党政领导干部选拔任用中民主测评问题及对策研究
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摘要
“民主测评”作为党政领导干部选拔任用工作的一项重要的制度和方法创新,是党的干部工作的重要实践成果和制度成果。作为干部选拔任用过程中的重要程序和基础环节,是党的群众路线在干部选拔任用工作中的生动体现和具体运用,是落实群众对干部选拔任用的知情权、参与权、选择权、监督权的重要载体和途径,是干部人事制度改革的重要内容和环节,也是匡正选人用人风气、不断提高选人用人公信度、努力建设高素质干部队伍的迫切需要。但是由于认识层面的偏差和实践层面的不完善,“民主测评”所蕴涵的价值和意义还没有在实践中充分彰显和体现,需要不断地探索和完善。
本文就是想通过对干部选拔任用中“民主测评”实施的背景、“民主测评”的历史发展、工作实施的现状回顾与分析,从理论层面分析其价值和意义,并力图对解决实行“民主测评”中存在的问题提出对策意见,以使“民主测评”这一制度创新在实践层面得以不断完善,实现其最初制度设计的初衷,真正在干部选拔任用工作中发挥最大的实际功效。
“民主测评”源于干部人事制度改革实践,经历了“实践、认识、再实践、再认识”这样的一个认知过程。本文在积极吸收和充分借鉴许多党建理论工作者和组织人事干部研究成果的基础上,综合运用参阅文献资料、实例分析并结合工作实践等多种研究方法,从理论和实践两个层面进行系统的研究,把干部选拔任用中“民主测评”的价值和意义放在推行党内民主的大环境背景下,研究“民主测评”的产生、发展和对策走向,从理论和实践两个层面阐述“民主测评”在干部选拔任用中的价值和意义,同时针对“民主测评”在制度规定方面存在的缺陷和在实践中存在的不足,提出对策意见,有的放矢,对不断改进和完善选拔任用干部工作提出个人的观点,由此推动增强这个制度规定的有效性,实现它在实践中功能的最大化,为理论界和组织人事部门提供具有一定参考价值的意见。
To choose good cadres and appoint them well, both good systems and good methods are needed. As an important innovation of the system and the method to choose and appoint communist and administrative cadres, democratic assessment is an important system for cadres to work for the masses. It embodies concretely that the principle, according to which the Communist Party supervises cadres, is kept and the way in which the Communist Party supervises cadres is improved. This system and method roots in the reform practice of cadres personnel system, and manifests its value and significance in the practice. As a method to understand the masses’opinion, to dredge democratic channels and hear the basic level opinion, democratic apprasal is an effective form to widely ask for and collect public opinion and assess cadres objectively , justly and accurately. It embodies the advantages of maneuverability in the concrete practice. It can be conveniently organized , actualized , quantized , counted and gathered together, analyzed comprehensively. It plays a positive and accelerative role in magnifying the democracy in cadres’work, strengthening the construction of the cadres styles, holding back officials’corruption and advancing the democratic construction of the Communist Party. However, there exist warp in understanding, imperfection in practice and insufficiency of appointing the assessment results . Moreover, some related systems are not perfect and do not match, which badly influences the exertion of the role of democratic assessment. Therefore, it is truely a problem which needs to be solved urgently to scientifically and effectively organize democratic assessment, to make full appoint of the strong points and avoid the weak points, to exert its function in choosing and appointing cadres.
Many theorists and cadres in organization and personnel departments have done thorough and meticulous research into the method to choose and appoint cadres through democratic assessment. They have achieved some positive theoretic fruit and exerted positive and accelerative role in improving and strengthening democratic assessment. Most of the past comprehensive researches into the choosing and appointing leaders and cadres technically dealt with the disadvantages of democratic assessment and how to further improve it and exert its function. And they did not give enough analysis of its value and significance and they did not probe into its historical development. Articles about systematic researches both in theory and practice could hardly be seen. Hereby, this article focuses on the value and significance of democratic assessment which is used in choosing and appointing cadres while talking about the large circumstances of pushing democracy of the Communist Party. It expatiates the value and significance of democratic assessment in choosing and appointing cadres. Meanwhile, it puts forward some countermeasures, opinions and suggestions for the disadvantages of the system and its weak points in practice. It also advances some personal opinions about how to improve and perfect democratic assessment so that it may promote strengthening the efficiency of the system, fully realize its function in practice and provide some valuable reference opinions for the theorists and the organization and personnel departments.
