3～15岁天津某区儿童屈光参差流行病学调查分析
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摘要
目的 通过对3～15岁天津某区儿童进行屈光参差的流行病学调查,获得的屈光参差患病率及其相关因素的资料,探讨屈光参差对视力和立体视的影响。
方法 研究对象来自于以人群为基础、整群随机抽样的《天津市1～15岁少年儿童斜视、弱视和屈光不正患病率的流行病学调查》资料,采用随机数字表法抽取3～15岁少年儿童6001人,按照纳入与排除标准,符合要求的有5942人。
正式调查前,对工作人员进行培训,向工作人员阐明调查的意义、目的、方法和详细步骤,确保每位工作人员熟悉各种表格的填写,熟悉各种检查仪器及各项检查流程。同时参阅文献,统一了调查表中各变量的含义和内容,制定了相关定义和标准,并进行了预试验。
检查人员对抽中的所有少年儿童进行检录,采用自行设计的《少年儿童斜视、弱视和屈光不正调查表》对受检者进行问卷调查和检查。搜集的资料包括:一般性资料(姓名、性别、年龄、民族、家庭住址、所在学校、年级、班级以及父母或监护人姓名)、父母相关眼病史、母亲年龄、母亲妊娠史、儿童出生情况(出生体重、生产方式)以及儿童既往眼病史等。眼部检查包括裸眼视力、日常视力、矫正视力、眼位、眼球运动情况、立体视、视网膜对应以及眼睑、结膜、角膜、瞳孔、晶状体、睫状肌麻痹前后屈光状态、玻璃体和视网膜情况等。
现场调查人员由眼科医师、医师助理和验光师组成,由眼科医师担任现场工作监督,以保证质量。数据由专人审核、输机,数据录入两次,以保证准确
Objective To investigate the epidemiology of the anisometropia of children in 3—15 years old, and to evaluate the effects of various types of anisomtropia on visual acuities and sterreopsis, we collected the information of the anisometropia and correlation factors.Methods The data of the subject was sampled from the materials of population-based and cluster sampling of children in the project The Epidemio logic Survey of Prevalence of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive error of 1~15-year Children in Tianjin (ESPSARC, Tianjin). The subject included 6001 children in 3-15 years old. The children who refused to be examined and were unwilling to cooperate with the examiners were excluded. Finally there were only 5942 children according to our standards.Before the formal examination, survey workers were trained with knowledge of the significance, purpose, methods and detailed steps of the survey. They were familiarized with proper instructions of completing different types of tables and lists, the meanings and contents of various variables in the unified survey tables, the inspectoscopes and examination flow. Referring to some literatures, we established the corresponding definitions and standards and conducted the pilot study.The examiners enumerated all sampled children and recorded the results. The self-designed 《 Table for Survey of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive error of Children》 was used in the questionnaire and examination of the subject. The data included general material (name, sex, age, nationality, address, school, grade, class
and names of parents or guardians), the history of eye-related diseases of parents, mother's age and pregnancy history, birth conditions of the child (birth weight, delivery mode) and child's past history of eye diseases, etc. Ophthalmological examinations included uncorrected, presenting and corrected visual acuity, cover-uncover test, ocular movement, stereoscopic visual acuity, retinal correspon -dence, blepharon, conjunctiva, corneas, pupils, lens, the refraction before and after cycloplegia, vitreous and retina, etc.The fieldworkers were composed of ophthalmologists, doctor assistants and optometrist. The ophthalmologists took charge of the fieldwork supervisors to guarantee the survey quality. The data was examined, verified and recorded by special persons. The data input was done twice to ensure accuracy.Because of the non-normal distribution of the data, nonparametric tests were used. The %2 test was used for comparisons of categorical data between groups;The Krushal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparisons of continuous measures between groups;The two-sample Kolmogorov -Smimov test was used to compare distribution;Logistic regression was used to evaluate the correlation between anisometropia and age, sex, spherical power and cylindrical power. PO.05 was taken as representing a significant difference.Results1. In the study, there were boys 3032 (50.5%) and girls 2969 (9.5%). The prevalence rates of anisometropia, in terms of mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of at least 1.0D and 2.0D, were 10.51% and 2.95% respectively, including 7.5% in the mild anisometropia, 1.8% in the moderate anisometropia, and 1.2% in the severe anisometropia. In the four kinds of the anisometropia, the prevalence rates of anisometropia were the most in the cylindrical hyperopia (19.9%), least in the
