当代景观营建方法的类型学研究
摘要
我国当代的景观营建行业发展以轰轰烈烈的实践和相对薄弱的理论研究为其特色。景观营建的理论研究也多趋向于传统园林的布局、造园章法等技术技巧的探讨,以及国外各种风格、流派和主义的探讨。缺乏从方法论的角度去总结梳理长期的景观实践中形成的各种方法的特点以及各种方法和设计师以及价值取向之间的关系的研究。景观理论的研究具有工具、解释和批评的功能,理论不仅能够归纳经验成为实践的基础,还能够解释现状问题,更重要的是理论还具有批评的功能。而类型学理论使我们能够回答如何处理传统与现代、外来文化与本土文化之间的关系等一系列现实问题。
本文从方法论的视角,以景观营建的方法为主要研究对象,紧密结合行业中的各类型的实例和实际问题,在调查分析大量实例的基础上,结合类型学、现象学、伦理学等研究手段,进行景观营建方法的类型学研究。从建设目标、设计程序、客户对象、项目规模、所依赖的基础知识、伦理学、价值取向、自然观以及在社会中的角色等各个方面,对所踏查的国内外比较有影响的实际项目进行研究分析后,将景观营建方法分为8个类型。分别是:综合设计、艺术表达设计、景观分析、多元设计、生态设计、精神景观、过程主义设计、景观都市主义等。并基于我国在多元设计、精神景观等专题方面相对薄弱的研究现状,通过实例重点研究了多元设计、精神景观和生态设计的类型。其中以口袋公园、遛狗公园为专题实例进行多元设计的研究;以墓园、医疗花园等作为专题研究精神景观;以南非、澳大利亚、新西兰等地的景观营建为实例研究生态设计的类型。各个专题从理论分析和实践考察的双重视角进行深入研究,从而使本研究立足于坚实的实践基础,更具有说服力和指导意义。
类型学不仅是一种哲学态度,具有认识论的意义,而且具有方法论的基础,可以具体指导设计实践。类型学的设计方法不是从纯功能或纯形式角度入手的,而是从社会文化和历史传统角度入手。以杭州保元泽第的环境设计实践为实例,探讨应用类型学思想中的新理性主义和新地域主义,从历史的纵轴和地域的横轴上寻找设计实践的原型,指导当代居住区环境设计实践,弘扬中国传统居住文化和造园精神,一方面挖掘历史原型中的永恒价值,从而生成富有历史感的创新;一方面避免因为地域风格的丧失造成的文化空白,通过地域文化的介入满足社会多元化的需求,从而创造诗意的栖居。本文的结构分为四个主要部分。
第一部分是全文的前两章,旨在说明研究的目的意义和方法。针对当前我国欣欣向荣的行业发展中存在的问题,提出探讨景观营建的方法的类型学研究的必要性,为进一步深入研究奠定理论根基。
第二部分是第三章～第八章,通过实例研究,旨在搭建景观营建方法的类型学框架。是全文的重点。同时分专项对多元设计、精神景观和生态设计进行深入研究,以弥补我国在这些专项研究方面的欠缺。其中遛狗公园、医疗花园、口袋公园、墓园以及南非园林的研究建立在实际踏查和资料查阅的基础上归纳总结,并针对我国现状提出建设性的建议。
第三部分是第九章,探讨景观营建的理论的类型和不同理论类型的功能,并从产生不同景观营建方法的原因,不同的景观营建方法之间的关系,不同的设计过程和设计目标之间的关系以及设计师、项目与景观营建方法的关系等方面深入探讨景观营建方法的类型学。
第四部分是第十章,通过居住区环境营建的实践说明类型学理论中新理性主义和新地域主义的重要指导意义。类型学的方法不是简单的仿古复旧,而是立足于现代,不仅从物质层面,更从文化的深层结构——心态层面,即从现代人们的生活方式和生活需要,包括价值体系和民族审美心理出发,使现代居住环境能够给人以更高的精神享受,促进中国传统人居文化向现代化的复合、变异。本土化更不是狭隘的民族主义,而是营造具有自身社会价值和艺术价值的景观与场所,强调对历史语境和外来话语的超越,以创造性的设计联系历史与未来,体现创新的追求。现代居住环境是传统居住文化“类型”的延续,景观作为建筑及其边缘空间的总和,更能全面反映人类对环境的知觉,对拥有特定的物质和空间基础的居住区景观而言,更容易达成包含了个体的文化和知觉体验的诗意的栖居。
利用类型学研究透过事物表象探索深层结构的特性,提出当代景观营建和传统园林之间并无鸿沟,与民族传统决裂的方式是一种错误,中国传统园林是当代景观营建的重要根基。景观设计不应被视为从国外移植来的全新行业,更不是随心所欲、凭空想象的设计,而是在历史与现实的语境中选择恰当的类型的复杂过程。通过对景观营建方法的类型学研究,试图建立专业设计学意义上的方法论,以期为当代景观营建中应对各种复杂的项目,解决文化传承等问题提供有益的坐标参照系。
The features of Chinese contemporary Landscape Architecture industry are vigorous Practices and weakly theoretical research. The theories of Landscape Architecture have instrumental, interpretative and critical functions; they are not only summed up the experiences as the basis of practice, but also can explain the actuality problem, more importantly, they have the function of criticism. The typology theory can answer a series of practical problems, such as how to deal with the relationship between traditional and modern, foreign culture and local culture.
From the Methodological perspective, combining the reality problem and standing on the investigation, this paper study on the typology of contemporary Landscape Architecture approaches from the theories of typology, phenomenology and ethics. These categories have distinctive approaches to landscape architecture on eight dimensions: its goals; the process used in design or analysis; Main clients; the scale of concern; intellectual or knowledge base; ethical approach; relation to the natural world and the approach’s analysis of power relations or the larger role of landscape architecture in society, there are 8 typology of landscape architectural approaches. They are: design as synthesis, cultivated expression, landscape analysis, plural design, ecological design, spiritual landscapes, design as process, and landscape urbanism. Based on the wimpy study on plural design, spiritual landscape and ecological design in China, this paper focus on these three special subjects, Using pocket park and Dog Park as the research samples of plural design; using cemetery and healing garden as the spiritual landscapes samples; and studying the ecological design form the landscape of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Every subject based on the theories analysis and exploratory trip to construct the theoretical frame, and make it full of authority.
Taking the Baoyuan garden, Hangzhou as an example, to explore using the method of Neo-rationalism and Neo-regionalism in the pursuit of the prototype from the history and territory, to guide the practices of contemporary community environment design, and succeed the Chinese traditional dwelling culture and the spirit. On one hand, excavating the eternal value of the prototype to produce the historical sense of creation, on the other hand, it may also avoid the cultural gaps due to the disability of territory style, in order to meet social diversity needs and create the poetic dwelling.
This paper is divided into four parts.
The first part is to explain the significance and method of research, on account of the problems in this profession, proposes the necessity of typology study on landscape architecture approaches, establish the theoretical foundation.
The second part is the emphasis of this paper, from the case study to construct the frame of landscape architecture approaches typology. Further study on the subjects of plural design, spiritual landscape and ecological design make up the research shortage in these topics. The study on Dog Park, Healing garden, pocket park, cemetery and South Africa landscape summarize based on the exploratory trips, data collections and put forward the constructive suggestion aimed on Chinese reality.
The third part, chapter 9, discusses the type and function of landscape architecture theory, and through analysising the reason of producing the different approaches of landscape architecture, and the relationship between the different approaches, the relationship between the design process and the goal, and the relationship between designer, projects and the approaches to study the typology of the approaches of landscape architecture.
The fourth part, chapter 10, taking a community design case study to declare the significances of theories of Neo-rationalism and Neo-regionalism. Typology is not simply instauration, the principals are based on contemporary life, not only from physical level, but also from the deep-going structure of culture—psychology, in other words, the life style and its needs, including the value system and nationality aesthetics appreciation, constructing the environment to provide spiritual fulfillment, at the same time promoting the mutation of Chinese traditional culture of dwelling. Localization is far from the meaning of narrow nationalism, but has its own social value and creates artistic value of landscape and places.
Contemporary community and environment is the inheritance of traditional dwelling culture, but emphasizes surpassing the historical context and foreign discourse, connecting the future through the creativity of designs and the pursuit of innovation. Modern living environment is the extension of traditional residence culture "prototype”. Landscape architecture, as the mass term of architecture, can comprehensively reflect the perception of human environment on the bases of particular material and the residential space, more easily reach landscape culture and the individual contains the perception experience of poetic dwelling.
Using the theory of typology focus on the study from the presentation to the characteristic of deep-seated structure, there is no split from contemporary landscape architecture to conventional gardening, it is a mistake to break from the nationality tradition, and Chinese conventional gardening is the root of contemporary landscape architecture. Landscape architecture should not be regarded as a new profession migrated from overseas. It is not a random, no-foundation design, but is a complicated process to choose a proper approach at the dialogue between history and reality. From the typological study on the approaches of landscape architecture, try to establishing the methodology of landscape design and providing useful reference coordinates for the cultural heritage problems in modern landscape design.