This article includes five parts:
Exordium. It defines the connotation and the extention of democratic assessment mentioned in this article, mainly dealing with the purpose, significance and background of the chosen problem and summarizing the past researches actuality. It puts forward the research method and the train of thought and points out the problems that needs to be solved and the innovations.
The first part of the article analyzes the historical development and the realistic background of democratic assessment. It mainly expatiates the appearance and the step-by-step implementation of democratic assessment which are based on Chinese Party Central Committee’s attaching importance to developing democracy of the Communist Party, the appearance of the large circumstances of deepening the reform of cadres personnel system, the practice and exploration of the leading Party group at the basic level, and the building up and the continuous perfection of the related systems to choose and appoint cadres in the Communist Party. Moreover, starting from Third Plenary Meeting of the 11th Session of CPC, it describes the course that democratic assessment develops from the exploration and attempt at the basic level to being extended progressively and still to summarization and the support in terms of system, and finally to the continuous improvement and perfection at the system level. It lays a foundation for the following dissertation and analysis.
The second part discusses the value and significance of democratic assessment. From many different angles of view, it analyzes the values and significance of democratic assessment , including carrying through the masses course, solving the problems of choosing cadres, improving the credibility in choosing and appointing cadres, advancing the reform of cadres personnel system, strengthening the construction of cadres’styles, preventing and correcting the bad practice in appointing cadres, holding back the officials’corruption, and advancing the construction of democracy of the Communist Party.
The third part points out the problems that exist in the implementation of democratic assessment and analyzes their causes. It points out the problems in terms of thinking and understanding, the concrete manipulation link, and the actual function. It also deeply analyzes the subjective and objective causes of the problems and provides foundations for solving problems and bringing forward countermeasures.
The fourth part advances some countermeasures to implement democratic assessment and cause it to function more effectively. According to the problems and the causes, it puts forward some methods , opinions and suggestions , including those to improve cognition in terms of concept, those to strengthen norm in terms of system, those to carefully organize in terms of work, those to perfect procedure in terms of process, those to summerize experience, and those to strengthen supervision in terms of result. Democratic assessment originates from the reform practice of cadres personnel system and experiences the development logic of“practice, cognition, practice again, cognition again”. People experience a cognition process which continuously improve and perfect when they meet and practise democratic assessment just as they did when democratic assessment came into being. We should pay close attention to this key obstructive factor that influences the full exertion of the role of democratic assessment, work hard on improving and perfecting systems and properly carrying out systems, convincingly build up the science , authenticity and validity of democratic assessment, and continuously improve the credibility of choosing and appointing cadres.
