无线传感器网络查询处理关键技术研究
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摘要
传感器网络在国防军事、医疗服务和交通控制等领域有着广泛的应用前景,近年来成为研究热点。与传统的网络不同,它具有许多显著的特点:传感器节点计算能力、存储能力和通信能力十分有限;节点感知的数据通常含有噪声,具有不确定性;受到节点移动、节点休眠、通信链路失效和周围环境等因素影响,传感器网络的拓扑结构频繁变化。传感器网络具备的上述特点使得开发其应用十分困难。考虑到传感器网络是以数据为中心的网络,用户使用它的主要目的是查询其感知的数据或监控的事件。传感器网络数据管理融合了流数据库、嵌入式数据和分布式数据库等技术,以有效管理传感器数据。它为用户提供简单的查询接口,屏蔽了查询处理的复杂性,能够极大地简化传感器网络应用的开发,已成为重要的传感器网络应用开发支撑软件。
     传感器节点的能量由电池供应且通常无法更换,能量十分有限。因此能量高效的查询处理技术是传感器网络数据管理系统的核心。本文根据无线传感器网络的特点,研究了无线传感器网络的查询处理技术。主要研究成果包括如下几个方面:
     (1)空间范围查询用于获得用户感兴趣区域内所有节点的感知数据。空间范围查询处理算法的能耗取决于三个参数:查询消息的转发次数、返回至Sink节点的感知数据数目、平均每个感知数据发送至Sink节点的转发次数。现有算法仅优化了其中的一个参数,而忽略了另外两个参数,导致能耗较大。提出了一种对以上三个参数进行全盘优化的空间范围查询处理算法,通过调度查询区域内的部分节点发送查询消息,在保证查询区域内所有节点接收到查询消息的同时,减少了查询消息的转发次数;利用相邻传感器节点的感知数据具有空间相关性,选择查询区域内的部分代表节点返回感知数据,Sink节点利用这些返回的数据对查询区域内其他节点的感知数据值进行估计,在保证查询结果精度的前提下,减少了返回至Sink节点的感知数据数目。另外,查询区域内节点的感知数据直接利用位置路由协议返回至Sink节点,使得平均每个感知数据发送至Sink节点的转发次数较少。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,本文提出的算法在能耗方面优于现有的算法。
     (2)为了减少不规则区域时空查询处理的能量消耗和提高查询结果准确性,提出了一种基于树的不规则区域时空数据收集查询算法,该算法将查询区域内的节点组织成一颗树,树中的节点依次将其感知数据发送至其父节点直至汇聚到树的根节点。针对不规则区域时空聚集查询,提出了一种基于路线的算法,该算法沿一条路线收集查询区域内节点的感知数据并对其进行聚集以生成最终的查询结果。这两种算法均通过将复杂的不规则查询区域划分为简单的凸多边形,降低了判断节点是否在查询区域内的计算复杂度,且保证仅查询区域内的节点发送感知数据,减少了能量消耗。仿真实验结果表明,提出的算法优于现有的针对规则区域的查询算法。
     (3)针对包含不等值连接条件的流数据复杂聚集查询,草图技术能够计算流数据上等值连接大小的高精度近似值,直方图技术能够统计流数据的分布,本文结合了这两种技术的优势,提出了一种能够高效处理流数据上复杂聚集查询的算法。理论分析和实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的精度和较小的空间复杂度。
     (4)传感器网络主要用于监测被监控区域的状态或发生的事件。当监控区域有事件发生时,用户通过获得以事件发生地为查询点的K近邻查询结果可以对事件发生的原因进行分析并预测其发展趋势。针对现有K近邻查询处理算法能量消耗大且查询成功率低的问题,提出了一种鲁棒的数据收集协议ROC,它将需要进行数据收集的区域划分为若干个环扇区,每个环扇区中有个一个簇头节点负责收集所在环扇区其他节点的感知数据,计算出部分查询结果并将将其发送至下一个环扇区的簇头节点。ROC利用位置路由协议绕过不存在节点的“空洞”区域,保证查询处理过程不被中断。基于ROC提出了一类传感器网络K近邻查询处理算法ROC-KNN。仅访问可能包含查询结果的节点,降低了算法的能量消耗。当簇头节点失效时,该节点所在环扇区内任意一个节点可代替它继续查询处理过程,提高了查询成功率。实验结果表明,ROC-KNN在能量消耗和查询成功率方面均优于现有基于路线的算法。
WSNs (Wireless Sensor networks) have a wide range of applications in military defense,medical services, traffic control and etc. WSN is a kind of distributed embedded system and thesensor nodes have very limited computing power, storage capacity, communication and energy.Therefore, the development of sensor network applications is extremely difficult. Unlike theother networks, wireless sensor networks are data-centric. The main purpose of using WSNs bythe users is to collect the events or data generated by the network. WSN database managementsystem provides users with a simple query interface which shields the complexity of queryprocessing. It greatly simplifies the development of sensor network applications and has becomean important middleware for WSN. Query processing is the core technology of WSN databasemanagement system.
