河北省临漳县水资源与水环境开发利用与保护研究
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摘要
水是人类生存和发展的生命线,是国民经济和生态环境的命脉,是实现可持续发展的重要物质基础。水资源管理是解决全球水危机和贫困问题的关键,中国水管理改革的战略应从“以工程建设为中心”转变到“以制度建设为中心”,水资源与水环境综合管理,正是这一战略思想的体现,也是我国过去未曾有过的管理模式,是当今世界、亚太地区和中国亟待解决的一个大问题。
河北省临漳县属于资源性缺水地区,在水资源开发和利用过程中,由于受自然因素和人为因素的综合影响,出现了一系列问题,主要有:地表水可利用量减少,水环境恶化;地下水严重超采;水资源与水环境管理力度不够,人民群众管理意识有待进一步提高。因此,对临漳县水资源开发利用和保护进行研究,对水资源的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文是在临漳县世行节水灌溉项目和GEF海河项目开展的基础上进行研究的,研究的主要内容包括:其一,对临漳县水资源与水环境现状及其管理现状进行评价,在此基础上进行了供耗分析;其二,进行水资源高效利用研究,主要从农业节水、工业节水、城镇生活节水三方面展开研究,提出一系列的节水对策;其三,对临漳县的点、面污染源、水环境状况进行了调查分析,在此基础上提出相应的治理对策;其四,对临漳县的ET值进行计算,利用ET技术进行水权分配,控制地下水开采量,使地下水位在多年间达到动态平衡,实现水资源可持续利用。
Water is the lifeline of human being's existence and development, the lifeline of national economy and ecological environment, and also important material base of realizing the sustainable development. The water resource management is the key to solve the global water crisis and the impoverished question, the Chinese water management reform strategy should change from " take the engineering construction as the center " to the "take the system construction as the center", the water resources and the water environment synthesis management, manifestses precisely this strategic concept. This management pattern has not been used in the past in our country, also is a major problem in the world, the Asian-Pacific area and China urgently await to be solved.
Water is lack in Linzhang Country of Hebei Province. Because of the combined affection of natural and human factors, there are series of problems in the process of exploitation and utilization of water resources. They mainly include: usable surface water reduced, water environment worsen; groundwater overdraft; secondary soil saline and alkali spread;lack management of water resources and water environment, poor consciousness on management. So the study of the exploitation and utilization and protection of water resources in Linzhang Country has realistic significance for the water resources sustainable development.
The study is on the base of the Water Conservation Project financed by the World Bank and GEF Haihe River Project in Linzhang. The major contents include: firstly,water supply-demand balance is analyzed in Linzhang Country based on the present evaluation of water resources and water environment and management status; secondly, the paper researches water use efficiency and poses a series of problems from water saving in agricultural, industrial and urban domestic uses; thirdly, a series of countermeasures are presented on the basis of investigation of point and side pollution sources and water environment status; fourthly, the calculation and analysis of ET value is made with ET technology. Using ET value allocated the rights of water resources in Linzhang Country. Control groundwater extraction, make groundwater extraction in the years reach an average dynamic equilibrium and achieve sustainable use of water resources.
河北省临漳县属于资源性缺水地区,在水资源开发和利用过程中,由于受自然因素和人为因素的综合影响,出现了一系列问题,主要有:地表水可利用量减少,水环境恶化;地下水严重超采;水资源与水环境管理力度不够,人民群众管理意识有待进一步提高。因此,对临漳县水资源开发利用和保护进行研究,对水资源的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文是在临漳县世行节水灌溉项目和GEF海河项目开展的基础上进行研究的,研究的主要内容包括:其一,对临漳县水资源与水环境现状及其管理现状进行评价,在此基础上进行了供耗分析;其二,进行水资源高效利用研究,主要从农业节水、工业节水、城镇生活节水三方面展开研究,提出一系列的节水对策;其三,对临漳县的点、面污染源、水环境状况进行了调查分析,在此基础上提出相应的治理对策;其四,对临漳县的ET值进行计算,利用ET技术进行水权分配,控制地下水开采量,使地下水位在多年间达到动态平衡,实现水资源可持续利用。
Water is the lifeline of human being's existence and development, the lifeline of national economy and ecological environment, and also important material base of realizing the sustainable development. The water resource management is the key to solve the global water crisis and the impoverished question, the Chinese water management reform strategy should change from " take the engineering construction as the center " to the "take the system construction as the center", the water resources and the water environment synthesis management, manifestses precisely this strategic concept. This management pattern has not been used in the past in our country, also is a major problem in the world, the Asian-Pacific area and China urgently await to be solved.