本文从方法论的视角,以景观营建的方法为主要研究对象,紧密结合行业中的各类型的实例和实际问题,在调查分析大量实例的基础上,结合类型学、现象学、伦理学等研究手段,进行景观营建方法的类型学研究。从建设目标、设计程序、客户对象、项目规模、所依赖的基础知识、伦理学、价值取向、自然观以及在社会中的角色等各个方面,对所踏查的国内外比较有影响的实际项目进行研究分析后,将景观营建方法分为8个类型。分别是:综合设计、艺术表达设计、景观分析、多元设计、生态设计、精神景观、过程主义设计、景观都市主义等。并基于我国在多元设计、精神景观等专题方面相对薄弱的研究现状,通过实例重点研究了多元设计、精神景观和生态设计的类型。其中以口袋公园、遛狗公园为专题实例进行多元设计的研究;以墓园、医疗花园等作为专题研究精神景观;以南非、澳大利亚、新西兰等地的景观营建为实例研究生态设计的类型。各个专题从理论分析和实践考察的双重视角进行深入研究,从而使本研究立足于坚实的实践基础,更具有说服力和指导意义。
类型学不仅是一种哲学态度,具有认识论的意义,而且具有方法论的基础,可以具体指导设计实践。类型学的设计方法不是从纯功能或纯形式角度入手的,而是从社会文化和历史传统角度入手。以杭州保元泽第的环境设计实践为实例,探讨应用类型学思想中的新理性主义和新地域主义,从历史的纵轴和地域的横轴上寻找设计实践的原型,指导当代居住区环境设计实践,弘扬中国传统居住文化和造园精神,一方面挖掘历史原型中的永恒价值,从而生成富有历史感的创新;一方面避免因为地域风格的丧失造成的文化空白,通过地域文化的介入满足社会多元化的需求,从而创造诗意的栖居。本文的结构分为四个主要部分。
第一部分是全文的前两章,旨在说明研究的目的意义和方法。针对当前我国欣欣向荣的行业发展中存在的问题,提出探讨景观营建的方法的类型学研究的必要性,为进一步深入研究奠定理论根基。
第二部分是第三章～第八章,通过实例研究,旨在搭建景观营建方法的类型学框架。是全文的重点。同时分专项对多元设计、精神景观和生态设计进行深入研究,以弥补我国在这些专项研究方面的欠缺。其中遛狗公园、医疗花园、口袋公园、墓园以及南非园林的研究建立在实际踏查和资料查阅的基础上归纳总结,并针对我国现状提出建设性的建议。
第三部分是第九章,探讨景观营建的理论的类型和不同理论类型的功能,并从产生不同景观营建方法的原因,不同的景观营建方法之间的关系,不同的设计过程和设计目标之间的关系以及设计师、项目与景观营建方法的关系等方面深入探讨景观营建方法的类型学。
第四部分是第十章,通过居住区环境营建的实践说明类型学理论中新理性主义和新地域主义的重要指导意义。类型学的方法不是简单的仿古复旧,而是立足于现代,不仅从物质层面,更从文化的深层结构——心态层面,即从现代人们的生活方式和生活需要,包括价值体系和民族审美心理出发,使现代居住环境能够给人以更高的精神享受,促进中国传统人居文化向现代化的复合、变异。本土化更不是狭隘的民族主义,而是营造具有自身社会价值和艺术价值的景观与场所,强调对历史语境和外来话语的超越,以创造性的设计联系历史与未来,体现创新的追求。现代居住环境是传统居住文化“类型”的延续,景观作为建筑及其边缘空间的总和,更能全面反映人类对环境的知觉,对拥有特定的物质和空间基础的居住区景观而言,更容易达成包含了个体的文化和知觉体验的诗意的栖居。
利用类型学研究透过事物表象探索深层结构的特性,提出当代景观营建和传统园林之间并无鸿沟,与民族传统决裂的方式是一种错误,中国传统园林是当代景观营建的重要根基。景观设计不应被视为从国外移植来的全新行业,更不是随心所欲、凭空想象的设计,而是在历史与现实的语境中选择恰当的类型的复杂过程。通过对景观营建方法的类型学研究,试图建立专业设计学意义上的方法论,以期为当代景观营建中应对各种复杂的项目,解决文化传承等问题提供有益的坐标参照系。
The features of Chinese contemporary Landscape Architecture industry are vigorous Practices and weakly theoretical research. The theories of Landscape Architecture have instrumental, interpretative and critical functions; they are not only summed up the experiences as the basis of practice, but also can explain the actuality problem, more importantly, they have the function of criticism. The typology theory can answer a series of practical problems, such as how to deal with the relationship between traditional and modern, foreign culture and local culture.
From the Methodological perspective, combining the reality problem and standing on the investigation, this paper study on the typology of contemporary Landscape Architecture approaches from the theories of typology, phenomenology and ethics. These categories have distinctive approaches to landscape architecture on eight dimensions: its goals; the process used in design or analysis; Main clients; the scale of concern; intellectual or knowledge base; ethical approach; relation to the natural world and the approach’s analysis of power relations or the larger role of landscape architecture in society, there are 8 typology of landscape architectural approaches. They are: design as synthesis, cultivated expression, landscape analysis, plural design, ecological design, spiritual landscapes, design as process, and landscape urbanism. Based on the wimpy study on plural design, spiritual landscape and ecological design in China, this paper focus on these three special subjects, Using pocket park and Dog Park as the research samples of plural design; using cemetery and healing garden as the spiritual landscapes samples; and studying the ecological design form the landscape of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Every subject based on the theories analysis and exploratory trip to construct the theoretical frame, and make it full of authority.
Taking the Baoyuan garden, Hangzhou as an example, to explore using the method of Neo-rationalism and Neo-regionalism in the pursuit of the prototype from the history and territory, to guide the practices of contemporary community environment design, and succeed the Chinese traditional dwelling culture and the spirit. On one hand, excavating the eternal value of the prototype to produce the historical sense of creation, on the other hand, it may also avoid the cultural gaps due to the disability of territory style, in order to meet social diversity needs and create the poetic dwelling.
This paper is divided into four parts.
The first part is to explain the significance and method of research, on account of the problems in this profession, proposes the necessity of typology study on landscape architecture approaches, establish the theoretical foundation.
The second part is the emphasis of this paper, from the case study to construct the frame of landscape architecture approaches typology. Further study on the subjects of plural design, spiritual landscape and ecological design make up the research shortage in these topics. The study on Dog Park, Healing garden, pocket park, cemetery and South Africa landscape summarize based on the exploratory trips, data collections and put forward the constructive suggestion aimed on Chinese reality.
The third part, chapter 9, discusses the type and function of landscape architecture theory, and through analysising the reason of producing the different approaches of landscape architecture, and the relationship between the different approaches, the relationship between the design process and the goal, and the relationship between designer, projects and the approaches to study the typology of the approaches of landscape architecture.
The fourth part, chapter 10, taking a community design case study to declare the significances of theories of Neo-rationalism and Neo-regionalism. Typology is not simply instauration, the principals are based on contemporary life, not only from physical level, but also from the deep-going structure of culture—psychology, in other words, the life style and its needs, including the value system and nationality aesthetics appreciation, constructing the environment to provide spiritual fulfillment, at the same time promoting the mutation of Chinese traditional culture of dwelling. Localization is far from the meaning of narrow nationalism, but has its own social value and creates artistic value of landscape and places.
Contemporary community and environment is the inheritance of traditional dwelling culture, but emphasizes surpassing the historical context and foreign discourse, connecting the future through the creativity of designs and the pursuit of innovation. Modern living environment is the extension of traditional residence culture "prototype”. Landscape architecture, as the mass term of architecture, can comprehensively reflect the perception of human environment on the bases of particular material and the residential space, more easily reach landscape culture and the individual contains the perception experience of poetic dwelling.
Using the theory of typology focus on the study from the presentation to the characteristic of deep-seated structure, there is no split from contemporary landscape architecture to conventional gardening, it is a mistake to break from the nationality tradition, and Chinese conventional gardening is the root of contemporary landscape architecture. Landscape architecture should not be regarded as a new profession migrated from overseas. It is not a random, no-foundation design, but is a complicated process to choose a proper approach at the dialogue between history and reality. From the typological study on the approaches of landscape architecture, try to establishing the methodology of landscape design and providing useful reference coordinates for the cultural heritage problems in modern landscape design.
引文
[1 ] Simon Swaffield. Theory in Landscape architecture, A reader[M]. Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania press, 2002.
[2 ]俞孔坚.生存的艺术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2006.
[3 ]佘依爽.虚假的本质:从苏州园林看中国传统园林的隐逸观与自然观[J].城市环境设计, 2007, (3): 106-118.
[4 ]吴放.拉菲尔?莫内欧的类型学思想浅析[J].建筑师2004, (7):54-61.
[5 ]斯皮罗?科斯托夫著.单皓译.城市的形成——历史进程中的城市模式和城市意义[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[6 ]王绍增.消费社会与风景园林教育[J].中国园林, 2009(2): 25-30.
[7 ]居伊?德波著.王昭凤译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006.
[8 ]黄平.未完成的叙说[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1997.
[9 ]马尔库塞.单向度的人[M].上海:上海译文出版社, 1989.
[10] Leslie Sklair. Sociology of the Global System[M]. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf: 1991.
[11] (法)莫里斯?哈布瓦赫著.毕然,郭金华译.论集体记忆[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社, 2002.
[12] Sheila Harvey, Ken Fieldhouse, John Hopkins. The Cultured Landscape-Designing the environment in the 21st century[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
[13]谢有顺.中国文化的现状和走向[EB/OL]. http://www.szccf.com.cn/wqhg_content_24.html, 2008-10-21.
[14]张文英.对我国城市居住区环境设计现状的反思[J].中国园林, 2005, (1): 62-66.
[15] C·赖特·米尔斯著.陈强,张永强译.社会学的想象力[M].北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店, 2001.
[16] Rossler M. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes[J]. Landscape Research, 2006, 31(4): 333-353.
[17] E. C. Relph. Place and Placelessness[M]. London: Pion, 1976.
[18] Lyn Leader-Elliott, Richard Maltby and Heather Burke. Understanding Cultural Landscapes– Definition[EB/OL]. http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/research_groups/cult_landscapes/definition.html, 2007-11-05.
[19]雅可布?布洛诺夫斯基著.任远译.人之上升[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1988.
[20] (法)居伊?德波著.王昭风译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006: 10.
[21]李嘉乐.对于“景观设计”与“风景园林”名称之争的意见[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 44.