本文就是想通过对干部选拔任用中“民主测评”实施的背景、“民主测评”的历史发展、工作实施的现状回顾与分析,从理论层面分析其价值和意义,并力图对解决实行“民主测评”中存在的问题提出对策意见,以使“民主测评”这一制度创新在实践层面得以不断完善,实现其最初制度设计的初衷,真正在干部选拔任用工作中发挥最大的实际功效。
“民主测评”源于干部人事制度改革实践,经历了“实践、认识、再实践、再认识”这样的一个认知过程。本文在积极吸收和充分借鉴许多党建理论工作者和组织人事干部研究成果的基础上,综合运用参阅文献资料、实例分析并结合工作实践等多种研究方法,从理论和实践两个层面进行系统的研究,把干部选拔任用中“民主测评”的价值和意义放在推行党内民主的大环境背景下,研究“民主测评”的产生、发展和对策走向,从理论和实践两个层面阐述“民主测评”在干部选拔任用中的价值和意义,同时针对“民主测评”在制度规定方面存在的缺陷和在实践中存在的不足,提出对策意见,有的放矢,对不断改进和完善选拔任用干部工作提出个人的观点,由此推动增强这个制度规定的有效性,实现它在实践中功能的最大化,为理论界和组织人事部门提供具有一定参考价值的意见。
To choose good cadres and appoint them well, both good systems and good methods are needed. As an important innovation of the system and the method to choose and appoint communist and administrative cadres, democratic assessment is an important system for cadres to work for the masses. It embodies concretely that the principle, according to which the Communist Party supervises cadres, is kept and the way in which the Communist Party supervises cadres is improved. This system and method roots in the reform practice of cadres personnel system, and manifests its value and significance in the practice. As a method to understand the masses’opinion, to dredge democratic channels and hear the basic level opinion, democratic apprasal is an effective form to widely ask for and collect public opinion and assess cadres objectively , justly and accurately. It embodies the advantages of maneuverability in the concrete practice. It can be conveniently organized , actualized , quantized , counted and gathered together, analyzed comprehensively. It plays a positive and accelerative role in magnifying the democracy in cadres’work, strengthening the construction of the cadres styles, holding back officials’corruption and advancing the democratic construction of the Communist Party. However, there exist warp in understanding, imperfection in practice and insufficiency of appointing the assessment results . Moreover, some related systems are not perfect and do not match, which badly influences the exertion of the role of democratic assessment. Therefore, it is truely a problem which needs to be solved urgently to scientifically and effectively organize democratic assessment, to make full appoint of the strong points and avoid the weak points, to exert its function in choosing and appointing cadres.
Many theorists and cadres in organization and personnel departments have done thorough and meticulous research into the method to choose and appoint cadres through democratic assessment. They have achieved some positive theoretic fruit and exerted positive and accelerative role in improving and strengthening democratic assessment. Most of the past comprehensive researches into the choosing and appointing leaders and cadres technically dealt with the disadvantages of democratic assessment and how to further improve it and exert its function. And they did not give enough analysis of its value and significance and they did not probe into its historical development. Articles about systematic researches both in theory and practice could hardly be seen. Hereby, this article focuses on the value and significance of democratic assessment which is used in choosing and appointing cadres while talking about the large circumstances of pushing democracy of the Communist Party. It expatiates the value and significance of democratic assessment in choosing and appointing cadres. Meanwhile, it puts forward some countermeasures, opinions and suggestions for the disadvantages of the system and its weak points in practice. It also advances some personal opinions about how to improve and perfect democratic assessment so that it may promote strengthening the efficiency of the system, fully realize its function in practice and provide some valuable reference opinions for the theorists and the organization and personnel departments.
This article includes five parts:
Exordium. It defines the connotation and the extention of democratic assessment mentioned in this article, mainly dealing with the purpose, significance and background of the chosen problem and summarizing the past researches actuality. It puts forward the research method and the train of thought and points out the problems that needs to be solved and the innovations.
The first part of the article analyzes the historical development and the realistic background of democratic assessment. It mainly expatiates the appearance and the step-by-step implementation of democratic assessment which are based on Chinese Party Central Committee’s attaching importance to developing democracy of the Communist Party, the appearance of the large circumstances of deepening the reform of cadres personnel system, the practice and exploration of the leading Party group at the basic level, and the building up and the continuous perfection of the related systems to choose and appoint cadres in the Communist Party. Moreover, starting from Third Plenary Meeting of the 11th Session of CPC, it describes the course that democratic assessment develops from the exploration and attempt at the basic level to being extended progressively and still to summarization and the support in terms of system, and finally to the continuous improvement and perfection at the system level. It lays a foundation for the following dissertation and analysis.
The second part discusses the value and significance of democratic assessment. From many different angles of view, it analyzes the values and significance of democratic assessment , including carrying through the masses course, solving the problems of choosing cadres, improving the credibility in choosing and appointing cadres, advancing the reform of cadres personnel system, strengthening the construction of cadres’styles, preventing and correcting the bad practice in appointing cadres, holding back the officials’corruption, and advancing the construction of democracy of the Communist Party.