Water is lack in Linzhang Country of Hebei Province. Because of the combined affection of natural and human factors, there are series of problems in the process of exploitation and utilization of water resources. They mainly include: usable surface water reduced, water environment worsen; groundwater overdraft; secondary soil saline and alkali spread;lack management of water resources and water environment, poor consciousness on management. So the study of the exploitation and utilization and protection of water resources in Linzhang Country has realistic significance for the water resources sustainable development.
The study is on the base of the Water Conservation Project financed by the World Bank and GEF Haihe River Project in Linzhang. The major contents include: firstly,water supply-demand balance is analyzed in Linzhang Country based on the present evaluation of water resources and water environment and management status; secondly, the paper researches water use efficiency and poses a series of problems from water saving in agricultural, industrial and urban domestic uses; thirdly, a series of countermeasures are presented on the basis of investigation of point and side pollution sources and water environment status; fourthly, the calculation and analysis of ET value is made with ET technology. Using ET value allocated the rights of water resources in Linzhang Country. Control groundwater extraction, make groundwater extraction in the years reach an average dynamic equilibrium and achieve sustainable use of water resources.
引文
[1] 王树谦,陈南祥.水资源评价与管理[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1996,10-15
[2] 左其亭.水资源规划与管理[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005,100-102
[3] Safavian S R. etral . Projection pursuit image compression with variable block size segmentation[J].IEEE Signal Process Lett,1997,4 :117-120.
[4] 水利部规划计划司.水利可持续发展战略研究[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004,35-40
[5] 杨开,周毅.水资源开发利用与保护[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,2005,60-61
[6] 方红远.区域水资源合理配置中的水量调控理论[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2004,31-32
[7] 刘昌明,陈志楷.中国水资源现状评价和工序发展趋势分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001,45-46
[8] 贾仰文,王浩等.分布式流域水文模拟原理与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005,61-65
[9] 翁文斌,王忠静,赵建世.现代水资源规划-理论、方法和技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003,200-201
[10] Ismail Seraeeldin.Toward Sustainable Manasement of Water Resource[M].World Bank,1995:15
[11] A. Melloul ,B. Azmon.A graphic expression of salinization and pollution of groundwater the case of Israel's groundwater.Environmental Geology[J].Springer-Verlag Heidelberg,1997,(30):1-2
[12] 叶守则,詹道江.工程水文学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1985,88-89
[13] 河北省用水定额[S].河北:河北省水利厅,2002,15-20
[14] 杨诚芳.地表水资源与水文分析[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1992,7-63
[15] 董增川,刘凌.西部地区水资源配置究[J].水利水电技术,2002,(3):1-4
[16] 左其亭,王中根.中国西部流域水循环重大科学问题及研究展忘[J].西北水资源与水工程,2001,(4): 1-5
[17] ]刘毅,贾若祥,侯晓丽,中国区域水资源可持续利用评价及类型划分[J].环境科学,2005(26):42-46
[18] Zhao Ying and Atkeson,Christopher G.Implementing projection pursuit learning.IEEE Trans[M] .Neural Networks,1996
[19] Howitt R E,Watson W D.Adams R M. A Reevaluation of Price Elasticties for Irrigation Water[J].Water Resouses Research,1980,(16):623-628
[20] 韩建宏,倪文,延克军,水资源安全的影响因素[J].中国环保产业,2004,(1):26-28
[21] 叙良芳,区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系及其评价方法研究[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2002,21-57
[22] Batchmann Charles Metal..Unsupervised BCM projection pursuit algorithms for classification of simulated radar presentation[J].Neural Networks, 1994,7(4):709-728.
[23] 王树义.流域管理体制研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2000,(4):419-423
[24] 中国科学院可持续发展研究组.2002 中国可持续发展战略报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,1-5
[25] Goodland R , Ledec G . Noclassical Economics and Principles of sustainable Development[J].Ecological Modeling,1987,38:19-46.