[22]俞孔坚.还土地和景观以完整的意义:再论“景观设计学”之于“风景园林”[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 37-41.
[23]王绍增.园林、景观与中国风景园林的未来[J].中国园林, 2005, (3): 24-27.
[24] L·麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1992.
[25] Ian H. Thompson. Ecology, Community and Delight - Sources of values in landscape architecture[M]. London: E&FN Spon, 1999.
[26]王向荣,林箐.现代景观的价值取向[J].中国园林: 2003, (1): 5-12.
[27]魏伯·司各特编著.蓝仁哲译.西方文艺批评的五种模式[M].重庆:重庆出版社, 1983.
[28]陈寿灿.方法论导论[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社, 2007.
[29]顾朝林.战后西方城市研究的学派[J].地理学报, 1994, (4): 10.
[30]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[31]汪丽君,舒平.类型学建筑[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2004.
[32] Faludi Andreas. Planning Theory[M]. Oxford; Pergamon Press, 1973.
[33]沈克宁.重温类型学[J].建筑师, 2006, (12): 5-19.
[34]朱锫.类型学与阿尔多?罗西[J].建筑学报, 1992, (5): 32-38.
[35] John Brinckerhoff Jackson. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape[M]. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1984.
[36] Kaiser, Edward, David Godschalk. Twentieth Century Land Use Planning: A Stalwart Family Tree[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1995.61(3): 365-385.
[37] Broadbent, Geoffrey. Design in Architecture: Architecture and the Human Sciences[M]. London: John Wiley, 1973.
[38] Peter Rowe. Design Thinking[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
[39] Condon, Patrick. A Built Landscape Typology[A]//Franck, Karen and Lynda Schneekloth. Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994.
[40] Katherine Crewe, Ann Foreyth. LandSCAPES: A Typology of Approaches to Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape Journal, 2003, (22): 1-03, 37-53.
[41]叶青.中国古典园林的文化层面与演进——以类型学理论析中国园林发展史[J].广东园林, 1996, (04): 19.
[42]朱育帆.文化传承与“三置论”——尊重传统面向未来的风景园林设计方法论[J].中国园林, 2007, 23(11): 33-42.
[43]王绍增.从画框谈起[J].中国园林, 2006, 22(01): 16-18.
[44] James Corner. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.
[45] (德)A.施韦泽.尊重生命的伦理学[M]//刘小枫.二十世纪西方宗教哲学文选[M].上海:三联书店, 1994.
[46] W.福格特著.张子美译.生存之路[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1981.
[47] A.李奥帕德.吴美真译.沙郡年记[M]北京:三联书店, 1999.
[48] Terry Williamson, Antony Radford, Helen Bennetts. Understanding Sustainable Architecture[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003.
[49] Sutton, Sylvia Barry. Civilizing American Cities: Writings on Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903[M]. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
[50] Roger Trancik. Olmsted's Park System as Vehicle in Boston 1875: Urban Open Space History, Analysis and Proposals[R]. 1975.
[51] Ian McHarg. Design with nature[M]. New york:Natural History Press,1969.
[52] Aldo Leopold. Thinking Like a Mountain. A Sand Country Almannac[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.
[53] Randilph T. Hester Design for Ecological Democracy[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
[54]张文英.口袋公园——躲避城市喧嚣的绿洲[J].中国园林, 2007, (4): 47-53.
[55] Garrett Eckbo. The Landscape We See[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969.
[56] John Lyle. Can Floating Seeds make Deep Forms[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 10(1): 37-47.
[57] Judith Wasserman. To trace the shifting sands: Community, ritual, and the memorial Landscape[J]. Landscape Journal, 1998, 17(1): 42-61.
[58] (英)泰勒.连树生译.原始文化[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社, 2005.
[59] James Corner. Terra Fluxus[M]//Charles Waldheim. The Landscape Urbanism Reader[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
[60] James Corner. Landscape Urbanism[M]//Mohsen Mostafavi, Ciro Najle. Landscape Urbanism; A manual for the Machinic Landscape[M]. London: AA Publication, 2004: 63.
[61] Frederick Law Olmsted. Public Parks and the Englargement of Towns(1871)[M].New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
[62] Galen Cranz. Women in Urban Parks[J]. Women and American City. 1980(3): 79-95.
[63]北京北林地景园林规划设计院有限责任公司. CJJ/T85-2002城市绿地分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.
[66] Alexander Garvin, et al. Urban Parks and Open Space[M]. Washington, D.C.:ULI-the Urban Institute,1997.
[67] Alan Tate. Great City Parks[M]. London and New York: Spon Press, 2001.
[68] Allen Freeman. People Place——Thomas Balsley Provides a Popular Little Plaza with Lots of Places to Sit[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2006(10): 162-169.
[69] Northamptonshire County Council's Pocket Parks Scheme[EB/OL]. http://www.pocketparks.com/about/, 2007-01-01.
[70] Joseph L. Sax. Takings, Private Property and Public Rights [J]. The Yale Law Journal, 1971(12):149-186.
[71] (美)克莱尔?库柏?马库斯等著.俞孔坚等译.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2001.
[72] Laurel Allen. Dog Parks: Benefits and Liabilities[D]. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 2007.
[73] Top 10 Off-Leash Dog Parks in the World[EB/OL]. http://www.bringfido.com/attraction/parks/, 2009-10-09.
[74]广州市养犬管理条例[N].广州日报., 2009-03-19(A26).
[75] Dog park[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_park, 2009-06-30.
[76] Kim Russell. Considerations and Research In The Creation of a Leash-free Dog Park[R]. The Peterborough Dog Park Association, 2005.
[77] Dog Exercise and Education Park[EB/OL]. http://www.peihumanesociety.com/park.htm, 2009-10-07.
[78] Stuart Sudak. New dog park possibilities proposed[EB/OL]. http://www.fbiw.org/Archive/dogpark.htm, 2009-10-01.
[79] Alice Norris. Guidelines for Dog Walkers[EB/OL]. http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/publications/hillrag/_2007/2007_December/html/CongressionalCemetery.cfm, 2009-9-25.
[80] Off-Leash Hours For Prospect Park[EB/OL]. http://www.fidobrooklyn.org/offleash/offleashwinter.html, 2009-09-22.
[81] NEW CLEANUP INFO[EB/OL]. http://www.dogbeach.org/volunteer.html, 2009-11-27.
[82]ドギーパーク[EB/OL]. http://www.doggypark.jp/, 2009-10-01
[83] Hot Weather Tips for Pet Care[EB/OL]. http://www.weforanimals.com/articles/Hot%20weather%20tips.htm, 2009-10-09
[84] Vicki DeGruy, Norma Bennett Woolf. Cold weather complications: Protecting Fido from winter hazards[EB/OL]. http://www.canismajor.com/dog/winter2.html, 2009-10-09.
[85] Ed Frawley. Dog Parks: Why they are a Bad Idea[EB/OL]. http://leerburg.com/dogparks.htm, 2009-10-09.
[86]伊恩·伦诺克斯·麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2006.
[87] Day Christopher. Spirit & Place: Healing our Environment: Healing Environment[M]. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2002: 181.
[88] Mental health promotion[EB/OL]. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/promotion_mental_health_chinese_version.pdf, 2009-02-03.
[89]孙贵范.预防医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2001.
[90] Wilson Edward O. Biophilia[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
[91] Ulrich, R. S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery[J]. Science, 1984.
[92] Jerry Smith. Health and Nature: The influence of Nature on Design of the Environment of Care[J]. The Center for Health Design, 2007.
[93]苏太洋主编.健康医学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社1994.
[94]赵瑞祥.景观疗养因子对机体作用的研究[J].中国疗养医学, 2009, 18(3): 195-196.
[95]曹林娣.中国园林文化[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[96]卓大宏等.我国康复医学事业的兴起与趋向[J].中国卫生界, 1996, (3): 14-16.
[97] Joanne Marie Westphal. Hype, Hyperbole, and Health: Therapeutic site design[M]//Urban Lifestyles: Spaces, Places , People[M]. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2000: 19-26.
[98] Roger S. Ulrich. Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research[M]//C. C. Marcus, M. Barnes. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations[M]. New York: John Wiley, 1999: 27-86.
[99] Bryce Wittenborn. Improving Quality of Life: An Introduction to Healing Gardens. ASLA. Roy-Fisher Associates. Inc. Landscape architects.
[100 ]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系[J].中国园林, 2000, 16(69): 17-19.
[101] Annemarie Lund. Guide to Danish Landscape Architecture 1000-2003 [M]. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 2003.
[102 ] Charles A. Birnbaum, Robin Karson, et al. Pioneers of American Landscape Design (Profession Architecture)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000.
[103 ] Cemetery[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery, 2009-01-22.
[104]叶莺,高翅.墓园发展概述[J].广东园林, 2008, (3): 18-21.
[105 ]陈晓彤.传承、整合与嬗变——美国景观设计发展研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[106 ] Edwin Heathcote. Monument Builders[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[107] Art & Architecture[EB/OL]. http://www.mountauburn.org/national_landmark/architecture.cfm, 2009-02-21.
[108] Philip Pregill, Nancy Volkman. Landscape in History—Design and planning in the Western Tradition[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.
[109] Blanche M. G. Linden. History of the Arboretum[EB/OL]. http://www.springgrove.org/sg/arboretum/History.shtm, 2008-12-23.
[110] Cheryl Fields. Cemetery Design: Trandscending the Traditional[D]. University of Guelph, 2002.
[111] The Cemetery of Architects[EB/OL]. http://www.gracelandcemetery.org, 2008-12-11.
[112] Historical Information[EB/OL]. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org, 2008-11-28.
[113] Natural burial[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_burial, 2009-01-2.
[114] National Historic Landmarks Program: National Park Service[EB/OL]. http://www.nps.gov/nhl/, 2008-11-21.