The third part points out the problems that exist in the implementation of democratic assessment and analyzes their causes. It points out the problems in terms of thinking and understanding, the concrete manipulation link, and the actual function. It also deeply analyzes the subjective and objective causes of the problems and provides foundations for solving problems and bringing forward countermeasures.
The fourth part advances some countermeasures to implement democratic assessment and cause it to function more effectively. According to the problems and the causes, it puts forward some methods , opinions and suggestions , including those to improve cognition in terms of concept, those to strengthen norm in terms of system, those to carefully organize in terms of work, those to perfect procedure in terms of process, those to summerize experience, and those to strengthen supervision in terms of result. Democratic assessment originates from the reform practice of cadres personnel system and experiences the development logic of“practice, cognition, practice again, cognition again”. People experience a cognition process which continuously improve and perfect when they meet and practise democratic assessment just as they did when democratic assessment came into being. We should pay close attention to this key obstructive factor that influences the full exertion of the role of democratic assessment, work hard on improving and perfecting systems and properly carrying out systems, convincingly build up the science , authenticity and validity of democratic assessment, and continuously improve the credibility of choosing and appointing cadres.
引文
1《什么是民主测评》,南方网,2002年11月6日, http://www.southcn.com/news/gdnews/hotspot/gbrytl/gbrytlzjdp/200211061002.htm。
2陈凤楼:《中国共产党干部工作史纲》,党建读物出版社,2003年6月出版,217页、218页。
3《中国共产党党章》,1982年9月6日通过。
4《中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会文件汇编》,人民出版社,2002年11月出版,第35页。
5《干部管理文件汇编》,党建读物出版社,1995年12月出版,第185页。
6陈木:《我党历史上民主海推省委书记的尝试》,2008年10月27日,http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_493e2ad30100bhgc.html。
7《人民日报》,1984年11月13日,第1版。
8《深圳市大鹏镇镇长选举制度改革的政治解读—评中国基层民主发展的最新突破》,2003年3月25日, http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=22665。
9杨丹娜:《干部选任制度改革的调研和思考—兼对广东个案的分析》,中共中央党校出版社,2008年4月,第80页。
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[2]江泽民:《努力建设高素质的干部队伍》,《干部政治标准全书》,红旗出版社,1996年7月。
[3]《中国共产党党章》,1982年9月6日。
[4]《中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会文件汇编》,人民出版社,2002年11月。
[5]《〈中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定〉辅导读本》,人民出版社,2004年9月。
[6]《建立健全惩治和预防腐败体系2008-2012年工作规划》,2008年5月13日。
[7]《干部管理工作文件选编》,党建读物出版社,1995年12月。
[8]《干部监督工作法规选编》,中共中央组织部干部监督局,2006年6月。
[9]《党务工作文件选编—1988年5月——1992年5月》,辽宁人民出版社,1992年12月。
[10]《干部管理工作常用文件法规选编》,中共中央组织部干部一局,2002年9月。
[11]《〈党政领导干部选拔任用条例〉知识竞赛辅导读本》,党建读物出版社,2003年3月。
[12]高兰等:《干部制度改革与创新》,中共中央党校出版社,2001年10月。
[13]《新时期领导干部反腐倡廉教程教程》,中共中央党校出版社,2001年10月。
[14]《中国特色社会主义理论体系研究》,辽宁人民出版社,2008年4月。
[15]《十七大后党政干部关注的若干重大理论与实践问题解读》,中共中央党校出版社,2008年1月。
[16]《改革开放以来思想大讨论》,人民出版社,2008年10月。
[17]陈凤楼:《中国共产党干部工作史纲》,党建读物出版社,2003年6月。
[18]杨丹娜:《干部选任制度改革的调研和思考—兼对广东个案的分析》,中共中央党校出版社,2008年4月。
[19]《南方网》:《什么是民主测评》,(2002-11-6)[2009-3-25],http://www.southcn.com/news/gdnews/hotspot/gbrytl/gbrytlzjdp/200211061002.htm.
[20]陈木:《我党历史上民主海推省委书记的尝试》,(2008-10-27-)[2009-4-8],http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_493e2ad30100bhgc.html.