     (1) Spatial window query is used to obtain the sensory data of all the nodes in the user's areaof interest. The energy consumption of spatial window query processing algorithms depends onthree parameters: number of query message forwarding, number of sensory data returned to Sink,the average number of sensory data packets sent to the Sink by a node. The existing algorithmsonly optimize one of the parameters, while ignoring the other two parameters, resulting in a largeamout of energy. We propose a spatial window query processing algorithm which makes anholistic optimization of the above three parameters. It schedules some but not all nodes in thequery region to distribute query messages to ensure that all nodes within the query region receivea query message, which reduces the number of query message forwarding. It selects somerepresentative nodes in the query region to return their sensory data back to sink. The sensorydata of the other nodes in the query region is estimated by siink under the premise of ensuringthe accuracy of the query results. In addition, the sensory data in the query region is returned toSink directly by geographic routing protocol, so that the number of forwarding while sending asensory data o the Sink is reduced. The theory and simulation results show that our algorithm issuperior to existing algorithms in terms of energy consumption.
     (2) In order to reduce the energy consumption of irregular spatio-temporal query processingand improve the query success rate, a tree-based algorithm is proposed to processspatio-temporal data collection queries with irregular query regions. It organizes sensor nodes inquery regions as a tree. The nodes in the tree send local data to their parents until reaching theroot of the tree. An itinerary-based algorithm to process spatio-temporal data aggregation querieswith irregular query regions is also proposed here. It collects the data of nodes in the queryregion and aggregates them along an itinerary to generate the final query result. Both of themdivide the complex and irregular query region into some simple convex polygons in order to reduce the computational complexity of determining whether the nodes are in the query regionand ensure that only the nodes in query regions send the sensed data, thus reducing the energyconsumption. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms outperform theexistion spatio-temporal query processing algorithms for irregular region query.
     (3) Sketch can estimate the equal join size of data stream with high precision and histogramcan calculate the distribution of data stream accurately. An efficient complex data aggregationquery processing algorithm for data stream is proposed based on sketch and histogramtechniques. The algorithm can provide approximate answers to a certain kind of complexaggregate queries. The theory and experimental results show that the algorithm has highprecision and small space complexity.
     (4) Wireless sensor networks are mainly used for monitoring the status of an area or theevents happened. When an event occurs in the monitored area, users can obtain the results of knearest neighbors query to analyze the causes and forecast the development trend of the event.The current state-of-the-art k nearest neighbor query processing algorithms have fairy highenergy consumption and low query success rate. A robust data collection protocol called ROC isproposed in this paper. It divides the query region into several ring sectors. Each ring sector has acluster head node which collects the sensory data in it, calculates the partial query result andsends it to the cluster head node in the next ring sector. It takes advantage of geographic routingprotocol to bypass the region which has no nodes, which ensures that query processing is notinterrupted. We also propose a class of k nearest neighbor query processing algorithms calledROC-KNN based on ROC protocol. They only access the nodes which may contain query resultsin order to reduce the energy consumption. When a cluster head node fails during queryprocessing, any node within the sector which the cluster head node locates in can replace it tocontinue query processing, which improves the query success rate. The experimental resultsshow that ROC-KNN outperforms the existing itinerary-based algorithms in terms of energyconsumption and query success rate.
引文
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