[115 ]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理[J].中国园林, 2001,(6): 3-10.
[116] Henning Rasmuss, Thireshen Govender.边缘式的发展:南非建筑近作[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 25-30.
[117 ]陈铁夫,李哲.讲故事的空间——南非种族隔离博物馆案例分析[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 110-115.
[118]朱红耕编译.南非的环境保护[J].世界环境, 1997, (3): 37.
[119] J. B. Jackson. By Way of Conclusion:How to Study Landscape[M]. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
[120] Elizabeth Meyer. Situating Modern Landscape Architecture: Theory as a Bridging, Mediating, and Reconciling Practice[C]//Elissa Rosenberg. Design + Values: Conference Proceedings, CELA 1992[M]. Washington, D.C.: Landscape Architecture Foundation, 1993: 167–78.
[121] Riley, Robert B. Editorial commentary: Some thoughts on scholarship and publication[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 9(1): 47–50.
[122] Garrett Eckbo. Landscape for Living [M]. New York: Dogde, 1950.
[123] James Corner. Landscape as question[J]. Landscape Journal, 1992, .11(2): 163.
[124] Rafael Moneo. On Typology. Oppositions. No.13[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978.
[125] Edward Tiryakian. Typologies[M]//David Sills. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences[M]. New York: Macmillan Co., 1968: 177-186.
[126] Geoffrey Broadbent. Emerging Concept in Urban Space Design[M]. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1995: 201.
[127] Carl Ortwin Sauer. The morphology of Landscape[M]. CA: University of California Press, 1974: 210-241.
[128] Marc Antrop. Why landscape of the past are important for the future[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2005, (70): 21-34.
[129] Kelly R, Macinnes L, Thackray D. The cultural landscape: planning for a sustainable partnership between people and place[M]. London: ICOMOS-UK, 2000: 31-37.
[130] Christian Norberg-Schulz. The Concept of Dwelling[M]. New York: Electa/Rizzoli, 1993: 12.
[131] Steven Holl. Anchoring[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
[132]刘全.斯蒂文?霍尔与建筑现象学[J].中外建筑, 2007,(06): 38-41.
[133] J. Fenton, Steven Holl. Hybrid Buildings[M]. New York/San Francisco: Pamphlet Architecture, 1985.
[134]禹食.美国建筑师斯蒂文﹒霍尔[J].世界建筑, 1993, (3): 54-60.
[135]沈克宁.建筑现象学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, .2008: 23.
[136] Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1977: 54.
[137] Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The Primacy of Perception[M]. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.
[138 ]姚栋.当代国际城市老人居住问题研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2007: 1.
[139] Michael Spens. The Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe[M]. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994: 273.
[140] Norman Newton,. Design on the Land. Cambridge[M]. Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971, 3.
[141]曼纽尔?卡斯特著.夏铸九,王志弘译.网络社会的崛起[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2006.
[142] Erich Fromm. The Revolution of Hope:Toward Humanized Technology[M]. New York: Happer & Row, 1968.
[143]余谋昌.惩罚中的醒悟——走向生态伦理学[M].广州:教育出版社, 1995.
[144]安乐哲萫.温海明编.和而不同:比较哲学与中西会通[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2002.
[1] Simon Swaffield. Theory in Landscape architecture, A reader[M]. Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania press, 2002.
[2]俞孔坚.生存的艺术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2006.
[3]佘依爽.虚假的本质:从苏州园林看中国传统园林的隐逸观与自然观[J].城市环境设计, 2007, (3): 106-118.
[4]吴放.拉菲尔?莫内欧的类型学思想浅析[J].建筑师2004, (7):54-61.
[5]斯皮罗?科斯托夫著.单皓译.城市的形成——历史进程中的城市模式和城市意义[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[6]王绍增.消费社会与风景园林教育[J].中国园林, 2009(2): 25-30.
[7]居伊?德波著.王昭凤译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006.
[8]黄平.未完成的叙说[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1997.
[9]马尔库塞.单向度的人[M].上海:上海译文出版社, 1989.
[10] Leslie Sklair. Sociology of the Global System[M]. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf: 1991.
[11] (法)莫里斯?哈布瓦赫著.毕然,郭金华译.论集体记忆[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社, 2002.
[12] Sheila Harvey, Ken Fieldhouse, John Hopkins. The Cultured Landscape-Designing the environment in the 21st century[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
[13]谢有顺.中国文化的现状和走向[EB/OL]. http://www.szccf.com.cn/wqhg_content_24.html, 2008-10-21.
[14]张文英.对我国城市居住区环境设计现状的反思[J].中国园林, 2005, (1): 62-66.
[15] C?赖特?米尔斯著.陈强,张永强译.社会学的想象力[M].北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店, 2001.
[16] Rossler M. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes[J]. Landscape Research, 2006, 31(4): 333-353.
[17] E. C. Relph. Place and Placelessness[M]. London: Pion, 1976.
[18] Lyn Leader-Elliott, Richard Maltby and Heather Burke. Understanding Cultural Landscapes– Definition[EB/OL].http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/research_groups/cult_landscapes/definition.html, 2007-11-05.
[19]雅可布?布洛诺夫斯基著.任远译.人之上升[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1988.
[20] (法)居伊?德波著.王昭风译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006: 10.
[21]李嘉乐.对于“景观设计”与“风景园林”名称之争的意见[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 44.
[22]俞孔坚.还土地和景观以完整的意义:再论“景观设计学”之于“风景园林”[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 37-41.
[23]王绍增.园林、景观与中国风景园林的未来[J].中国园林, 2005, (3): 24-27.
[24] L?麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1992.
[25] Ian H. Thompson. Ecology, Community and Delight - Sources of values in landscape architecture[M]. London: E&FN Spon, 1999.
[26]王向荣,林箐.现代景观的价值取向[J].中国园林: 2003, (1): 5-12.
[27]魏伯?司各特编著.蓝仁哲译.西方文艺批评的五种模式[M].重庆:重庆出版社, 1983.
[28]陈寿灿.方法论导论[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社, 2007.
[29]顾朝林.战后西方城市研究的学派[J].地理学报, 1994, (4): 10.
[30]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[31]汪丽君,舒平.类型学建筑[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2004.
[32] Faludi Andreas. Planning Theory[M]. Oxford; Pergamon Press, 1973.
[33]沈克宁.重温类型学[J].建筑师, 2006, (12): 5-19.
[34]朱锫.类型学与阿尔多?罗西[J].建筑学报, 1992, (5): 32-38.
[35] John Brinckerhoff Jackson. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape[M]. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1984.
[36] Kaiser, Edward, David Godschalk. Twentieth Century Land Use Planning: A Stalwart Family Tree[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1995.61(3): 365-385.
[37] Broadbent, Geoffrey. Design in Architecture: Architecture and the Human Sciences[M]. London: John Wiley, 1973.
[38] Peter Rowe. Design Thinking[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
[39] Condon, Patrick. A Built Landscape Typology[A]//Franck, Karen and Lynda Schneekloth. Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1994.
[40] Katherine Crewe, Ann Foreyth. LandSCAPES: A Typology of Approaches to Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape Journal, 2003, (22): 1-03, 37-53.
[41]叶青.中国古典园林的文化层面与演进——以类型学理论析中国园林发展史[J].广东园林, 1996, (04): 19.
[42]朱育帆.文化传承与“三置论”——尊重传统面向未来的风景园林设计方法论[J].中国园林, 2007, 23(11): 33-42.
[43]王绍增.从画框谈起[J].中国园林, 2006, 22(01): 16-18.
[44] James Corner. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.
[45] (德)A.施韦泽.尊重生命的伦理学[M]//刘小枫.二十世纪西方宗教哲学文选[M].上海:三联书店, 1994.
[46] W.福格特著.张子美译.生存之路[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1981.
[47] A.李奥帕德.吴美真译.沙郡年记[M]北京:三联书店, 1999.
[48] Terry Williamson, Antony Radford, Helen Bennetts. Understanding Sustainable Architecture[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003.
[49] Sutton, Sylvia Barry. Civilizing American Cities: Writings on Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903[M]. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
[50] Roger Trancik. Olmsted's Park System as Vehicle in Boston 1875: Urban Open Space History, Analysis and Proposals[R]. 1975.
[51] Ian McHarg. Design with nature[M]. New york:Natural History Press,1969.
[52] Aldo Leopold. Thinking Like a Mountain. A Sand Country Almannac[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.
[53] Randilph T. Hester Design for Ecological Democracy[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
[54]张文英.口袋公园——躲避城市喧嚣的绿洲[J].中国园林, 2007, (4): 47-53.
[55] Garrett Eckbo. The Landscape We See[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969.
[56] John Lyle. Can Floating Seeds make Deep Forms[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 10(1): 37-47.
[57] Judith Wasserman. To trace the shifting sands: Community, ritual, and the memorialLandscape[J]. Landscape Journal, 1998, 17(1): 42-61.
[58] (英)泰勒.连树生译.原始文化[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社, 2005.
[59] James Corner. Terra Fluxus[M]//Charles Waldheim. The Landscape Urbanism Reader[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
[60] James Corner. Landscape Urbanism[M]//Mohsen Mostafavi, Ciro Najle. Landscape Urbanism; A manual for the Machinic Landscape[M]. London: AA Publication, 2004: 63.
[61] Frederick Law Olmsted. Public Parks and the Englargement of Towns(1871)[M].New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
[62] Galen Cranz. Women in Urban Parks[J]. Women and American City. 1980(3): 79-95.
[63]北京北林地景园林规划设计院有限责任公司. CJJ/T85-2002城市绿地分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.
[64] Clare Cooper Marcus, Carolyn Francis. People Places——Design Guildelines for Urban Open Space[M]. New York: International Thomson Publishing, Inc., 1998.
[65] Peter Harnik. Inside City Parks[M]. Washington, D.C.: ULI-the Urban Institute,2000.