spherical myopia (10.7 % ) .At the same time, 10.9 % in the spherical hyperopia and 15.8% in the cylindrical myopia.2. In the myopia, the right eye is easier to have anisometropia than left eye. There were 54% children who had higher refractive power in the right eye than that in the left eye. The MSE in the right eye (-2.9615D) is larger than that in the left eye (-2.0658D). There are significant differences in the refractive state between the two eyes (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, z=36.85, p<0.05).3. There are significant differences in the prevalence and severity of anisometropia between ages. The prevalence and severity of anisometropia increased with age, which just reached statistical significance (%2—134.665, p<0.005).4. The parameters of the Logistic regression model described the association between anisometropia and the exanplanatory variables of age, sex, spherical power and cylindrical power. Sex is not closely associated with anisometropia. Without the alteration of the other variables, the OR increased 1.249~2.868 times by enchancing one rank of the exanplanatory variable of cylindrical power, 1.141-—1.588 times of the exanplanatory variable of spherical power, and 1.012~ 1.120 times of the exanplanatory variable of age. The exanplanatory variable of cylindrical power was the most meaningful parameter in the occurrence of the anisometropia, and the regressive coefficience of cylindrical power (0.224~ 1.054) was larger than those of spherical power (O.133~O.53O) and age (0.095—0.113).5. In the four kinds of the anisometropia, there was the same trend: (1) sterreopsis descending;(2) finalvisual acuity descending;(3) interoculat acuity difference ascending. When CHA >1.00D~2.00D, SMA > -2.00D~-3.00D, CMA > -1.00D --2.00D, SHA>1.00D~2.00D, the incidence of amblyopia and abnormal stereopsis were significantly increased, and the level of stereopsis decreased.
Conclusion1. The prevalence rates of anisometropia, in terms of mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of at least 1.0D and 2.0D, were 10.51% and 2.95% respectively.2. In the myopia, the rght eye is easier to have anisometropia than the left eye.3. Age, spherical power and cylindrical power were independent variables associated with anisometropia, but sex was not.4. In the four kinds of the anisometropia, there was the same trend: (1) sterreopsis descending;(2) final visual acuity descending;(3) interoculat acuity difference ascending. The incidence of amblyopia and abnormal stereopsis were significantly increased, the level of stereopsis decreased.
方法 研究对象来自于以人群为基础、整群随机抽样的《天津市1～15岁少年儿童斜视、弱视和屈光不正患病率的流行病学调查》资料,采用随机数字表法抽取3～15岁少年儿童6001人,按照纳入与排除标准,符合要求的有5942人。
正式调查前,对工作人员进行培训,向工作人员阐明调查的意义、目的、方法和详细步骤,确保每位工作人员熟悉各种表格的填写,熟悉各种检查仪器及各项检查流程。同时参阅文献,统一了调查表中各变量的含义和内容,制定了相关定义和标准,并进行了预试验。
检查人员对抽中的所有少年儿童进行检录,采用自行设计的《少年儿童斜视、弱视和屈光不正调查表》对受检者进行问卷调查和检查。搜集的资料包括:一般性资料(姓名、性别、年龄、民族、家庭住址、所在学校、年级、班级以及父母或监护人姓名)、父母相关眼病史、母亲年龄、母亲妊娠史、儿童出生情况(出生体重、生产方式)以及儿童既往眼病史等。眼部检查包括裸眼视力、日常视力、矫正视力、眼位、眼球运动情况、立体视、视网膜对应以及眼睑、结膜、角膜、瞳孔、晶状体、睫状肌麻痹前后屈光状态、玻璃体和视网膜情况等。
现场调查人员由眼科医师、医师助理和验光师组成,由眼科医师担任现场工作监督,以保证质量。数据由专人审核、输机,数据录入两次,以保证准确
Objective To investigate the epidemiology of the anisometropia of children in 3—15 years old, and to evaluate the effects of various types of anisomtropia on visual acuities and sterreopsis, we collected the information of the anisometropia and correlation factors.Methods The data of the subject was sampled from the materials of population-based and cluster sampling of children in the project The Epidemio logic Survey of Prevalence of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive error of 1~15-year Children in Tianjin (ESPSARC, Tianjin). The subject included 6001 children in 3-15 years old. The children who refused to be examined and were unwilling to cooperate with the examiners were excluded. Finally there were only 5942 children according to our standards.Before the formal examination, survey workers were trained with knowledge of the significance, purpose, methods and detailed steps of the survey. They were familiarized with proper instructions of completing different types of tables and lists, the meanings and contents of various variables in the unified survey tables, the inspectoscopes and examination flow. Referring to some literatures, we established the corresponding definitions and standards and conducted the pilot study.The examiners enumerated all sampled children and recorded the results. The self-designed 《 Table for Survey of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive error of Children》 was used in the questionnaire and examination of the subject. The data included general material (name, sex, age, nationality, address, school, grade, class
