α-多糖类物质。堆体建堆26天后,堆体中的蛋白质、α-多糖、纤维素的含量和死亡细胞的数量逐渐降低,微生物总体的数量逐步升高。
红外光谱和核磁共振光谱的结果表明,随堆肥时间的延长,有机肥的芳香度不断上升。堆肥水溶性物质中约90%的碳是以脂肪化形式存在的,仅有少部分的碳以芳香化形式存在。脂肪族碳主要集中在烷基碳和碳水化合物中,芳香族碳主要在表征烯烃碳的112-145ppm区域中。
酚、醇和氨基酸,脂肪长链中的亚甲基,芳香结构的烯烃或酰胺键,羧酸盐,粘土矿物硅质,其他微生物降解易降解有机物及稻草中的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、多糖等存在于堆肥的全过程。升温期和高温期是蛋白质等降解为简单的酰胺类物质的主要阶段。在建堆后18天为纤维素、木质素等的主要降解阶段。
EEM-FRI结果表明,在猪粪堆肥过程中,蛋白类物质的含量逐步下降,腐殖酸类物质和富里酸类物质的含量均呈整体上升趋势。通过EEM-FRI与化学、生物学指标的相关性分析确定,EEM-FRI可用于评价猪粪堆肥的腐熟度。
Composting is a cheap, efficient and sustainable way for solid wastes utilization. Assessment of compost maturity is of utmost importance for achieving high quality compost to guarantee its marketability. However, traditional methods to assess compost maturity were time-consuming and high-costing. Therefore, excitation-emission matrix combined with fluorescence regional integration (EEM-FRI) method is developed as an easy-operated and fast method to assess compost maturity in this study.
Composts with different ratios of pig manure, rice husk and straw were carried out in this study. Parameters of chemical, biological and spectrum of composts were characterized to reflect variations of organic matters during composting process, and the feasibility of EEM-FRI method to assess compost maturity were tested. The results were listed as follows.
The highest quality composts came from the treatment with the highest carbon to nitrogen ratio (17.7) and the lowest water soluble carbon to water soluble nitrogen ratio (1.4), while the treatment with the lowest carbon to nitrogen ratio (13.9) and the highest water soluble carbon to water soluble nitrogen ratio (2.8) did not mature till the end of composting process.
Multiple fluorescence labeling combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were adopted to study the composition, architecture, and function of biofilms constituents at the microscale and change of bacteria, respectively. Bacteria with low G+C content played an important role in mesophilic and thermophilic phases. Most proteins were found in pig manure, whileα-polysaccharides existed in straw. Dead cells presented in the inner of straw, while cellulose and total cells existed in both pig manure and straw.
Microorganisms in thermophilic phase mainly degraded cellulose andα-polysaccharides matters. Straw and pig manure were not completely degraded in thermophilic phase. Compared with thermophilic phase, the intensity of proteins,α-polysaccharides, cellulose and dead cells of cooling phase reduced while the number of microorganisms increased.
The degree of aromaticity increased with composting process. More than ninety percent of carbon in water-soluble compounds was aliphatic carbon, and most of it was alkyl carbon and carbon in carbohydrates. Majority of aromatic carbon was olefinic carbon.
Phenolic, alcoholic, amino acid, aliphilatic methylene, aromatic and olefinic, carboxyl, silicate, easy-degradable compounds and lignin, cellulose, hemi-cellulose were found in the whole composting process.
Proteins were degraded in mesophilic and thermophilic phase, while cellulose and lignin were degraded in thermophilic and cooling phase.
With the composting process, protein-like substances decreased while the concentration of fulvic-like and humic-like matters increased. EEM-FRI method was suitable to assess the maturity of pig manure compost.
引文
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