[26] 张坤民.可持续发展论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997,15-44
[27]Allen,R.G. Smith,M.,Perrier,A.,and Pereira,L.S.1994a.An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration[J]. ICID Bulletin. 43(2). 1-34.
[27] 曾维华,程声通等.流域水资源集成管理[J].中国环境科学.2001,21(2):173-176
[28] 姜文来.水资源价值论[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,5-10
[29] Brown. L .R.,Hilweil,B.China Water Shortage Could Shake World Food Security[J].World watch l998,(7-8):10-18
[30] 姜文来,杨瑞珍.资源资产论[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,5-6
[31] Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., and Allen, R.G.(ed).Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices No. 70., Am. Soc. Civil Engrs[M].,New York, NY, 1990.360.
[32] Miriam R.Lowi,Brian R.shaw,Environment and Security:Discourse and Practices[M],Macmillan Press,2000:33-49
[33] 李金昌等.资源经济新论[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,1995,25-26
[34] Boyer DG,Pasquarell GC. Nitrate concentrations in karst springs in an extensively grazed area[J]. Water Resources Bull 1995,31(4):729-736.
[35] 冯尚友.水资源持续利用与管理导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,56-57
[36] 陈家琦等.水资源学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,33-34
[37] Grigg N S.Water Resources Management:Principles Regulation and Cases[M].New York:The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.1996,25-26
[38] Garrett Hardin.The Tragedy of the Commons[J]. SCIENCE,1968,162(13):1243-1248
[39] Colby B G.Economic Impacts of Water Law-State Law and Water market Development in the Southwest[J]. Natural Resources Journal,1988,(28):721-749
[40] 陈家琦,王浩.水资源学概论[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996,45-46
[41] IU GG,Volume A and B .XXll General Assembly of lnternational Union of Geodesy and GeoPhysics[M].Birmmg-ham U K,1999:18-30
[42] Hardi P et al.1997.Measuring Sustainable Development: Review of Current Practice[M].IISD,17
[43] The White House.A National Security Strategy for a new Centuty[EB/OL]. http: // www.dtic.Mil/doctrine/jel/USA.1999
[44] Rainer WALZ. Development of Environmental Indicator Systems: Experiences from Germany[J].Environmental Management,2000,(6):30-40
[45] 杨伍栓.管理哲学新论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003,29-30
[46] Mather, Russell John.Water Resources Development[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,1984:276
[47] 韩伯棠.经济管理基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000,2-5
[48] 徐林,水资源安全与水资源可持续利用[J].新疆农垦经济,2005,(4):69-70
[49] 钱正英,张光斗.中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告[A].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,1-2
[50] Loucks D P.Sustainable Water Resources Management[J].Water lnternational,2000,25(1): 3-10
[51] S.Nour.Groundwater potential for irrigation in the East Oweinat area,Western Desert,,Egypt[J]. Environmental Geology.Springer-Verlag Heidelberg..1996,27 (3).
[2] 左其亭.水资源规划与管理[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005,100-102
[3] Safavian S R. etral . Projection pursuit image compression with variable block size segmentation[J].IEEE Signal Process Lett,1997,4 :117-120.
[4] 水利部规划计划司.水利可持续发展战略研究[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004,35-40
[5] 杨开,周毅.水资源开发利用与保护[M].长沙:湖南大学出版社,2005,60-61
[6] 方红远.区域水资源合理配置中的水量调控理论[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2004,31-32
[7] 刘昌明,陈志楷.中国水资源现状评价和工序发展趋势分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001,45-46
[8] 贾仰文,王浩等.分布式流域水文模拟原理与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005,61-65
[9] 翁文斌,王忠静,赵建世.现代水资源规划-理论、方法和技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003,200-201
[10] Ismail Seraeeldin.Toward Sustainable Manasement of Water Resource[M].World Bank,1995:15
[11] A. Melloul ,B. Azmon.A graphic expression of salinization and pollution of groundwater the case of Israel's groundwater.Environmental Geology[J].Springer-Verlag Heidelberg,1997,(30):1-2
[12] 叶守则,詹道江.工程水文学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1985,88-89
[13] 河北省用水定额[S].河北:河北省水利厅,2002,15-20
[14] 杨诚芳.地表水资源与水文分析[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1992,7-63
[15] 董增川,刘凌.西部地区水资源配置究[J].水利水电技术,2002,(3):1-4
[16] 左其亭,王中根.中国西部流域水循环重大科学问题及研究展忘[J].西北水资源与水工程,2001,(4): 1-5
[17] ]刘毅,贾若祥,侯晓丽,中国区域水资源可持续利用评价及类型划分[J].环境科学,2005(26):42-46
[18] Zhao Ying and Atkeson,Christopher G.Implementing projection pursuit learning.IEEE Trans[M] .Neural Networks,1996
[19] Howitt R E,Watson W D.Adams R M. A Reevaluation of Price Elasticties for Irrigation Water[J].Water Resouses Research,1980,(16):623-628
[20] 韩建宏,倪文,延克军,水资源安全的影响因素[J].中国环保产业,2004,(1):26-28
[21] 叙良芳,区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系及其评价方法研究[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2002,21-57
[22] Batchmann Charles Metal..Unsupervised BCM projection pursuit algorithms for classification of simulated radar presentation[J].Neural Networks, 1994,7(4):709-728.