[66] Alexander Garvin, et al. Urban Parks and Open Space[M]. Washington, D.C.:ULI-the Urban Institute,1997.
[67] Alan Tate. Great City Parks[M]. London and New York: Spon Press, 2001.
[68] Allen Freeman. People Place——Thomas Balsley Provides a Popular Little Plaza with Lots of Places to Sit[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2006(10): 162-169.
[69] Northamptonshire County Council's Pocket Parks Scheme[EB/OL]. http://www.pocketparks.com/about/, 2007-01-01.
[70] Joseph L. Sax. Takings, Private Property and Public Rights [J]. The Yale Law Journal, 1971(12):149-186.
[71] (美)克莱尔?库柏?马库斯等著.俞孔坚等译.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2001.
[72] Laurel Allen. Dog Parks: Benefits and Liabilities[D]. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 2007.
[73] Top 10 Off-Leash Dog Parks in the World[EB/OL]. http://www.bringfido.com/attraction/parks/, 2009-10-09.
[74]广州市养犬管理条例[N].广州日报., 2009-03-19(A26).
[75] Dog park[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_park, 2009-06-30.
[76] Kim Russell. Considerations and Research In The Creation of a Leash-free Dog Park[R]. The Peterborough Dog Park Association, 2005.
[77] Dog Exercise and Education Park[EB/OL]. http://www.peihumanesociety.com/park.htm, 2009-10-07.
[78] Stuart Sudak. New dog park possibilities proposed[EB/OL]. http://www.fbiw.org/Archive/dogpark.htm, 2009-10-01.
[79] Alice Norris. Guidelines for Dog Walkers[EB/OL]. http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/publications/hillrag/_2007/2007_December/html/CongressionalCemetery.cfm, 2009-9-25.
[80] Off-Leash Hours For Prospect Park[EB/OL]. http://www.fidobrooklyn.org/offleash/offleashwinter.html, 2009-09-22.
[81] NEW CLEANUP INFO[EB/OL]. http://www.dogbeach.org/volunteer.html, 2009-11-27.
[82]ドギーパーク[EB/OL]. http://www.doggypark.jp/, 2009-10-01
[83] Hot Weather Tips for Pet Care[EB/OL]. http://www.weforanimals.com/articles/Hot%20weather%20tips.htm, 2009-10-09
[84] Vicki DeGruy, Norma Bennett Woolf. Cold weather complications: Protecting Fido from winter hazards[EB/OL]. http://www.canismajor.com/dog/winter2.html, 2009-10-09.
[85] Ed Frawley. Dog Parks: Why they are a Bad Idea[EB/OL]. http://leerburg.com/dogparks.htm, 2009-10-09.
[86]伊恩?伦诺克斯?麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2006.
[87] Day Christopher. Spirit & Place: Healing our Environment: Healing Environment[M]. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2002: 181.
[88] Mental health promotion[EB/OL]. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/promotion_mental_health_chinese_version.pdf, 2009-02-03.
[89]孙贵范.预防医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2001.
[90] Wilson Edward O. Biophilia[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
[91] Ulrich, R. S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery[J]. Science,1984.
[92] Jerry Smith. Health and Nature: The influence of Nature on Design of the Environment of Care[J]. The Center for Health Design, 2007.
[93]苏太洋主编.健康医学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社1994.
[94]赵瑞祥.景观疗养因子对机体作用的研究[J].中国疗养医学, 2009, 18(3): 195-196.
[95]曹林娣.中国园林文化[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[96]卓大宏等.我国康复医学事业的兴起与趋向[J].中国卫生界, 1996, (3): 14-16.
[97] Joanne Marie Westphal. Hype, Hyperbole, and Health: Therapeutic site design[M]//Urban Lifestyles: Spaces, Places , People[M]. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2000: 19-26.
[98] Roger S. Ulrich. Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research[M]//C. C. Marcus, M. Barnes. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations[M]. New York: John Wiley, 1999: 27-86.
[99] Bryce Wittenborn. Improving Quality of Life: An Introduction to Healing Gardens. ASLA. Roy-Fisher Associates. Inc. Landscape architects.
[100]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系[J].中国园林, 2000, 16(69): 17-19.
[101] Annemarie Lund. Guide to Danish Landscape Architecture 1000-2003 [M]. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 2003.
[102] Charles A. Birnbaum, Robin Karson, et al. Pioneers of American Landscape Design (Profession Architecture)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000.
[103] Cemetery[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery, 2009-01-22.
[104]叶莺,高翅.墓园发展概述[J].广东园林, 2008, (3): 18-21.
[105]陈晓彤.传承、整合与嬗变——美国景观设计发展研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[106] Edwin Heathcote. Monument Builders[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[107] Art & Architecture[EB/OL]. http://www.mountauburn.org/national_landmark/architecture.cfm, 2009-02-21.
[108] Philip Pregill, Nancy Volkman. Landscape in History—Design and planning in the Western Tradition[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.
[109] Blanche M. G. Linden. History of the Arboretum[EB/OL]. http://www.springgrove.org/sg/arboretum/History.shtm, 2008-12-23.
[110] Cheryl Fields. Cemetery Design: Trandscending the Traditional[D]. University of Guelph, 2002.
[111] The Cemetery of Architects[EB/OL]. http://www.gracelandcemetery.org, 2008-12-11.
[112] Historical Information[EB/OL]. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org, 2008-11-28.
[113] Natural burial[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_burial, 2009-01-2.
[114] National Historic Landmarks Program: National Park Service[EB/OL]. http://www.nps.gov/nhl/, 2008-11-21.
[115]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理[J].中国园林, 2001,(6): 3-10.
[116] Henning Rasmuss, Thireshen Govender.边缘式的发展:南非建筑近作[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 25-30.
[117]陈铁夫,李哲.讲故事的空间——南非种族隔离博物馆案例分析[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 110-115.
[118]朱红耕编译.南非的环境保护[J].世界环境, 1997, (3): 37.
[119] J. B. Jackson. By Way of Conclusion:How to Study Landscape[M]. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
[120] Elizabeth Meyer. Situating Modern Landscape Architecture: Theory as a Bridging, Mediating, and Reconciling Practice[C]//Elissa Rosenberg. Design + Values: Conference Proceedings, CELA 1992[M]. Washington, D.C.: Landscape Architecture Foundation, 1993: 167–78.
[121] Riley, Robert B. Editorial commentary: Some thoughts on scholarship and publication[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 9(1): 47–50.
[122] Garrett Eckbo. Landscape for Living [M]. New York: Dogde, 1950.
[123] James Corner. Landscape as question[J]. Landscape Journal, 1992, .11(2): 163.
[124] Rafael Moneo. On Typology. Oppositions. No.13[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978.
[125] Edward Tiryakian. Typologies[M]//David Sills. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences[M]. New York: Macmillan Co., 1968: 177-186.
[126] Geoffrey Broadbent. Emerging Concept in Urban Space Design[M]. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1995: 201.
[127] Carl Ortwin Sauer. The morphology of Landscape[M]. CA: University of California Press, 1974: 210-241.
[128] Marc Antrop. Why landscape of the past are important for the future[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2005, (70): 21-34.
[129] Kelly R, Macinnes L, Thackray D. The cultural landscape: planning for a sustainable partnership between people and place[M]. London: ICOMOS-UK, 2000: 31-37.
[130] Christian Norberg-Schulz. The Concept of Dwelling[M]. New York: Electa/Rizzoli, 1993: 12.
[131] Steven Holl. Anchoring[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
[132]刘全.斯蒂文?霍尔与建筑现象学[J].中外建筑, 2007,(06): 38-41.
[133] J. Fenton, Steven Holl. Hybrid Buildings[M]. New York/San Francisco: Pamphlet Architecture, 1985.
[134]禹食.美国建筑师斯蒂文﹒霍尔[J].世界建筑, 1993, (3): 54-60.
[135]沈克宁.建筑现象学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, .2008: 23.
[136] Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1977: 54.
[137] Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The Primacy of Perception[M]. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.
[138]姚栋.当代国际城市老人居住问题研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2007: 1.
[139] Michael Spens. The Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe[M]. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994: 273.
[140] Norman Newton,. Design on the Land. Cambridge[M]. Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971, 3.
[141]曼纽尔?卡斯特著.夏铸九,王志弘译.网络社会的崛起[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2006.
[142] Erich Fromm. The Revolution of Hope:Toward Humanized Technology[M]. New York: Happer & Row, 1968.
[143]余谋昌.惩罚中的醒悟——走向生态伦理学[M].广州:教育出版社, 1995.
[144]安乐哲萫.温海明编.和而不同:比较哲学与中西会通[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[2 ]俞孔坚.生存的艺术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2006.
[3 ]佘依爽.虚假的本质:从苏州园林看中国传统园林的隐逸观与自然观[J].城市环境设计, 2007, (3): 106-118.
[4 ]吴放.拉菲尔?莫内欧的类型学思想浅析[J].建筑师2004, (7):54-61.
[5 ]斯皮罗?科斯托夫著.单皓译.城市的形成——历史进程中的城市模式和城市意义[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[6 ]王绍增.消费社会与风景园林教育[J].中国园林, 2009(2): 25-30.
[7 ]居伊?德波著.王昭凤译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006.
[8 ]黄平.未完成的叙说[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1997.
[9 ]马尔库塞.单向度的人[M].上海:上海译文出版社, 1989.
[10] Leslie Sklair. Sociology of the Global System[M]. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf: 1991.
[11] (法)莫里斯?哈布瓦赫著.毕然,郭金华译.论集体记忆[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社, 2002.
[12] Sheila Harvey, Ken Fieldhouse, John Hopkins. The Cultured Landscape-Designing the environment in the 21st century[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
[13]谢有顺.中国文化的现状和走向[EB/OL]. http://www.szccf.com.cn/wqhg_content_24.html, 2008-10-21.