[21]《人民日报》,1984年11月13日,第1版。
[22]《深圳市大鹏镇镇长选举制度改革的政治解读—评中国基层民主发展的最新突破》,(2003年3月25)[2009-4-7] http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=22665.
[23]《雅安党代会常任制试点在积极探索小心求证中闪光》,雅安日报(2007-09-12)[2009-4-8] http://www.yc.yaan.cn/yayc/ycyw.nsf/0/9863F20CA0FA92ED48257354002BB781?opendocument.
[24]《党内基层民主“试验田”――四川雅安市党代会常任制试点调查》,人民网,(2008-2-19) [2009-4-8], http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64100/6892351.html.
[25]《黄卫平唐娟邹树彬:深圳市区级人大代表竞选的过程、特点、意义及问题》,(2008-7-21)[2009-4-8], http://www.21gwy.com/ms/1583/a/7872/427872.html.
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[27]王长江:《怎样理解“党管干部”才是科学的》,《新华文摘》,2009年第8期。
[28]刘思扬、刘刚、孙承斌:《肩负起党和人民的重托—新一届中共中央委员会和中共中央纪律检查委员会诞生记》,《光明日报》,2007年10月22日,第3版。
[29]《专家分析十七届四中全会看点:干部直选受关注》,(2009-9-9)[2009-9-12],http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-09/09/content_18492890_2.htm.
[30]《本期透视:吉林省白城市干部任用“票决制”》,《法制日报》(网络版),(2003-7-17)[2009-5-9-], http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/bm/2003-07/17/content_38445.htm.
[31]林尚立:《制度整合发展:中国共产党建设的使命与战略》,《新华文摘》,2007年第14期。
[32]张国伟:《切实矫正民主测评干部“公论不公”问题》,《组织人事学研究》,2005年第11期。
[33]吴春刚:《谨防民主测评中出现的偏差》,(2008-12-18)[2009-8-5], http://www.wf169.com/Html/2008-12-18/13152_1.htm.
[34]《干部人事改革30年:选人用人不正之风为何屡禁不止》,(2008-6-26)[2009-3-24], http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/7431316.html.
[35]刘福奎:《民主测评中“公论不公”现象的分析及矫正方法》,《党政干部学刊》,2007年第3期。
[36]蔡霞:《整体推进党内民主制度》,(2007-3-30)[2009-7-2], http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2007/3/30/60909.html.
[37]《党管干部原则的涵义》,(2007-8-8)[2009-8-7], http://www.xfc.gov.cn/html/dwwenda/rencai/2007-8/8/20_27_02_740.html.
[38]回建:《关于在干部选拔任用工作中正确处理民主与集中关系的实践与思考》,[2009-8-5],http://www.hxzg.net/html/djxx/2009/0404/77.html.
[39]张国伟:《注意矫正民主测评干部中“公论不公”问题》,《中国党政干部论坛》,2006年第2期。
[40]彭兴业:《践行“三个代表”思想,开创公务员培训新局面》,(2006-5-18)[2009-8-5], http://www.bjdj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=154.