and names of parents or guardians), the history of eye-related diseases of parents, mother's age and pregnancy history, birth conditions of the child (birth weight, delivery mode) and child's past history of eye diseases, etc. Ophthalmological examinations included uncorrected, presenting and corrected visual acuity, cover-uncover test, ocular movement, stereoscopic visual acuity, retinal correspon -dence, blepharon, conjunctiva, corneas, pupils, lens, the refraction before and after cycloplegia, vitreous and retina, etc.The fieldworkers were composed of ophthalmologists, doctor assistants and optometrist. The ophthalmologists took charge of the fieldwork supervisors to guarantee the survey quality. The data was examined, verified and recorded by special persons. The data input was done twice to ensure accuracy.Because of the non-normal distribution of the data, nonparametric tests were used. The %2 test was used for comparisons of categorical data between groups;The Krushal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparisons of continuous measures between groups;The two-sample Kolmogorov -Smimov test was used to compare distribution;Logistic regression was used to evaluate the correlation between anisometropia and age, sex, spherical power and cylindrical power. PO.05 was taken as representing a significant difference.Results1. In the study, there were boys 3032 (50.5%) and girls 2969 (9.5%). The prevalence rates of anisometropia, in terms of mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of at least 1.0D and 2.0D, were 10.51% and 2.95% respectively, including 7.5% in the mild anisometropia, 1.8% in the moderate anisometropia, and 1.2% in the severe anisometropia. In the four kinds of the anisometropia, the prevalence rates of anisometropia were the most in the cylindrical hyperopia (19.9%), least in the
spherical myopia (10.7 % ) .At the same time, 10.9 % in the spherical hyperopia and 15.8% in the cylindrical myopia.2. In the myopia, the right eye is easier to have anisometropia than left eye. There were 54% children who had higher refractive power in the right eye than that in the left eye. The MSE in the right eye (-2.9615D) is larger than that in the left eye (-2.0658D). There are significant differences in the refractive state between the two eyes (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, z=36.85, p<0.05).3. There are significant differences in the prevalence and severity of anisometropia between ages. The prevalence and severity of anisometropia increased with age, which just reached statistical significance (%2—134.665, p<0.005).4. The parameters of the Logistic regression model described the association between anisometropia and the exanplanatory variables of age, sex, spherical power and cylindrical power. Sex is not closely associated with anisometropia. Without the alteration of the other variables, the OR increased 1.249~2.868 times by enchancing one rank of the exanplanatory variable of cylindrical power, 1.141-—1.588 times of the exanplanatory variable of spherical power, and 1.012~ 1.120 times of the exanplanatory variable of age. The exanplanatory variable of cylindrical power was the most meaningful parameter in the occurrence of the anisometropia, and the regressive coefficience of cylindrical power (0.224~ 1.054) was larger than those of spherical power (O.133~O.53O) and age (0.095—0.113).5. In the four kinds of the anisometropia, there was the same trend: (1) sterreopsis descending;(2) finalvisual acuity descending;(3) interoculat acuity difference ascending. When CHA >1.00D~2.00D, SMA > -2.00D~-3.00D, CMA > -1.00D --2.00D, SHA>1.00D~2.00D, the incidence of amblyopia and abnormal stereopsis were significantly increased, and the level of stereopsis decreased.