[14]张文英.对我国城市居住区环境设计现状的反思[J].中国园林, 2005, (1): 62-66.
[15] C·赖特·米尔斯著.陈强,张永强译.社会学的想象力[M].北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店, 2001.
[16] Rossler M. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes[J]. Landscape Research, 2006, 31(4): 333-353.
[17] E. C. Relph. Place and Placelessness[M]. London: Pion, 1976.
[18] Lyn Leader-Elliott, Richard Maltby and Heather Burke. Understanding Cultural Landscapes– Definition[EB/OL]. http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/research_groups/cult_landscapes/definition.html, 2007-11-05.
[19]雅可布?布洛诺夫斯基著.任远译.人之上升[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1988.
[20] (法)居伊?德波著.王昭风译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006: 10.
[21]李嘉乐.对于“景观设计”与“风景园林”名称之争的意见[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 44.
[22]俞孔坚.还土地和景观以完整的意义:再论“景观设计学”之于“风景园林”[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 37-41.
[23]王绍增.园林、景观与中国风景园林的未来[J].中国园林, 2005, (3): 24-27.
[24] L·麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1992.
[25] Ian H. Thompson. Ecology, Community and Delight - Sources of values in landscape architecture[M]. London: E&FN Spon, 1999.
[26]王向荣,林箐.现代景观的价值取向[J].中国园林: 2003, (1): 5-12.
[27]魏伯·司各特编著.蓝仁哲译.西方文艺批评的五种模式[M].重庆:重庆出版社, 1983.
[28]陈寿灿.方法论导论[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社, 2007.
[29]顾朝林.战后西方城市研究的学派[J].地理学报, 1994, (4): 10.
[30]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[31]汪丽君,舒平.类型学建筑[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2004.
[32] Faludi Andreas. Planning Theory[M]. Oxford; Pergamon Press, 1973.
[33]沈克宁.重温类型学[J].建筑师, 2006, (12): 5-19.
[34]朱锫.类型学与阿尔多?罗西[J].建筑学报, 1992, (5): 32-38.
[35] John Brinckerhoff Jackson. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape[M]. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1984.
[36] Kaiser, Edward, David Godschalk. Twentieth Century Land Use Planning: A Stalwart Family Tree[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1995.61(3): 365-385.
[37] Broadbent, Geoffrey. Design in Architecture: Architecture and the Human Sciences[M]. London: John Wiley, 1973.
[38] Peter Rowe. Design Thinking[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
[39] Condon, Patrick. A Built Landscape Typology[A]//Franck, Karen and Lynda Schneekloth. Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994.
[40] Katherine Crewe, Ann Foreyth. LandSCAPES: A Typology of Approaches to Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape Journal, 2003, (22): 1-03, 37-53.
[41]叶青.中国古典园林的文化层面与演进——以类型学理论析中国园林发展史[J].广东园林, 1996, (04): 19.
[42]朱育帆.文化传承与“三置论”——尊重传统面向未来的风景园林设计方法论[J].中国园林, 2007, 23(11): 33-42.
[43]王绍增.从画框谈起[J].中国园林, 2006, 22(01): 16-18.
[44] James Corner. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.
[45] (德)A.施韦泽.尊重生命的伦理学[M]//刘小枫.二十世纪西方宗教哲学文选[M].上海:三联书店, 1994.
[46] W.福格特著.张子美译.生存之路[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1981.
[47] A.李奥帕德.吴美真译.沙郡年记[M]北京:三联书店, 1999.
[48] Terry Williamson, Antony Radford, Helen Bennetts. Understanding Sustainable Architecture[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003.
[49] Sutton, Sylvia Barry. Civilizing American Cities: Writings on Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903[M]. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
[50] Roger Trancik. Olmsted's Park System as Vehicle in Boston 1875: Urban Open Space History, Analysis and Proposals[R]. 1975.
[51] Ian McHarg. Design with nature[M]. New york:Natural History Press,1969.
[52] Aldo Leopold. Thinking Like a Mountain. A Sand Country Almannac[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.
[53] Randilph T. Hester Design for Ecological Democracy[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
[54]张文英.口袋公园——躲避城市喧嚣的绿洲[J].中国园林, 2007, (4): 47-53.
[55] Garrett Eckbo. The Landscape We See[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969.
[56] John Lyle. Can Floating Seeds make Deep Forms[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 10(1): 37-47.
[57] Judith Wasserman. To trace the shifting sands: Community, ritual, and the memorial Landscape[J]. Landscape Journal, 1998, 17(1): 42-61.
[58] (英)泰勒.连树生译.原始文化[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社, 2005.
[59] James Corner. Terra Fluxus[M]//Charles Waldheim. The Landscape Urbanism Reader[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
[60] James Corner. Landscape Urbanism[M]//Mohsen Mostafavi, Ciro Najle. Landscape Urbanism; A manual for the Machinic Landscape[M]. London: AA Publication, 2004: 63.
[61] Frederick Law Olmsted. Public Parks and the Englargement of Towns(1871)[M].New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
[62] Galen Cranz. Women in Urban Parks[J]. Women and American City. 1980(3): 79-95.
[63]北京北林地景园林规划设计院有限责任公司. CJJ/T85-2002城市绿地分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.
[66] Alexander Garvin, et al. Urban Parks and Open Space[M]. Washington, D.C.:ULI-the Urban Institute,1997.
[67] Alan Tate. Great City Parks[M]. London and New York: Spon Press, 2001.
[68] Allen Freeman. People Place——Thomas Balsley Provides a Popular Little Plaza with Lots of Places to Sit[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2006(10): 162-169.
[69] Northamptonshire County Council's Pocket Parks Scheme[EB/OL]. http://www.pocketparks.com/about/, 2007-01-01.
[70] Joseph L. Sax. Takings, Private Property and Public Rights [J]. The Yale Law Journal, 1971(12):149-186.
[71] (美)克莱尔?库柏?马库斯等著.俞孔坚等译.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2001.
[72] Laurel Allen. Dog Parks: Benefits and Liabilities[D]. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 2007.
[73] Top 10 Off-Leash Dog Parks in the World[EB/OL]. http://www.bringfido.com/attraction/parks/, 2009-10-09.
[74]广州市养犬管理条例[N].广州日报., 2009-03-19(A26).
[75] Dog park[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_park, 2009-06-30.
[76] Kim Russell. Considerations and Research In The Creation of a Leash-free Dog Park[R]. The Peterborough Dog Park Association, 2005.
[77] Dog Exercise and Education Park[EB/OL]. http://www.peihumanesociety.com/park.htm, 2009-10-07.
[78] Stuart Sudak. New dog park possibilities proposed[EB/OL]. http://www.fbiw.org/Archive/dogpark.htm, 2009-10-01.
[79] Alice Norris. Guidelines for Dog Walkers[EB/OL]. http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/publications/hillrag/_2007/2007_December/html/CongressionalCemetery.cfm, 2009-9-25.
[80] Off-Leash Hours For Prospect Park[EB/OL]. http://www.fidobrooklyn.org/offleash/offleashwinter.html, 2009-09-22.
[81] NEW CLEANUP INFO[EB/OL]. http://www.dogbeach.org/volunteer.html, 2009-11-27.
[82]ドギーパーク[EB/OL]. http://www.doggypark.jp/, 2009-10-01
[83] Hot Weather Tips for Pet Care[EB/OL]. http://www.weforanimals.com/articles/Hot%20weather%20tips.htm, 2009-10-09
[84] Vicki DeGruy, Norma Bennett Woolf. Cold weather complications: Protecting Fido from winter hazards[EB/OL]. http://www.canismajor.com/dog/winter2.html, 2009-10-09.
[85] Ed Frawley. Dog Parks: Why they are a Bad Idea[EB/OL]. http://leerburg.com/dogparks.htm, 2009-10-09.
[86]伊恩·伦诺克斯·麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2006.
[87] Day Christopher. Spirit & Place: Healing our Environment: Healing Environment[M]. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2002: 181.
[88] Mental health promotion[EB/OL]. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/promotion_mental_health_chinese_version.pdf, 2009-02-03.
[89]孙贵范.预防医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2001.
[90] Wilson Edward O. Biophilia[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
[91] Ulrich, R. S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery[J]. Science, 1984.
[92] Jerry Smith. Health and Nature: The influence of Nature on Design of the Environment of Care[J]. The Center for Health Design, 2007.
[93]苏太洋主编.健康医学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社1994.
[94]赵瑞祥.景观疗养因子对机体作用的研究[J].中国疗养医学, 2009, 18(3): 195-196.
[95]曹林娣.中国园林文化[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[96]卓大宏等.我国康复医学事业的兴起与趋向[J].中国卫生界, 1996, (3): 14-16.
[97] Joanne Marie Westphal. Hype, Hyperbole, and Health: Therapeutic site design[M]//Urban Lifestyles: Spaces, Places , People[M]. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2000: 19-26.
[98] Roger S. Ulrich. Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research[M]//C. C. Marcus, M. Barnes. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations[M]. New York: John Wiley, 1999: 27-86.
[99] Bryce Wittenborn. Improving Quality of Life: An Introduction to Healing Gardens. ASLA. Roy-Fisher Associates. Inc. Landscape architects.
[100 ]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系[J].中国园林, 2000, 16(69): 17-19.
[101] Annemarie Lund. Guide to Danish Landscape Architecture 1000-2003 [M]. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 2003.
[102 ] Charles A. Birnbaum, Robin Karson, et al. Pioneers of American Landscape Design (Profession Architecture)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000.
[103 ] Cemetery[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery, 2009-01-22.
[104]叶莺,高翅.墓园发展概述[J].广东园林, 2008, (3): 18-21.