2陈凤楼:《中国共产党干部工作史纲》,党建读物出版社,2003年6月出版,217页、218页。
3《中国共产党党章》,1982年9月6日通过。
4《中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会文件汇编》,人民出版社,2002年11月出版,第35页。
5《干部管理文件汇编》,党建读物出版社,1995年12月出版,第185页。
6陈木:《我党历史上民主海推省委书记的尝试》,2008年10月27日,http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_493e2ad30100bhgc.html。
7《人民日报》,1984年11月13日,第1版。
8《深圳市大鹏镇镇长选举制度改革的政治解读—评中国基层民主发展的最新突破》,2003年3月25日, http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=22665。
9杨丹娜:《干部选任制度改革的调研和思考—兼对广东个案的分析》,中共中央党校出版社,2008年4月,第80页。
10《雅安党代会常任制试点在积极探索小心求证中闪光》(2007年9月12日雅安日报) http://www.yc.yaan.cn/yayc/ycyw.nsf/0/9863F20CA0FA92ED48257354002BB781?opendocument。
11《党内基层民主“试验田”――四川雅安市党代会常任制试点调查》,2008年02月19日来源:人民网-《人民日报》, http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64100/6892351.html。
12《黄卫平唐娟邹树彬:深圳市区级人大代表竞选的过程、特点、意义及问题》,2008年7月21日, http://www.21gwy.com/ms/1583/a/7872/427872.html。
13《2008年6月中国改革发展大事记》,2008年7月21日, http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2008/7/21/124881_10.html。
14《〈中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定〉辅导读本》,人民出版社,2004年9月出版,第33页。
15《建立健全惩治和预防腐败体系2008-2012年工作规划》,2008年5月13日,中发[2008]9号文件。
16《干部管理文件汇编》,党建读物出版社,1995年12月出版,第21页。
17《干部管理文件汇编》,党建读物出版社,1995年12月出版,第149页。
18王长江:《怎样理解“党管干部”才是科学的》,《新华文摘》,2009年第8期,第4页。
19江泽民:《努力建设高素质的干部队伍》,《干部政治标准全书》,红旗出版社,1996年7月,第13页。
20杨丹娜:《干部选任制度改革的调研和思考—兼对广东个案的分析》,中共中央党校出版社,2008年4月,第1页。
21《邓小平文选》第二卷,人民出版社1994年版,第333页。
22刘思扬刘刚孙承斌:《肩负起党和人民的重托—新一届中共中央委员会和中共中央纪律检查委员会诞生记》,《光明日报》,2007年10月22日,第3版。
23《专家分析十七届四中全会看点:干部直选受关注》,2009年9月9日,http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-09/09/content_18492890_2.htm。
24《本期透视:吉林省白城市干部任用“票决制”》(《法制日报》网络版),2003年7月17日,http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/bm/2003-07/17/content_38445.htm。
25林尚立:《制度整合发展:中国共产党建设的使命与战略》,《新华文摘》,2007年第14期,第5页。
26张国伟:《切实矫正民主测评干部“公论不公”问题》,《组织人事学研究》,2005年第11期,第43页。
27吴春刚:《谨防民主测评中出现的偏差》,2008年12月18日, http://www.wf169.com/Html/2008-12-18/13152_1.htm。
28《干部人事改革30年:选人用人不正之风为何屡禁不止》,2008年06月26日,http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/7431316.html。
29刘福奎:《民主测评中“公论不公”现象的分析及矫正方法》,《党政干部学刊》,2007年第3期,第28页。
30蔡霞:《整体推进党内民主制度》, 2007年3月30日, http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2007/3/30/60909.html。
31《党管干部原则的涵义》, http://www.xfc.gov.cn/html/dwwenda/rencai/2007-8/8/20_27_02_740.html。
32回建:《关于在干部选拔任用工作中正确处理民主与集中关系的实践与思考》,http://www.hxzg.net/html/djxx/2009/0404/77.html。
33蔡霞:《整体推进党内民主制度》,2007年3月30日,http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2007/3/30/60909.html。
34张国伟:《注意矫正民主测评干部中“公论不公”问题》,《中国党政干部论坛》,2006年第2期,第36页。
35《邓小平文选》第三卷,人民出版社1993年版,第109页。
36彭兴业:《践行“三个代表”思想,开创公务员培训新局面》,2006年5月18日, http://www.bjdj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=154。
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[2]江泽民:《努力建设高素质的干部队伍》,《干部政治标准全书》,红旗出版社,1996年7月。
[3]《中国共产党党章》,1982年9月6日。
[4]《中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会文件汇编》,人民出版社,2002年11月。
[5]《〈中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定〉辅导读本》,人民出版社,2004年9月。
[6]《建立健全惩治和预防腐败体系2008-2012年工作规划》,2008年5月13日。
[7]《干部管理工作文件选编》,党建读物出版社,1995年12月。
[8]《干部监督工作法规选编》,中共中央组织部干部监督局,2006年6月。
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[10]《干部管理工作常用文件法规选编》,中共中央组织部干部一局,2002年9月。
[11]《〈党政领导干部选拔任用条例〉知识竞赛辅导读本》,党建读物出版社,2003年3月。
[12]高兰等:《干部制度改革与创新》,中共中央党校出版社,2001年10月。
[13]《新时期领导干部反腐倡廉教程教程》,中共中央党校出版社,2001年10月。
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[16]《改革开放以来思想大讨论》,人民出版社,2008年10月。
[17]陈凤楼:《中国共产党干部工作史纲》,党建读物出版社,2003年6月。
[18]杨丹娜:《干部选任制度改革的调研和思考—兼对广东个案的分析》,中共中央党校出版社,2008年4月。
[19]《南方网》:《什么是民主测评》,(2002-11-6)[2009-3-25],http://www.southcn.com/news/gdnews/hotspot/gbrytl/gbrytlzjdp/200211061002.htm.