Conclusion1. The prevalence rates of anisometropia, in terms of mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of at least 1.0D and 2.0D, were 10.51% and 2.95% respectively.2. In the myopia, the rght eye is easier to have anisometropia than the left eye.3. Age, spherical power and cylindrical power were independent variables associated with anisometropia, but sex was not.4. In the four kinds of the anisometropia, there was the same trend: (1) sterreopsis descending;(2) final visual acuity descending;(3) interoculat acuity difference ascending. The incidence of amblyopia and abnormal stereopsis were significantly increased, the level of stereopsis decreased.
引文
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[4] Tong L, Saw SM, et al. Anisometropia in Singapore school children. Am J Ophathlmol, 2004, 137(3):474-479
[5] Wong TY, Foster P J, Hee J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000, 41(9):2486-2494
[6] Au Eong KG, Tay TH, Lim MK. Race, culture and myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J, 1993, 34(1):29-32
[7] Hashemi H. The age-nd gender-specific prevalences of refractive errors in Tehran: the Tehran Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 2004, 11 (3):213-225
[8] Wickremasinghe S, Foster PJ, Uranchimeg D, et al. Ocular biometry and refraction in Mongolian adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2004, 45(3):776-783
[9] Huynh SC, Wang XY, et al. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigrnatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. Br J Ophthalmol, 2006, 90(5):597-601
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[2] 李延红.屈光参差的研究进展.中国实用眼科杂志,1998,16(2):709
[3] Shih YF, Hsiao CH, Wen SH, et al. Prevalence of anisometropia in Taiwanese schoolchildren. J Formos Med Assoc, 2005, 104(6): 412-417
[4] Tong L, Saw SM, et al. Anisometropia in Singapore school children. Am J Ophathlmol, 2004, 137(3):474-479
[5] Wong TY, Foster P J, Hee J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000, 41(9):2486-2494
[6] Au Eong KG, Tay TH, Lim MK. Race, culture and myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J, 1993, 34(1):29-32
[7] Hashemi H. The age-nd gender-specific prevalences of refractive errors in Tehran: the Tehran Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 2004, 11 (3):213-225
[8] Wickremasinghe S, Foster PJ, Uranchimeg D, et al. Ocular biometry and refraction in Mongolian adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2004, 45(3):776-783
[9] Huynh SC, Wang XY, et al. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigrnatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. Br J Ophthalmol, 2006, 90(5):597-601
[10] Villarreal GM, Ohlsson J, et al. Prevalence of myopia among 12-to 13-year-old schoolchildren in northern Mexico. Optom Vis Sci, 2003, 80(5): 142-151
[11] Althaus K, Bischoff P. Video refraction measurement in the first year of life.Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1994, 205(3): 133-137
[12] De Vries J. Anisometropia in children: analysis of a hospital population. Br J Ophthal, 1985, 69:504—507
[13] Zadnik K, Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, et al. Normal eye growth in emmetropic schoolchildren. Optom Vis Sci, 2004, 81 (11):819-828
[14] Weal RA. On the age-related prevalence of anisometropia. Ophthalmic Res, 2002, 34(6):389-392
[15] Guzowski M, Fraser-Bell S, Rochtchina E, et al. Asymmetric refraction in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol, 2003, 136(3): 551-553
[16] Huynh SC, Wang XY, Ip J, et al. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigrnatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. Br J Ophthalmol, 2006, 90(5):597-601
[17] Paerssinen O. Anisometropia and changes in anisometropia in school myopia. Optom Vis Sci, 1990, 67, 256-259.
[18] Tetsuhiro Y, Shinobu W, Norio O. A longitudinal study of cycloplegic refraction in a cohort of 350 Japanese schoolchildren. Anisometropia Ophthal. Physiol Opt, 1999:30-33
[19] Czepita D, Goslawski W, Mojsa A. Occurrence of anisometropia among students ranging from 6 to 18 years of age. Klin Oczna, 2005, 107(4-6): 297-9
[20] Weale RA. On the age-related prevalence of anisometropia. Ophthalmic Res, 2002, 34:389-392
[21] Goldschmidt E, Lyhne N, Carly SY. Ocular anisometropia andlaterality. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2004, 82:175-178
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