[23] 王树义.流域管理体制研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2000,(4):419-423
[24] 中国科学院可持续发展研究组.2002 中国可持续发展战略报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,1-5
[25] Goodland R , Ledec G . Noclassical Economics and Principles of sustainable Development[J].Ecological Modeling,1987,38:19-46.
[26] 张坤民.可持续发展论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997,15-44
[27]Allen,R.G. Smith,M.,Perrier,A.,and Pereira,L.S.1994a.An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration[J]. ICID Bulletin. 43(2). 1-34.
[27] 曾维华,程声通等.流域水资源集成管理[J].中国环境科学.2001,21(2):173-176
[28] 姜文来.水资源价值论[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,5-10
[29] Brown. L .R.,Hilweil,B.China Water Shortage Could Shake World Food Security[J].World watch l998,(7-8):10-18
[30] 姜文来,杨瑞珍.资源资产论[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,5-6
[31] Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., and Allen, R.G.(ed).Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices No. 70., Am. Soc. Civil Engrs[M].,New York, NY, 1990.360.
[32] Miriam R.Lowi,Brian R.shaw,Environment and Security:Discourse and Practices[M],Macmillan Press,2000:33-49
[33] 李金昌等.资源经济新论[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,1995,25-26
[34] Boyer DG,Pasquarell GC. Nitrate concentrations in karst springs in an extensively grazed area[J]. Water Resources Bull 1995,31(4):729-736.
[35] 冯尚友.水资源持续利用与管理导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,56-57
[36] 陈家琦等.水资源学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,33-34
[37] Grigg N S.Water Resources Management:Principles Regulation and Cases[M].New York:The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.1996,25-26
[38] Garrett Hardin.The Tragedy of the Commons[J]. SCIENCE,1968,162(13):1243-1248
[39] Colby B G.Economic Impacts of Water Law-State Law and Water market Development in the Southwest[J]. Natural Resources Journal,1988,(28):721-749
[40] 陈家琦,王浩.水资源学概论[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996,45-46
[41] IU GG,Volume A and B .XXll General Assembly of lnternational Union of Geodesy and GeoPhysics[M].Birmmg-ham U K,1999:18-30
[42] Hardi P et al.1997.Measuring Sustainable Development: Review of Current Practice[M].IISD,17
[43] The White House.A National Security Strategy for a new Centuty[EB/OL]. http: // www.dtic.Mil/doctrine/jel/USA.1999
[44] Rainer WALZ. Development of Environmental Indicator Systems: Experiences from Germany[J].Environmental Management,2000,(6):30-40
[45] 杨伍栓.管理哲学新论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003,29-30
[46] Mather, Russell John.Water Resources Development[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,1984:276
[47] 韩伯棠.经济管理基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000,2-5
[48] 徐林,水资源安全与水资源可持续利用[J].新疆农垦经济,2005,(4):69-70
[49] 钱正英,张光斗.中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告及各专题报告[A].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002,1-2
[50] Loucks D P.Sustainable Water Resources Management[J].Water lnternational,2000,25(1): 3-10
[51] S.Nour.Groundwater potential for irrigation in the East Oweinat area,Western Desert,,Egypt[J]. Environmental Geology.Springer-Verlag Heidelberg..1996,27 (3).