[20]陈木:《我党历史上民主海推省委书记的尝试》,(2008-10-27-)[2009-4-8],http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_493e2ad30100bhgc.html.
[21]《人民日报》,1984年11月13日,第1版。
[22]《深圳市大鹏镇镇长选举制度改革的政治解读—评中国基层民主发展的最新突破》,(2003年3月25)[2009-4-7] http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=22665.
[23]《雅安党代会常任制试点在积极探索小心求证中闪光》,雅安日报(2007-09-12)[2009-4-8] http://www.yc.yaan.cn/yayc/ycyw.nsf/0/9863F20CA0FA92ED48257354002BB781?opendocument.
[24]《党内基层民主“试验田”――四川雅安市党代会常任制试点调查》,人民网,(2008-2-19) [2009-4-8], http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64100/6892351.html.
[25]《黄卫平唐娟邹树彬:深圳市区级人大代表竞选的过程、特点、意义及问题》,(2008-7-21)[2009-4-8], http://www.21gwy.com/ms/1583/a/7872/427872.html.
[26]《2008年6月中国改革发展大事记》,(2008-07-21) [2009-4-8], http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2008/7/21/124881_10.html.
[27]王长江:《怎样理解“党管干部”才是科学的》,《新华文摘》,2009年第8期。
[28]刘思扬、刘刚、孙承斌:《肩负起党和人民的重托—新一届中共中央委员会和中共中央纪律检查委员会诞生记》,《光明日报》,2007年10月22日,第3版。
[29]《专家分析十七届四中全会看点:干部直选受关注》,(2009-9-9)[2009-9-12],http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-09/09/content_18492890_2.htm.
[30]《本期透视:吉林省白城市干部任用“票决制”》,《法制日报》(网络版),(2003-7-17)[2009-5-9-], http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/bm/2003-07/17/content_38445.htm.
[31]林尚立:《制度整合发展:中国共产党建设的使命与战略》,《新华文摘》,2007年第14期。
[32]张国伟:《切实矫正民主测评干部“公论不公”问题》,《组织人事学研究》,2005年第11期。
[33]吴春刚:《谨防民主测评中出现的偏差》,(2008-12-18)[2009-8-5], http://www.wf169.com/Html/2008-12-18/13152_1.htm.
[34]《干部人事改革30年:选人用人不正之风为何屡禁不止》,(2008-6-26)[2009-3-24], http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/7431316.html.
[35]刘福奎:《民主测评中“公论不公”现象的分析及矫正方法》,《党政干部学刊》,2007年第3期。
[36]蔡霞:《整体推进党内民主制度》,(2007-3-30)[2009-7-2], http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2007/3/30/60909.html.
[37]《党管干部原则的涵义》,(2007-8-8)[2009-8-7], http://www.xfc.gov.cn/html/dwwenda/rencai/2007-8/8/20_27_02_740.html.
[38]回建:《关于在干部选拔任用工作中正确处理民主与集中关系的实践与思考》,[2009-8-5],http://www.hxzg.net/html/djxx/2009/0404/77.html.
[39]张国伟:《注意矫正民主测评干部中“公论不公”问题》,《中国党政干部论坛》,2006年第2期。
[40]彭兴业:《践行“三个代表”思想,开创公务员培训新局面》,(2006-5-18)[2009-8-5], http://www.bjdj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=154.