[105 ]陈晓彤.传承、整合与嬗变——美国景观设计发展研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[106 ] Edwin Heathcote. Monument Builders[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[107] Art & Architecture[EB/OL]. http://www.mountauburn.org/national_landmark/architecture.cfm, 2009-02-21.
[108] Philip Pregill, Nancy Volkman. Landscape in History—Design and planning in the Western Tradition[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.
[109] Blanche M. G. Linden. History of the Arboretum[EB/OL]. http://www.springgrove.org/sg/arboretum/History.shtm, 2008-12-23.
[110] Cheryl Fields. Cemetery Design: Trandscending the Traditional[D]. University of Guelph, 2002.
[111] The Cemetery of Architects[EB/OL]. http://www.gracelandcemetery.org, 2008-12-11.
[112] Historical Information[EB/OL]. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org, 2008-11-28.
[113] Natural burial[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_burial, 2009-01-2.
[114] National Historic Landmarks Program: National Park Service[EB/OL]. http://www.nps.gov/nhl/, 2008-11-21.
[115 ]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理[J].中国园林, 2001,(6): 3-10.
[116] Henning Rasmuss, Thireshen Govender.边缘式的发展:南非建筑近作[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 25-30.
[117 ]陈铁夫,李哲.讲故事的空间——南非种族隔离博物馆案例分析[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 110-115.
[118]朱红耕编译.南非的环境保护[J].世界环境, 1997, (3): 37.
[119] J. B. Jackson. By Way of Conclusion:How to Study Landscape[M]. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
[120] Elizabeth Meyer. Situating Modern Landscape Architecture: Theory as a Bridging, Mediating, and Reconciling Practice[C]//Elissa Rosenberg. Design + Values: Conference Proceedings, CELA 1992[M]. Washington, D.C.: Landscape Architecture Foundation, 1993: 167–78.
[121] Riley, Robert B. Editorial commentary: Some thoughts on scholarship and publication[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 9(1): 47–50.
[122] Garrett Eckbo. Landscape for Living [M]. New York: Dogde, 1950.
[123] James Corner. Landscape as question[J]. Landscape Journal, 1992, .11(2): 163.
[124] Rafael Moneo. On Typology. Oppositions. No.13[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978.
[125] Edward Tiryakian. Typologies[M]//David Sills. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences[M]. New York: Macmillan Co., 1968: 177-186.
[126] Geoffrey Broadbent. Emerging Concept in Urban Space Design[M]. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1995: 201.
[127] Carl Ortwin Sauer. The morphology of Landscape[M]. CA: University of California Press, 1974: 210-241.
[128] Marc Antrop. Why landscape of the past are important for the future[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2005, (70): 21-34.
[129] Kelly R, Macinnes L, Thackray D. The cultural landscape: planning for a sustainable partnership between people and place[M]. London: ICOMOS-UK, 2000: 31-37.
[130] Christian Norberg-Schulz. The Concept of Dwelling[M]. New York: Electa/Rizzoli, 1993: 12.
[131] Steven Holl. Anchoring[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
[132]刘全.斯蒂文?霍尔与建筑现象学[J].中外建筑, 2007,(06): 38-41.
[133] J. Fenton, Steven Holl. Hybrid Buildings[M]. New York/San Francisco: Pamphlet Architecture, 1985.
[134]禹食.美国建筑师斯蒂文﹒霍尔[J].世界建筑, 1993, (3): 54-60.
[135]沈克宁.建筑现象学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, .2008: 23.
[136] Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1977: 54.
[137] Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The Primacy of Perception[M]. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.
[138 ]姚栋.当代国际城市老人居住问题研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2007: 1.
[139] Michael Spens. The Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe[M]. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994: 273.
[140] Norman Newton,. Design on the Land. Cambridge[M]. Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971, 3.
[141]曼纽尔?卡斯特著.夏铸九,王志弘译.网络社会的崛起[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2006.
[142] Erich Fromm. The Revolution of Hope:Toward Humanized Technology[M]. New York: Happer & Row, 1968.
[143]余谋昌.惩罚中的醒悟——走向生态伦理学[M].广州:教育出版社, 1995.
[144]安乐哲萫.温海明编.和而不同:比较哲学与中西会通[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2002.
[1] Simon Swaffield. Theory in Landscape architecture, A reader[M]. Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania press, 2002.
[2]俞孔坚.生存的艺术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2006.
[3]佘依爽.虚假的本质:从苏州园林看中国传统园林的隐逸观与自然观[J].城市环境设计, 2007, (3): 106-118.
[4]吴放.拉菲尔?莫内欧的类型学思想浅析[J].建筑师2004, (7):54-61.
[5]斯皮罗?科斯托夫著.单皓译.城市的形成——历史进程中的城市模式和城市意义[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[6]王绍增.消费社会与风景园林教育[J].中国园林, 2009(2): 25-30.
[7]居伊?德波著.王昭凤译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006.
[8]黄平.未完成的叙说[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1997.
[9]马尔库塞.单向度的人[M].上海:上海译文出版社, 1989.
[10] Leslie Sklair. Sociology of the Global System[M]. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf: 1991.
[11] (法)莫里斯?哈布瓦赫著.毕然,郭金华译.论集体记忆[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社, 2002.
[12] Sheila Harvey, Ken Fieldhouse, John Hopkins. The Cultured Landscape-Designing the environment in the 21st century[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
[13]谢有顺.中国文化的现状和走向[EB/OL]. http://www.szccf.com.cn/wqhg_content_24.html, 2008-10-21.
[14]张文英.对我国城市居住区环境设计现状的反思[J].中国园林, 2005, (1): 62-66.
[15] C?赖特?米尔斯著.陈强,张永强译.社会学的想象力[M].北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店, 2001.
[16] Rossler M. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes[J]. Landscape Research, 2006, 31(4): 333-353.
[17] E. C. Relph. Place and Placelessness[M]. London: Pion, 1976.
[18] Lyn Leader-Elliott, Richard Maltby and Heather Burke. Understanding Cultural Landscapes– Definition[EB/OL].http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/research_groups/cult_landscapes/definition.html, 2007-11-05.
[19]雅可布?布洛诺夫斯基著.任远译.人之上升[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 1988.
[20] (法)居伊?德波著.王昭风译.景观社会[M].南京:南京大学出版社, 2006: 10.
[21]李嘉乐.对于“景观设计”与“风景园林”名称之争的意见[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 44.
[22]俞孔坚.还土地和景观以完整的意义:再论“景观设计学”之于“风景园林”[J].中国园林, 2004, (7): 37-41.
[23]王绍增.园林、景观与中国风景园林的未来[J].中国园林, 2005, (3): 24-27.
[24] L?麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1992.
[25] Ian H. Thompson. Ecology, Community and Delight - Sources of values in landscape architecture[M]. London: E&FN Spon, 1999.
[26]王向荣,林箐.现代景观的价值取向[J].中国园林: 2003, (1): 5-12.
[27]魏伯?司各特编著.蓝仁哲译.西方文艺批评的五种模式[M].重庆:重庆出版社, 1983.
[28]陈寿灿.方法论导论[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社, 2007.
[29]顾朝林.战后西方城市研究的学派[J].地理学报, 1994, (4): 10.
[30]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[31]汪丽君,舒平.类型学建筑[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2004.
[32] Faludi Andreas. Planning Theory[M]. Oxford; Pergamon Press, 1973.
[33]沈克宁.重温类型学[J].建筑师, 2006, (12): 5-19.
[34]朱锫.类型学与阿尔多?罗西[J].建筑学报, 1992, (5): 32-38.
[35] John Brinckerhoff Jackson. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape[M]. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1984.
[36] Kaiser, Edward, David Godschalk. Twentieth Century Land Use Planning: A Stalwart Family Tree[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1995.61(3): 365-385.
[37] Broadbent, Geoffrey. Design in Architecture: Architecture and the Human Sciences[M]. London: John Wiley, 1973.
[38] Peter Rowe. Design Thinking[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
[39] Condon, Patrick. A Built Landscape Typology[A]//Franck, Karen and Lynda Schneekloth. Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1994.
[40] Katherine Crewe, Ann Foreyth. LandSCAPES: A Typology of Approaches to Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape Journal, 2003, (22): 1-03, 37-53.
[41]叶青.中国古典园林的文化层面与演进——以类型学理论析中国园林发展史[J].广东园林, 1996, (04): 19.
[42]朱育帆.文化传承与“三置论”——尊重传统面向未来的风景园林设计方法论[J].中国园林, 2007, 23(11): 33-42.
[43]王绍增.从画框谈起[J].中国园林, 2006, 22(01): 16-18.
[44] James Corner. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.
[45] (德)A.施韦泽.尊重生命的伦理学[M]//刘小枫.二十世纪西方宗教哲学文选[M].上海:三联书店, 1994.
[46] W.福格特著.张子美译.生存之路[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1981.
[47] A.李奥帕德.吴美真译.沙郡年记[M]北京:三联书店, 1999.
[48] Terry Williamson, Antony Radford, Helen Bennetts. Understanding Sustainable Architecture[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003.
[49] Sutton, Sylvia Barry. Civilizing American Cities: Writings on Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903[M]. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
[50] Roger Trancik. Olmsted's Park System as Vehicle in Boston 1875: Urban Open Space History, Analysis and Proposals[R]. 1975.
[51] Ian McHarg. Design with nature[M]. New york:Natural History Press,1969.
[52] Aldo Leopold. Thinking Like a Mountain. A Sand Country Almannac[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.
[53] Randilph T. Hester Design for Ecological Democracy[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
[54]张文英.口袋公园——躲避城市喧嚣的绿洲[J].中国园林, 2007, (4): 47-53.
[55] Garrett Eckbo. The Landscape We See[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969.
[56] John Lyle. Can Floating Seeds make Deep Forms[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 10(1): 37-47.
[57] Judith Wasserman. To trace the shifting sands: Community, ritual, and the memorialLandscape[J]. Landscape Journal, 1998, 17(1): 42-61.
[58] (英)泰勒.连树生译.原始文化[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社, 2005.
[59] James Corner. Terra Fluxus[M]//Charles Waldheim. The Landscape Urbanism Reader[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
[60] James Corner. Landscape Urbanism[M]//Mohsen Mostafavi, Ciro Najle. Landscape Urbanism; A manual for the Machinic Landscape[M]. London: AA Publication, 2004: 63.
[61] Frederick Law Olmsted. Public Parks and the Englargement of Towns(1871)[M].New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
[62] Galen Cranz. Women in Urban Parks[J]. Women and American City. 1980(3): 79-95.
[63]北京北林地景园林规划设计院有限责任公司. CJJ/T85-2002城市绿地分类标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.
[64] Clare Cooper Marcus, Carolyn Francis. People Places——Design Guildelines for Urban Open Space[M]. New York: International Thomson Publishing, Inc., 1998.
[65] Peter Harnik. Inside City Parks[M]. Washington, D.C.: ULI-the Urban Institute,2000.
[66] Alexander Garvin, et al. Urban Parks and Open Space[M]. Washington, D.C.:ULI-the Urban Institute,1997.
[67] Alan Tate. Great City Parks[M]. London and New York: Spon Press, 2001.
[68] Allen Freeman. People Place——Thomas Balsley Provides a Popular Little Plaza with Lots of Places to Sit[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2006(10): 162-169.
[69] Northamptonshire County Council's Pocket Parks Scheme[EB/OL]. http://www.pocketparks.com/about/, 2007-01-01.
[70] Joseph L. Sax. Takings, Private Property and Public Rights [J]. The Yale Law Journal, 1971(12):149-186.
[71] (美)克莱尔?库柏?马库斯等著.俞孔坚等译.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2001.
[72] Laurel Allen. Dog Parks: Benefits and Liabilities[D]. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 2007.
[73] Top 10 Off-Leash Dog Parks in the World[EB/OL]. http://www.bringfido.com/attraction/parks/, 2009-10-09.
[74]广州市养犬管理条例[N].广州日报., 2009-03-19(A26).
[75] Dog park[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_park, 2009-06-30.
[76] Kim Russell. Considerations and Research In The Creation of a Leash-free Dog Park[R]. The Peterborough Dog Park Association, 2005.
[77] Dog Exercise and Education Park[EB/OL]. http://www.peihumanesociety.com/park.htm, 2009-10-07.
[78] Stuart Sudak. New dog park possibilities proposed[EB/OL]. http://www.fbiw.org/Archive/dogpark.htm, 2009-10-01.
[79] Alice Norris. Guidelines for Dog Walkers[EB/OL]. http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/publications/hillrag/_2007/2007_December/html/CongressionalCemetery.cfm, 2009-9-25.
[80] Off-Leash Hours For Prospect Park[EB/OL]. http://www.fidobrooklyn.org/offleash/offleashwinter.html, 2009-09-22.
[81] NEW CLEANUP INFO[EB/OL]. http://www.dogbeach.org/volunteer.html, 2009-11-27.
[82]ドギーパーク[EB/OL]. http://www.doggypark.jp/, 2009-10-01
[83] Hot Weather Tips for Pet Care[EB/OL]. http://www.weforanimals.com/articles/Hot%20weather%20tips.htm, 2009-10-09
[84] Vicki DeGruy, Norma Bennett Woolf. Cold weather complications: Protecting Fido from winter hazards[EB/OL]. http://www.canismajor.com/dog/winter2.html, 2009-10-09.
[85] Ed Frawley. Dog Parks: Why they are a Bad Idea[EB/OL]. http://leerburg.com/dogparks.htm, 2009-10-09.
[86]伊恩?伦诺克斯?麦克哈格著.芮经纬译.设计结合自然[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 2006.
[87] Day Christopher. Spirit & Place: Healing our Environment: Healing Environment[M]. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2002: 181.
[88] Mental health promotion[EB/OL]. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/promotion_mental_health_chinese_version.pdf, 2009-02-03.
[89]孙贵范.预防医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2001.
[90] Wilson Edward O. Biophilia[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
[91] Ulrich, R. S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery[J]. Science,1984.
[92] Jerry Smith. Health and Nature: The influence of Nature on Design of the Environment of Care[J]. The Center for Health Design, 2007.
[93]苏太洋主编.健康医学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社1994.
[94]赵瑞祥.景观疗养因子对机体作用的研究[J].中国疗养医学, 2009, 18(3): 195-196.
[95]曹林娣.中国园林文化[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[96]卓大宏等.我国康复医学事业的兴起与趋向[J].中国卫生界, 1996, (3): 14-16.
[97] Joanne Marie Westphal. Hype, Hyperbole, and Health: Therapeutic site design[M]//Urban Lifestyles: Spaces, Places , People[M]. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2000: 19-26.
[98] Roger S. Ulrich. Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research[M]//C. C. Marcus, M. Barnes. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations[M]. New York: John Wiley, 1999: 27-86.
[99] Bryce Wittenborn. Improving Quality of Life: An Introduction to Healing Gardens. ASLA. Roy-Fisher Associates. Inc. Landscape architects.
[100]李树华.尽早建立具有中国特色的园艺疗法学科体系[J].中国园林, 2000, 16(69): 17-19.
[101] Annemarie Lund. Guide to Danish Landscape Architecture 1000-2003 [M]. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 2003.
[102] Charles A. Birnbaum, Robin Karson, et al. Pioneers of American Landscape Design (Profession Architecture)[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000.
[103] Cemetery[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery, 2009-01-22.
[104]叶莺,高翅.墓园发展概述[J].广东园林, 2008, (3): 18-21.
[105]陈晓彤.传承、整合与嬗变——美国景观设计发展研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
[106] Edwin Heathcote. Monument Builders[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[107] Art & Architecture[EB/OL]. http://www.mountauburn.org/national_landmark/architecture.cfm, 2009-02-21.
[108] Philip Pregill, Nancy Volkman. Landscape in History—Design and planning in the Western Tradition[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.
[109] Blanche M. G. Linden. History of the Arboretum[EB/OL]. http://www.springgrove.org/sg/arboretum/History.shtm, 2008-12-23.
[110] Cheryl Fields. Cemetery Design: Trandscending the Traditional[D]. University of Guelph, 2002.
[111] The Cemetery of Architects[EB/OL]. http://www.gracelandcemetery.org, 2008-12-11.
[112] Historical Information[EB/OL]. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org, 2008-11-28.
[113] Natural burial[EB/OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_burial, 2009-01-2.
[114] National Historic Landmarks Program: National Park Service[EB/OL]. http://www.nps.gov/nhl/, 2008-11-21.
[115]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理[J].中国园林, 2001,(6): 3-10.
[116] Henning Rasmuss, Thireshen Govender.边缘式的发展:南非建筑近作[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 25-30.
[117]陈铁夫,李哲.讲故事的空间——南非种族隔离博物馆案例分析[J].世界建筑, 2005, (2): 110-115.
[118]朱红耕编译.南非的环境保护[J].世界环境, 1997, (3): 37.
[119] J. B. Jackson. By Way of Conclusion:How to Study Landscape[M]. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
[120] Elizabeth Meyer. Situating Modern Landscape Architecture: Theory as a Bridging, Mediating, and Reconciling Practice[C]//Elissa Rosenberg. Design + Values: Conference Proceedings, CELA 1992[M]. Washington, D.C.: Landscape Architecture Foundation, 1993: 167–78.
[121] Riley, Robert B. Editorial commentary: Some thoughts on scholarship and publication[J]. Landscape Journal, 1990, 9(1): 47–50.
[122] Garrett Eckbo. Landscape for Living [M]. New York: Dogde, 1950.
[123] James Corner. Landscape as question[J]. Landscape Journal, 1992, .11(2): 163.
[124] Rafael Moneo. On Typology. Oppositions. No.13[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978.
[125] Edward Tiryakian. Typologies[M]//David Sills. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences[M]. New York: Macmillan Co., 1968: 177-186.
[126] Geoffrey Broadbent. Emerging Concept in Urban Space Design[M]. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1995: 201.
[127] Carl Ortwin Sauer. The morphology of Landscape[M]. CA: University of California Press, 1974: 210-241.
[128] Marc Antrop. Why landscape of the past are important for the future[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2005, (70): 21-34.
[129] Kelly R, Macinnes L, Thackray D. The cultural landscape: planning for a sustainable partnership between people and place[M]. London: ICOMOS-UK, 2000: 31-37.
[130] Christian Norberg-Schulz. The Concept of Dwelling[M]. New York: Electa/Rizzoli, 1993: 12.
[131] Steven Holl. Anchoring[M]. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
[132]刘全.斯蒂文?霍尔与建筑现象学[J].中外建筑, 2007,(06): 38-41.
[133] J. Fenton, Steven Holl. Hybrid Buildings[M]. New York/San Francisco: Pamphlet Architecture, 1985.
[134]禹食.美国建筑师斯蒂文﹒霍尔[J].世界建筑, 1993, (3): 54-60.
[135]沈克宁.建筑现象学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, .2008: 23.
[136] Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1977: 54.
[137] Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The Primacy of Perception[M]. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964.
[138]姚栋.当代国际城市老人居住问题研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社, 2007: 1.
[139] Michael Spens. The Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe[M]. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994: 273.
[140] Norman Newton,. Design on the Land. Cambridge[M]. Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971, 3.
[141]曼纽尔?卡斯特著.夏铸九,王志弘译.网络社会的崛起[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2006.
[142] Erich Fromm. The Revolution of Hope:Toward Humanized Technology[M]. New York: Happer & Row, 1968.
[143]余谋昌.惩罚中的醒悟——走向生态伦理学[M].广州:教育出版社, 1995.
[144]安乐哲萫.温海明编.和而不同:比较哲学与中西会通[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.